scholarly journals Larvicidal Activity of Selected Plant Extracts Against the Screwworm Fly Chrysomya Albiceps

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-495
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Al-Jameeli ◽  
Fekri Shaher
Keyword(s):  
Larval Instar ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Screwworm Fly ◽  
Chrysomya Albiceps ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
And Control

Myiasis is a kind of parasitic disease originating from the invasion of tissues of domestic animals by dipteran larvae. Chrysomya albicebs is a type of screwworm fly spread in the tropical areas and known to cause myiasis among live human and animals leading to health problems and high economic losses to dairy producers. Management and control of this pest is needed to overcome these losses. Nowadays, natural botanical products have been increasingly investigated as controlling agents against insects of medical and veterinary importance. This research was designed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of the total extracts of three plants, Ficus palmate, Juniperus procera and Nerium oleander against screwworm fly Chrysomya albiceps. The plants leaves were extracted with organic solvents mixture methanol : chloroform (1:1) and were tested against the second larval instar of C. albiceps using feeding and dipping methods. The extracts caused larval mortalities in the order of F. palmate> N. oleander > J. procer with IC50 values of 15.97, 33.73 and 37.24, respectively using feeding method and in the order N. oleander > F. palmate > J. procera with IC50 values of 43.12, 47.41 and 73.39, respectively using dipping method. It is concluded that the F. palmate followed by N. oleander and J. procera are candidates to use in controlling the larvae of myiasis-caused fly C. albiceps.

scholarly journals Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2063
Author(s):  
Awad A. Shehata ◽  
Shereen Basiouni ◽  
Reinhard Sting ◽  
Valerij Akimkin ◽  
Marc Hoferer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Enteric Disorders ◽  
And Control ◽  
Enteropathogenic Viruses ◽  
Poult Enteritis

Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.

scholarly journals Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari Manoj ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
Sara Epis ◽  
Domenico Otranto
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Wolbachia Endosymbiont ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract

Swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Ma ◽  
Jürgen A. Richt
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Swine Disease ◽  
And Control

AbstractSwine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this review, we will discuss the current status of swine influenza worldwide as well as current and future options to control this economically important swine disease.

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES CAUSED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ISSUES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Shifrin ◽  
◽  
N.V. Limarenko ◽  
D.V. Trinz ◽  
D.S. Inozemtsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
And Control

This article discusses the problems of the influence of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) violations of electrical and electronic devices on the surrounding ecosystems. The analysis is carried out and the classification of EMC violations is given, the causes of the compatibility violation are examined, and the economic losses and the negative environmental impact, as a consequence of the considered violations, are analyzed. A classification and generalization of methods to minimize the negative consequences of EMC violations was carried out, criteria for reducing economic losses were considered, methods for preventing and preventing EMC violations of various power and electronic devices were classified. The methods of monitoring the compatibility of devices are considered and recommendations are given for observing the necessary safety and control requirements.

One-year parasitological screening of stray dogs and cats in County Dublin, Ireland

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garcia-Campos ◽  
C. Power ◽  
J. O'Shaughnessy ◽  
C. Browne ◽  
A. Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Population ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
One Year ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Parasite Exposure

AbstractTo date, there are no recent studies identifying the prevalence of parasites of human and veterinary importance in dogs and cats in Ireland. The interaction between pets and wildlife species in the environment is an important source of parasite exposure to canids and felines, and one likely to be heightened in the stray animal population. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of endoparasites in unowned dogs and cats in County Dublin, Ireland. Feces from stray dogs (n= 627) and cats (n= 289) entering a rehoming centre were collected immediately after defecation. The main parasitic agents detected were ascarids (15.52 and 30.26%),Cystoisospora(3.27 and 3.69%),Giardiaspp. (6.02 and 1.84%) and lungworms (0.64 and 2.08%), in dogs and cats respectively. Animals younger than 3 months of age were more likely to be infected with ascarids (P< 0.001) andCystoisosporaspp. (P= 0.008 andP= 0.014) than older animals. All lungworms were morphologically identified and dogs were infected withAngiostrongylus vasorum(0.48%) andCrenosoma vulpis(0.16%) whereas cats were only infected withAelurostrongylus abstrusus(2.08%). This represents the first prevalence study of stray animals in Ireland. Data collected will inform the treatment and in addition, the future monitoring and control studies of parasite populations.

scholarly journals Biochemical Changes in Orange Fruit Due to Plant – Penicillium italicum – Antagonism Interactions

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-419
Author(s):  
Rahil GHASEMI ◽  
Hasan Reza ETEBARIAN ◽  
Navazallah SAHEBANI ◽  
Heshmatolah AMINIAN
Keyword(s):  
Initial Result ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Pichia Kluyveri ◽  
Yeast Interactions ◽  
And Control

One of the most important orange fruit diseases is blue mold which cause by Penicillium italicum that is responsible for important economic losses. This study investigated biochemical changes in exo-mesocarp layers of orange fruits related to host- pathogen- yeast interactions. Initial result showed that among eight strains isolated, the most effective antagonist were belonged to two species of Pichia kluyveri (M45) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (M61). These isolates were selected for biochemical evaluation. In order to assessment of biochemical changes, the orange fruits were inoculated with 40 µl of yeast cell suspension and after 24 h, the wounds were inoculated with 20 µl of conidial suspension of P. italicum. The analysis of variance showed that all of the measured biochemical characterises were significant in both layers by treatments (yeast isolates; pathogen; yeast isolates + pathogen and control) (P ≤ 0.01), including POD, CAT and β-1, 3-glucanase activities and total phenolic compounds. Also result showed that when the yeast isolates (M45 or M54) were inoculated into wounds with the pathogen, it stimulated the orange to increase produce of total phenol and enzymes activity (POD, CAT and β-1, 3-glucanase) and these changes were related to incubation time. The result showed that understanding biochemical mechanism derived from plant-pathogen-antagonist interactions is essential for investigating the dynamics of infectious processes.

scholarly journals Mites affecting hen egg production: some considerations for Brazilian farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1230-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro do Carmo Rezende ◽  
Lucas Maciel Cunha ◽  
Cristina Mara Teixeira ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Oliveira ◽  
Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
And Control

The poultry industry is characterized for its constant search for productivity and profitability, which are based on flock health status. Brazilian Commercial laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been impacted significantly by mite infestations. This review aims to compile the literature on the occurrence, economic losses, biology, epidemiology and control of mite species considered important for the Brazilian laying poultry industry. The national experience was compared with practices of other countries and a scarcity of studies on this subject in Brazil was evident. The poultry industry has prioritized the use of pesticides to control infestations with little regard for the adverse effects. In this context, the integrated control programs using several strategies simultaneously constitute the best alternative to mite control. Integrated control programs involve measures of chemical, physical and biological nature, as well as attention to cultural aspects. However, studies should be performed aiming at the development of new control methods, evaluating the adequacy of practices developed in other countries to the national reality.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of duplex TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of wide-type and MGF505-2R gene-deleted African swine fever viruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
zhenhua Guo ◽  
Kunpeng Li ◽  
Songlin Qiao ◽  
Xinxin Chen ◽  
Ruiguang Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease to the pigs and cause serious economic losses to the countries with large-scale swine production. Vaccines are recognized as the most useful tool to prevent and control ASF virus (ASFV) infection. Currently, the MGF505 and MGF360 gene-deleted ASFVs or combined with CD2v deletion were confirmed to be the most promising vaccine candidates. Thus, it is essential to develop a diagnosis method to discriminate wide-type strain from the vaccines used.Results: In this study, we established a duplex TaqMan real-time PCR based on the B646L gene and MGF505-2R gene. The sequence alignment showed that the targeted regions of primers and probes are highly conserved in the genotype II ASFVs. The duplex real-time assay can specifically detect B646L and MGF505-2R gene single or simultaneously without cross-reaction with other porcine viruses tested. The limit of detection was 5.8 copies and 3.0 copies for the standard plasmids containing B646L and MGF505-2R genes, respectively. Clinical samples were tested in parallel by duplex real-time PCR and a commercial ASFV detection kit. The detection results of these two assays against B646L gene were well consistent.Conclusion: We successfully developed and evaluated a duplex TaqMan real-time PCR method which can effectively distinguish the wide type and MGF505 gene-deleted ASFVs. It would be a useful tool for the clinical diagnosis and control of ASF.

scholarly journals INVERTEBRATE SPECIES COMPOSITION (Invertebrata) PESTS OF AGROCENOSES OF WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens L.) AND THE RELEVANCE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zolotarev
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Invertebrate Animal ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
And Control

The area of natural growth and the scale of economic use of white clover among perennial legumes are spatially one of the most global. Due to the constant presence of wild white clover in many natural phyto-cenoses of most agricultural landscapes of different geographical zones, a certain complex of phytophages has evolved from various classes of invertebrate animal organisms that feed on various parts of this plant and reproduce on it. With the introduction of white clover into the culture and the spread of production crops of this plant over large areas, more favorable conditions are created for uncontrolled mass re-production of pests, which can cause already economically and economically significant crop losses. White clover is affected by multi-eating and specialized pests, the damage from which is determined by their biological characteristics and climatic conditions. The high population of white clover crops with a complex of herbivorous invertebrates implies constant monitoring and control of the species composition of the harmful fauna of white clover crops in order to organize, if necessary, protective measures against them. This issue is especially relevant for seed crops. The main pests of seed stands are considered to be weevils of the genera Apion Herbs., Phytonomus Herbs., Sitona Germar., Hypera Germar., which can re-duce seed yield by 50% or more. To reduce the economic losses of the crop on white clover, an integrated protection system should be implemented using chemical, biological and agrotechnical pest control meas-ures based on taking into account their economic harmfulness thresholds. One of the important directions of increasing the efficiency of the production use of white clover is the development of varieties of this crop that are resistant to damage by pathogenic organisms and pests.

scholarly journals Aflatoxins: A Brief Review of their Chemical Properties, Toxicological Effects and Control Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Eloiza Sarmento Amoras ◽  
Anderson Luiz Pena Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Vegetable Foods ◽  
And Control

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by the fungi of the genus Aspergillus. These substances cause food poisoning with clinical manifestations that vary according to the time of exposure and concentration of the dose ingested, representing a serious public health problem for compromising the food security, also causing considerable economic losses both in the production of stocked vegetable foods, as well as in the livestock contaminated with these substances through the feed. Therefore, this literature review aims to introduce some aspects related to the contamination of food by the fungi of the genus Aspergillus, the chemical and toxicological properties of the aflatoxins, as well as the strategies of control to avoid them in food.

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