scholarly journals The Minimum Requirements for Nickel and Cobalt as Trace Metals in Thermophilic Biogas Fermentation of Palm Oil Mill Effluents

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1278-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Trisakti ◽  
Fatimah Batubara ◽  
Hiroyuki Daimon ◽  
Irvan .
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Thermophilic Condition ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

This paper reports the minimum requirements of nickel and cobalt as trace metals in the formation of biogas from the digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Anaerobic digestion was conducted in a two-liter continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and operated at a thermophilic condition of 55oC. As raw material, a non-treated liquid waste from the mills was used. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the digesters was preserved at six days. The results come to the conclusion that the decrease of trace metals concentration didn’t influence the total solid, volatile solid concentration and also M-alkalinity. Based on the analyzed parameter, the reduction of trace metals concentration up to 97% of the initial nickel and cobalt concentration, 0.49 and 0.42 mg/L for nickel and cobalt, still allows the fermentation to obtain optimum biogas production, where the 90% reduction of trace metals produced the average volume of biogas 10.5 L/day at the rate of VS degradation 52-53%.

scholarly journals Biogas Production from Palm Oil Fruit Bunch in Anaerobic Biodigester through Liquid State (LS-AD) and Solid State (SS-AD) Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakti Jos ◽  
Hanif Farhan ◽  
Nadia Dwi Ayu ◽  
Budiyono ◽  
Siswo Sumardiono
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
Daily Production

The crucial problem facing the world today is energy resources. Waste production of palm oil fruit bunch potentially produce as renewable energy resource. Palm oil fruit bunch contains 44% cellulose, 18% lignin and 34% hemicellulose. Organic carbon source is contained in biomass potentially produce biogas. Biogas is one of alternative energy, which is environmentally friendly and has been widely developed. This research is aimed to examine the effect of pretreatment in raw material of waste palm oil fruit bunch for the production of biogas, the effect of time, ratio C/N, and effect of microbial consortium. The variables are total solid (TS) used 10% and 18% with a 40 mesh physical pretreatment, chemical pretreatment with NaOH 8% gr / gr TS, and biology 5% g/vol with microbial consortium. Biogas production process was conducted over 2 months in room temperature, the test response quantitative results in the form of biogas volume every 2 days and also flame test. The result of this research shows that the highest daily production rate of biogas obtained from this study was 5,73 ml/gr TS and the highest biogas production accumulation generated at 58,28 ml/gr TS produced through a 40 mesh sieve of waste oil palm empty fruit bunch, immersion in NaOH, through solid state fermentation and C/N 30. From this research, it can be concluded that the optimum production of biogas formation occurs with the value of C/N 30, physical and biological pretreatment, and solid state method.

scholarly journals Performance of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as Biodiesel Source Based on Different Ponds

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deodata Leela ◽  
Syukri M. Nur ◽  
Erkata Yandri ◽  
Ratna Ariati
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Temporary Solution ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

The purpose of this paper is to prove that waste palm oil industry (POME) can be used as raw material (source of energy) for biodiesel. In the production process, palm oil mill produced large amounts of waste. The provision of a shelter pond system is a temporary solution from palm oil mill to relocate the liquid waste. With BOD content with range 25,625 to 39,616.7 mg/l and COD content with range 117,333.3 to 146,333.3 mg/l, this condition will generate a serious problem for environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to test the characteristics of waste oil from each pond. The hexane solvent extraction method is used to separate the oil from the liquid waste. The first pond contains 51.3% water, 21% oil, 2% sludge & sediment and 5.6% free fatty acids. The second pond contains 86.7% water, 16.1% oil, 2.4% sludge & sediment and 8% free fatty acids. The third pond contains 74% water, 6.8% oil, 3.1% sludge & sediment and 12.2% free fatty acid and the fourth pond contains 78.7% water, 3.7% oil, 2% sludge & sediment and 13.3% free fatty acids. Based on the results of this research, the characteristics of POME and its oil losses are the fraction of oil wasted from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) processing, whereas CPO has characteristics as a raw material for Biodiesel. POME should be processed into biodiesel since the liquid waste is discarded from palm oil mill, so there is no need a big land to make waste storage ponds.

scholarly journals SELEKSI DESAIN ROOF TANK CSTR UNTUK PLANT BIOGAS POME SETARA 700KW

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Ridho Dwimansyah ◽  
Trisaksono Bagus Priambodo ◽  
Yusnitati
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Tank Design ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dome Shape

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. In the process of its processing into Crude PalmOil (CPO), the palm oil processing industry produces various types of waste, including liquid wasteknown as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME contains organic matter that is high enough so it mustbe processed before being discarded into the environment. During this time, POME is treated usinganaerobic ponds which are quite large and produce metana gas. Metanae gas has a high level ofemissions, but it potential to become an energy source if it is utilized. Therefore, BPPT in collaborationwith PT. Perkebunan Nusantara 5 built a biogas production pilot plant from POME equivalent to 700kWfor boiler fuel at PKS Sei Pagar, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The process of converting POMEinto biogas uses Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) technology. The research aims to choosethe best roof tank design for CSTR. The method used is the Pahl and Beitz method and the House ofQuality. The result of the study are the best specification planning data, which is 1400 mm in diameterand the construction site position at a height of 15350 mm from the bottom of the reactor, with use aninternal support column, with the best variant chosen is the fixed roof type with dome shape.

scholarly journals Simulasi Homogenitas Pencampuran Air Limbah Pabrik Kelapa Sawit dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pengolahan Awal di Kolam Ekualisasi Pilot Plant Biogas Sei Pagar

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Imron Masfuri ◽  
Soleh Soleh ◽  
Astri Pertiwi ◽  
Bambang Muharto ◽  
Trisaksono Bagus Priambodo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Flow Power ◽  
Good Homogeneity ◽  
Equalization Tank

ABSTRACTPalm oil mill effluent (POME) produced from palm oil mills is classified as waste that can pollute the environment and needs severe treatment because it still contains high BOD and COD. POME has the potential to be further processed to produce biogas products through the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic process of biogas production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) waste is a fermentation process which quite a long time. So it is necessary to have a POME pretreatment process for preparation before being fed into the biodigester reactor. It is aimed at considering optimum conditioning, good homogeneity, and preparing for the formation of gas products. One of the POME pretreatment steps was carried out in an equalization tank to be homogenized before entering the reactor. However, when passing the equalization process, there are indications of sedimentation or separation between liquid waste and dissolved solids. Thus, an attempt was made to carry out a stirring system so that homogeneity would occur with the agitator. Therefore, the POME conditions in all parts of the pond could be relatively similar. The stirring is one of the factors that influence microbial life. In this research, a stirrer design simulation will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the stirrer and homogeneity of POME in equalization pond. Design is adjusted to the actual POME parameters according to results of the analysis carried out related to POME physical properties such as temperature, density, viscosity, pH, and flow rate. Conditions analyzed in the simulation are agitator speed, the direction of fluid flow, power consumption, and homogeneity of mixing.Keywords: agitator, mixing, equalization tank, homogeneity, POMEABSTRAKLimbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (POME) yang dihasilkan dari pabrik pengolahan sawit tergolong limbah yang dapat mencemari lingkungan dan perlu penanganan serius, karena masih mengandung BOD dan COD tinggi. POME sangat berpotensi untuk diolah lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan produk biogas melalui proses penguraian anaerob. Proses pengolahan air limbah pabrik minyak sawit menjadi biogas merupakan proses fermentasi anaerobik yang memerlukan waktu yang lama. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya proses pengolahan awal POME untuk penyiapan sebelum diumpankan ke dalam reaktor biodigester untuk pengkondisian yang optimum, homogenitas yang baik, dan persiapan pembentukan produk gas. Salah satu pengolahan awal POME dilakukan di kolam ekualisasi untuk proses homogenisasi air limbah sebelum masuk ke dalam reaktor. Selama melewati kolam ekualisasi, ada indikasi terjadi pengendapan atau pemisahan antara limbah cair dengan padatan terlarut. Untuk itu, muncul upaya untuk melakukan sistem pengadukan agar tercapai kondisi homogen dengan menggunakan pengaduk agar kondisi POME di seluruh bagian kolam relatif sama. Adapun pengadukan merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh pada kehidupan mikroba. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan simulasi desain pengaduk yang untuk mengetahui efektivitas pengaduk dan homogenitas POME di dalam kolam equalisasi. Desain disesuaikan dengan parameter POME sesuai hasil analisis yang dilakukan terkait properti fisik POME seperti temperatur, densitas, viskositas, pH, dan laju alir. Kondisi yang dianalisis dalam simulasi adalah kecepatan putaran pengaduk, arah aliran fluida, konsumsi daya dan homogenitas pencampuran.Kata kunci: pengaduk, pencampuran, kolam ekualisasi, homogenitas, POME

scholarly journals Inoculum Selection and Micro-Aeration for Biogas Production in Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Sri Ismiyati Damayanti ◽  
Dian Fitriani Astiti ◽  
Chandra Wahyu Purnomo ◽  
Sarto Sarto ◽  
Wiratni Budhijanto
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Two-stage anaerobic fluidized bed is an innovation in anaerobic digestion technology intended to handle liquid waste with high organic loading and complex substrate. The process is based on separation between acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic processes. The first stage is anaerobic process to convert substrate (represented as soluble chemical oxygen demand/sCOD) into volatile fatty acids (VFA). The second stage is methanogenic process to convert VFA into biogas. This study aimed to separate acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic processes by means of limited injection of air (micro-aeration) and inoculum selection. Micro-aeration was introduced in acidogenic/acetogenic stage because the relevant microbes were facultative so that the obligate anaerobic methanogens will be suppressed. On the other hand, the methanogenic reactor was kept completely anaerobic to ensure methanogenic dominance over acidogenic/acetogenic ones. Two sources of inoculums were used in this study, i.e. anaerobically digested biodiesel waste and anaerobically digested cow manure. Both inoculums were taken from active biogas reactor treating biodiesel waste and cow manure, respectively. Experiments were run in batch reactors treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) as the substrate for the acidogenic/acetogenic reactor. After the reaction in the first stage reached the minimum substrate concentration, the content of the reactor was used as the substrate for the methanogenic reactor as the second stage. Routine measurements were taken for sCOD and VFA concentrations, biogas production, and methane concentration in the biogas. Results confirmed that micro-aeration maintained good performance of acidogenic/acetogenic process, which was indicated by peaks in VFA accumulation, while suppressing methanogenic activities as no methane produced in this stage. Digested biodiesel waste was superior inoculum to be compared to digested cow manure with respect to sCOD removal. In the methanogenic stage, digested biodiesel waste also performed better as inoculum as it led to higher VFA conversion, higher biogas production rate, and higher methane content in the biogas. 

scholarly journals The Digester Modification for Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Batch System

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Aznury ◽  
Jaksen M. Amin ◽  
Abu Hasan ◽  
Triadi Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Sedimentation Tank ◽  
Fermentation Period ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum production of biogas produced from the tuncated pyramid-shaped modification digester equipment on sedimentation tank and shaped beams on the tank fermentation batch. Pyramid-shaped sedimentation tank aiming for optimal deposition process, While the fermentation tank with beam-shaped used to produce biogas that is optimal. The raw material used is Palm Oil Mill Effluent. In the early stages of process is carried out the sedimentation in the first digester tank at a flow rate of 6 liters/minute and then observing the time stayed for 24 hours. POME flowed into the second digester tank to run into fermentation process by adding active microbial seed to produce biogas. After fermentation is complete, streamed to third digester tank to experience water treatment stage before being released into the environment. COD content test value obtained after the processing of 100 mg/l, while the BOD value is 30.9 mg/l. The percentage of methane gas obtained from starter concentration of 30%, ie 9.82% mol for fermentation time of 10 days, while the fermentation period of 20 days is 15.8 mol%. The production of methane gas obtained for the optimum fermentation period of 30 days ie 33.19% mol. For days 31 through 40, the production of biogas run into highs and caused due to the substrate in the digester began to run out and most of the substrate has not been fermented.

scholarly journals Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) utilization for bio-hydrogen production targeting for biofuel : optimization and scale up

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Joni Prasetyo ◽  
S.D. Sumbogo Murti ◽  
Semuel Pati Senda ◽  
Andi Djalal Latief ◽  
R. Dwi Husodo Prasetyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Active Sludge ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Biogas Productivity

Indonesia is the largest palm plantation that reaches 32 million tonnes palm oil production per year with 84 million tones Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as liquid waste. POME contains many organic substances. The quality of POME for its utilization is generally measured in COD which has range 30000 -100.000 ppm. Microbial convertion for biogas especially for bio-H2 enrichment, the active sludge was pretreated physically to suppress methanogenesis microbes. H2 Biogas production was conducted at pH 5-6. Additional 10% phosphate buffer was done in the beginning only. The production of H2 biogas was influenced by hydrostatic pressure in closed batch system. Inoculumsmedium ratio also influenced the H2 biogas productivity, reached 0.7 ml/ml POME with more than 50% H2. Scaling up anaerobic in 2.5 L working volume bioreactor, H2 biogas productivity reached 0.86 ml/ml POME by 10% inoculums because of no hydrostatic pressure. In bio-reactor, H2-CO2 in H2 biogas was affected by the amount of active sludge. In the beginning of H2 biogas, H2 reached 80%. However, at subsequence process, fed batch, with retention time 2.5 day and 3 days H2 biogas production, the active sludge was accumulated and caused the decreasing H2, finally only 46% at the 3rd day. The consortium tended to produce more CO2 as the result of primary metabolite rather than H2. Raising inoculums to level 15% improved productivity only in the beginning but H2 content was getting less, only 59%. Additional feeding would cause more accumulation sludge and more decreasing H2 content to 31% on the 3rd day. Thus, the ratio of active sludge and substrate availability must be controlled to gain optimum H2. Limited substrate will cause the direction of bio-conversion more in CO2 rather than H2.

scholarly journals Alternative scenarios to utilise excess biogas in Palm Oil Mill

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novelita Wahyu Mondamina ◽  
Deni Rachmat ◽  
Mochammad Waris Tegar Laksono
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Palm Oil Mill is a factory which converts Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) to Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). Within FFB converting processes, two types of waste are produced: 1)liquid waste and 2)solid waste. Liquid waste, named Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), contributes up to 60% of total FFB. Solid waste includes palm kernel shell and meal, fibre and empty fruit bunch gives in aggregate around 20% of total FFB. Initially, Palm kernel shell (PKS) is commonly utilised as fuel for boiler. Then in some mills, POME was additionally used as biomass for biofuel production (biogas) to support power supply in the mill. Biogas is utilised to generate electricity for Kernel Crushing Plant (KCP). Field observation data shows that electricity demand for KCP is 19.5 MWh/day or equivalent with 45% of total biogas production. The excess biogas, equivalent with 11,000 kWh/day, is flared. An alternative scenario instead of flaring is to use biogas as fuel for boiler. Thus, the previous fuel (PKS) could potentially be allocated for selling. Another scenario is to utilise excess biogas electricity generation to be distributed to staff houses near the mill. Therefore, this research study aims to calculate excess biogas that could be used for those scenarios: 1)Fuel substitution in the mill with different type of process, 2)Household electricity. Result shows that biogas demand in each scenario can supply 1) Minimum 2,900 kWh/day for non-processing hours and 6,436.65 kWh/day for processing hours, 2) Electricity for 557 houses/day.

Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Agus Sudibyo ◽  
Sardjono Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Molecular Product ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional  functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role  in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the  most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci :    karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

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