Design of animal liquid manure field spreading machine model suited to small scale crop production farms

In the past decade, to improve crop production and productivity, Ethiopia has embarked on an ambitious irrigation farming expansion program and has introduced new large- and small-scale irrigation initiatives. However, in Ethiopia, poverty remains a challenge, and crop productivity per unit area of land is very low. Literature on the technical efficiency (TE) of large-scale and small-scale irrigation user farmers as compared to the non-user farmers in Ethiopia is also limited. Investigating smallholder farmers’ TE level and its principal determinants is very important to increase crop production and productivity and to improve smallholder farmers’ livelihood and food security. Using 1026 household-level cross-section data, this study adopts a technology flexible stochastic frontier approach to examine agricultural TE of large-scale irrigation users, small-scale irrigation users and non-user farmers in Ethiopia. The results indicate that, due to poor extension services and old-style agronomic practices, the mean TE of farmers is very low (44.33%), implying that there is a wider room for increasing crop production in the study areas through increasing the TE of smallholder farmers without additional investment in novel agricultural technologies. Results also show that large-scale irrigation user farmers (21.05%) are less technically efficient than small-scale irrigation user farmers (60.29%). However, improving irrigation infrastructure shifts the frontier up and has a positive impact on smallholder farmers’ output.

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Is Cut-Flower Industry Promotion by the Government Negatively Affecting Pollinator Biodiversity and Environmental/Human Health in Uganda?

ISRN Biodiversity ◽

10.1155/2014/368953 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-52

Author(s):

Bin Mushambanyi Théodore Munyuli

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Crop Production ◽

Vegetation Type ◽

Primary Data ◽

Small Scale ◽

Pollination Services ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

The Government ◽

Small Scale Farmers ◽

The Impact

A study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 around the flower growing areas in central Uganda to generate baseline information on the status of pollinators. Primary data were gathered using a questionnaire that aimed at determining farmers and flower farm officials’ perceptions on the impact of activities carried out inside greenhouses on pollinators, human health, and on crop production in the surroundings. Results indicated that the quantity of pesticides and fertilizers applied daily varied among the different flower farms visited. Bee species richness and abundance varied significantly (P<0.01) according to flower farm location, to the landscape vegetation type, and to field types found in the surrounding of flower farms. Bee richness found around flower farms varied in number from 20 to 40 species in total across seasons and years. Bee density increased significantly with the increase in flower density. Small-scale farmers were aware of the value and importance of pollination services in their farming business. There was no clear evidence of a direct effect of agrochemicals application on bee communities living in the surrounding habitats. There is a need for further research to be conducted on human health risks and for toxicological studies on soils, plants, flowers, and bees in the farm landscape.

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Assessment Model Impact of Climate Change on Potential Production for Food and Energy Needs for the Coastal Areas of Bengkulu, Indonesia

Agro Bali: Agricultural Journal ◽

10.37637/ab.v4i2.714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 159-169

Author(s):

Eko Sumartono ◽

Gita Mulyasari ◽

Ketut Sukiyono

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Food Availability ◽

Crop Production ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Small Scale ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

Food Reserves ◽

The Impact

Bengkulu is said to be the center of the world's climate because of the influence of water conditions and the topography of the area where the rain cloud formation starts. The waters in Bengkulu Province become a meeting place for four ocean currents which eventually become an area where the evaporation process of forming rain clouds becomes the rainy or dry season and affects the world climate. Method to analyze descriptively, shows oldeman Classification and satellite rainfall estimation data is added. In relation to the Analysis of Potential Food Availability for the Coastal Areas of Bengkulu Province uses a quantifiable descriptive analysis method based. The results show that most are included in the Oldeman A1 climate zone, which means it is suitable for continuous rice but less production due to generally low radiation intensity throughout the year. In an effort to reduce or eliminate the impact of climate change on food crop production, it is necessary to suggest crop diversification, crop rotation, and the application of production enhancement technologies. Strategies in building food availability as a result of climate change are: First, develop food supplies originating from regional production and food reserves on a provincial scale. Second, Empowering small-scale food businesses which are the dominant characteristics of the agricultural economy, especially lowland rice and horticultural crops. Third, Increase technology dissemination and increase the capacity of farmers in adopting appropriate technology to increase crop productivity and business efficiency. Four, Promote the reduction of food loss through the use of food handling, processing and distribution technologies.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Norwegian Agriculture: The Regional and Structural Dimension

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12062506 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2506

Author(s):

Klaus Mittenzwei

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Animal Production ◽

Small Scale ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Resource Base ◽

Farm Structure

This paper studies the hypothesis that farm structure and the regional distribution of agricultural activity themselves have a significant impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Applying a dynamic model for the Norwegian agricultural sector covering the entire farm population, the model results support the hypothesis. Even without mitigation options, GHG emissions decline by 1.4 per cent if agriculture becomes regionally concentrated and increase by 1.5 per cent if a policy that favors a small-scale farm structure is put in place. Adding a carbon tax to a policy that leads to regional concentration, may help to reconcile competing policy objectives. A switch from animal production to crop production, and an extensification of animal production keeps a large resource base across the country while cutting GHG emissions.

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Liquid manure as a grassland fertilizer:V. The response to mixtures of liquid manure (urine) and dung

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600017421 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 397-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. E. Castle ◽

A. D. Drysdale

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Small Scale ◽

Liquid Manure ◽

Comparative Effect ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Plot Experiment

1. A small-scale plot experiment was conducted at the Hannah Institute for the 3-year period 1963–65, to study the comparative effect of applications of various mixtures of dung and urine (slurry treatments) on the yield and quality of an established S23 ryegrass and S100 white clover sward.

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Investigating Key Factors Influencing Farming Decisions Based on Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation Facilities (STFRF)—A Case Study on Rural Bangladesh

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114331 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4331 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Faruque-As-Sunny ◽

Zuhui Huang ◽

Taonarufaro Karimanzira

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Well Being ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Soil Testing ◽

Small Scale ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Key Factors ◽

Fertilizer Recommendation ◽

Small Scale Farmers

Proper nourishment is fundamental for satisfactory crop growth and production. However, for efficient crop production, it is important to understand the soil environment, to recognize the limitations of that environment, and to ameliorate them where possible without damaging the soil quality. Soil testing and fertilizer recommendation facilities (STFRF) can help farmers to achieve environmental and economic sustainability by assisting them in recognizing their soil condition, reducing agrochemicals usage, using an appropriate amount of fertilizer, minimizing input costs, and achieving higher yield. These facilities are not new in the context of Bangladesh, yet the adoption rate among farmers is low and its determinants have rarely been empirically tested based on microlevel data. Therefore, this study examined those factors underlying the adoption of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation facilities using field surveyed data of 176 individual farmers. Our evidence shows that young farmers with less farming experience are more likely to adopt these facilities. Additionally, being small-scale farmers, having higher education, having more farming income, and having more knowledge about these facilities and the fees of these facilities were found to have a significant effect on the adoption. On the other hand, gender, land ownership, and secondary income were found to be insignificant with regard to the adoption of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation facilities. Our results also revealed that most adopter farmers not only focused on profitability, but were additionally concerned with environmental well-being.

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Impact assessment of water and nutrient reuse in hydroponic systems using Bayesian Belief Networks

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2020.026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 431-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Zimmermann ◽

Michaela Fischer

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Crop Production ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Expert Knowledge ◽

Research Question ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Bayesian Belief Networks ◽

Ecological Impacts ◽

Small Scale ◽

Hydroponic Systems

Abstract Water-saving agricultural practices can reduce negative environmental impacts in water-scarce regions all over the world. This study deals with an innovation that combines hydroponic crop production and municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation purposes. The research question was what impacts such hydroponic water reuse systems have on product confidence, economic viability, groundwater recharge, biodiversity and landscape quality. It should also be clarified under which conditions and with which measures these systems can be sustainable. To answer these questions, a number of generic hydroponic water reuse systems were modeled and assessed using a Bayesian Belief Network that included both numerical values and expert knowledge. The hydroponic water reuse systems with the most positive overall impacts are small-scale food production systems (tomatoes) equipped with lighting and heating whose products are marked with a quality label or with a label for regional products. The systems are located in a former industrial area. In addition, a wetland system and landscape integration are implemented as landscaping measures. Hydroponic systems can be operated economically viable, their products have a high level of product confidence and their ecological impacts can be positive. No tradeoffs have to be accepted between economic, social and ecological goals.

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Herbicide Inputs for a New Agronomic Crop, Annual Wormwood (Artemisia annua)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00033376 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 117-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Charles T. Bryson ◽

Edward M. Croom

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Weed Control ◽

Crop Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Production Systems ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Small Scale ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Large Scale Cultivation

Annual wormwood has been cultivated on a small scale for production of the artemisinin class of antimalarial drugs in sufficient quantities for preclinical and clinical trials. Large scale cultivation will require a reliable, efficient crop production system. Production systems using 32 herbicides alone or in combinations were evaluated in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments at Stoneville, MS from 1985 through 1988. The herbicide treatments that provided the best weed control were (A) metolachlor at 2.2 kg ai ha-1preemergence (PRE), (B) chloramben at 2.2 kg ai ha-1(PRE), or (C) trifluralin at 0.6 kg ai ha-1preplant soil incorporated (PPI) followed by fluazifop at 0.2 + 0.2 kg ai ha-1postemergence broadcast (POST) and acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ai ha-1(POST). These herbicide production systems provided excellent weed control (≥85%) and minimal crop injury (≤10%) with no effect on crop height or weight at harvest. Production of artemisinin was not reduced by herbicide treatments A, B, and C in 1987 and treatments B and C in 1988 when compared with the hand-weeded plots.

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Technological Analyze of Cassava Production in the City of Campos Dos Goytacazes – RJ

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v35i530218 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Tales Neri Borsoi ◽

Silvio De Jesus Freitas ◽

Paulo Marcelo De Souza ◽

Patrick Martins Barbosa Brito ◽

Waldinei Souza Da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Survey Method ◽

Small Scale ◽

Quantitative Methodology ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Gradual Process ◽

Cassava Production ◽

External Forces

This study analyzes the technological conditioning factors of cassava production in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, seeking to elucidate the limitations and technological barriers that have contributed to the decline of crop production and productivity. A descriptive and quantitative methodology was adopted, in which the Survey method was used to analyze the technological factors through a questionnaire applied to 157 cassava producers in the field. The results evidenced the low degree of modernization of cassava in the municipality of Campos-RJ, intensive and extractive land use, generally produced on a small scale and with a low level of capitalization and productivity of work and land. This context seems to stimulate a vicious cycle, of low performance of the crops and profitability, low capacity of accumulation of resources, and capital and technological possibilities, favoring a gradual process of discouragement of the production. Without the possibility of gains and accumulation of income, the degree of uncertainty and risk tend to increase, as adversities and external forces make the permanence and perpetuation of the activity even more difficult, to emphasize the climatic factors and obstacles of commercialization and market. Thus, the research reinforces the need to evaluate technological alternatives that fit the local culture, as well as mechanisms that make them accessible to producers, such as: technical assistance, rural credit, social organization, among other public policies which aim to reduce the aggravation of rural activity in the municipality.

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