scholarly journals Denitrifying Woodchip Bioreactor Leachate Tannic Acid and True Color: Lab and Field Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1747-1757
Author(s):  
Niranga M. Wickramarathne ◽  
Richard A. Cooke ◽  
Ruth Book ◽  
Laura E. Christianson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
The Other ◽  
List Type ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
True Color ◽  
Over Time

HighlightsOak leached more tannic acid, true color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) than ash and mixed hardwood chips.The factors became similar (tannic acid, COD) or below stream levels (true color) after flushing.Eleven site-years of field bioreactor data showed decreasing tannic acid and true color over time.Post-startup tannic acid was lower in bioreactor outflow than in area streams.True color did not appear to be a reliable indicator of leachate tannic acid at low concentrations.Abstract. Woodchips have been a preferred denitrifying bioreactor medium to date, but concerns about potential harmful effects of tannins in the leachate have precluded the use of oak chips in many installations. A study was conducted to compare the suitability of oak (genus Quercus) woodchips as a denitrifying bioreactor medium relative to other types of woodchips, both in lab leachate tests and in the context of observed bioreactor leaching in the field. Assessment measures included the content of tannic acid and other compounds in the leachate, as well as leachate color, which can often be high during startup. An 84-day leaching test using rectangular bioreactor cells filled with either oak (Quercus rubra), ash (Fraxinus spp. L.), or a generic hardwood blend showed that oak initially leached higher concentrations of tannic acid, true color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) than the other two media. The significant differences in leached concentrations among the three wood types were eliminated after a finite leaching period. Tannic acid and true color in 11 site-years of field bioreactor outflow data generally decreased over time, except following a dry period when one of the bioreactors received no drainage inflow for more than two months. The lab and field results indicated the capability of woodchip bioreactors to flush at least these two analytes to ambient stream levels. True color did not appear to be the best parameter for estimating the tannin content of woodchip leachate due to discrepancies at low concentrations. Mass normalized tannic acid leaching ranged from 0.03 to approximately 40 mg tannic acid g-1 woodchip across the lab and field assessments. Oak initially leached more tannic acid, color, and COD than the other wood types, but the eventual similarity among the wood types after flushing with a sufficient number of pore volumes meant that any potentially negative environmental impacts would likely be limited to the startup period or possibly after dry periods. Oak initially eluted higher mean total nitrogen (TN) concentrations than the other wood types, but the treatments were not significantly different by day 3, indicating that biological N removal was not significantly inhibited, even with high concentrations of tannic acid. Keywords: Chemical oxygen demand, Oak, Tannin, Water quality, Wood leachate.

scholarly journals Digestate Liquid Fraction Treatment with Filters Filled with Recovery Materials

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Ilaria Piccoli ◽  
Giuseppe Virga ◽  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
N Removal

Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent a green technology for digestate liquid fraction (DLF) treatment. However, previous research has warned about their performance when treating wastewater with high suspended solid and organic loads. In addition, the high NH4-N concentration typical of this wastewater can compromise vegetation establishment and activity. In view of this, a digestate pretreatment is needed. This study aimed to test the performance of filters filled with recovery materials, such as brick and refractory material, for DLF pretreatment. The effect on DLF physical (electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature) and chemical (total nitrogen, ammonia–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand) characteristics was monitored during eight weekly cycles. The effect of filtration on total nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen removal began after about one month of loading, suggesting that an activation period is necessary for bacteria. For effective N removal, the presence of multiple digestate recirculations per day through the filters appears mandatory to guarantee the alternation of nitrification and denitrification conditions. For P removal, filling material particle size appeared to be more important than its composition. Unclear performances were observed considering chemical oxygen demand. Further studies on filling media and microbial community interactions, and the long-term efficiency of filters, are desirable.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Succession of Bacterial Community in O3/BAC Process of Drinking Water Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Dong ◽  
Lijun Liu ◽  
Yuxiu Zhang ◽  
Fajun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
N Removal

In the drinking water industry, a common advanced treatment process is comprised of treatment with ozone, followed by biological-activated carbon (O3/BAC). However, the bacterial community formation and succession procedures associated with activated carbon have rarely been reported. In this study, the dynamics of bacterial communities at three different depths were investigated using a pilot-scale O3/BAC filter. The average chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), turbidity removal and dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption rate of the filter were 26.43%, 16.57% and 16.4% during the operation period, respectively. Bacterial communities dominated by proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes attached on activated carbon were determined by polymerase chain reaction-density gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the compositions and structures of bacterial communities in different layers clustered after fluctuation. A redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that Ramlibacter henchirensis was positively correlated to chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) removal and nitrate-N removal, and Georgfuchsia toluolica also showed a positive correlation with CODMn removal. Aquabacterium parvum and Phaeobacterium nitratireducens were positively-correlated with turbidity removal. Pedobacter glucosidilyticus and Pseudomonas sp. were associated with high dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption. These results provide insight into the succession characteristics of the bacterial community of O3/BAC treatment and the interactions of the bacterial community with filter operation performance.

scholarly journals An investigation on treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-555 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tannery Wastewater ◽  
Contact Duration ◽  
A Value ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Electro Coagulation

Treatability by the electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-Fenton (EF) methods have been applied to the tannery wastewater from an organized industrial region consisting mostly of tannery plants and compared with each other in this study. Iron plates were used as the anode and cathode. Electrical current was applied at a value of 33.3 mA m-2 for all processes in order to determine the electricity consumptions for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfide removal. The optimal contact duration for each process was discovered at the end of the first five minutes. During the EC process, the removal efficiencies of COD and sulfide were 46% and 90%, respectively. Electricity consumptions were also obtained as 1.8 kWh kg- 1 COD removed and 27.7 kWh kg-1 sulfide removed. During the EF process, on the other hand, the removal efficiencies of COD and sulfide parameters were 54% and 85%, respectively, and electricity consumptions were also obtained as 1.5 kWh kg-1 COD removed and 8.3 kWh kg-1 sulfide removed. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of total Chrome and suspended solids were determined to be 97% and 70%, respectively.

Effect of chemical oxygen demand load on the nitrification and microbial communities in activated sludge from an aerobic nitrifying reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Xihong Liang ◽  
Zhengwei Li ◽  
Yao Jin ◽  
Rongqing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Culture Time ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

In this study, we explored the effect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) load on the nitrification and microbial communities in activated sludge isolated from an aerobic nitrifying tank. The activated sludge was cultured in three different COD groups: L-COD, 200 mg/L; M-COD, 1200 mg/L; H-COD, 4200 mg/L. The results indicated that the COD exerts a negligible effect on the nitrogen removal ability within the first 24 h. However, the nitrification rate decreased with culture time; the ammonium degradation rates were found to be 80.26%, 57.56%, and 43.43% at 72 h in the three COD groups, respectively. These values correspond to decreases of 19.40%, 41.83%, and 51.48%, respectively, in relation to those observed at 24 h. The activated sludge in the different COD groups exhibited similar community compositions after 24 h, as assessed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing, while a significant difference in the relative abundances of some organisms occurred after 48 and 72 h. Proteobacteria was the main phylum, with a relative abundance of >51.45%. The genera Aridibacter, Paracoccus, Nitrospira, and Nitrosomonas were suppressed by COD load over time. This study may contribute to our knowledge about the nitrification ability and microbial communities in activated sludge at different COD load levels.

Effect of Sodium Chloride Concentration on Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia from Turkey Processing Wastewater in Sand Bioreactors

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Kristen M Conroy ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
Olli H. Tuovinen ◽  
Karen M. Mancl
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
High Salt ◽  
List Type

HighlightsSand bioreactors can effectively treat organic matter at salt levels at least up to 13 g L-1 NaCl.Acclimation of the systems for ammonia removal can take >4 weeks.Clogging and reduction in treatment efficacy can be alleviated through resting of sand bioreactors. Abstract. The treatment of high salt (>1%) wastewater is an issue in several food industries, including meat curing, vegetable pickling, and fish processing. Novel solutions involving biological treatment of saline wastewaters are increasingly important as companies strive to minimize waste production. Sand bioreactors are a secondary treatment option that do not produce secondary sludge. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of treating high salt content poultry processing wastewater with sand bioreactors. Twelve laboratory-scale sand bioreactors consisted of 14.5-cm diameter columns with three layers composed of 15 cm of gravel, 15 cm of coarse sand, and 46 cm of fine sand. The columns were dose fed at 4 cm day-1 turkey processing wastewater with 0, 6, and 13 g L-1 NaCl. Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia were monitored for over an 11-month period. Each bioreactor successfully removed >90% COD and ammonia during steady state after 4 to 5 week of acclimatization. Clogging caused a decrease in treatment in three sand bioreactors after 6 to 7 months, but was alleviated with rest periods. Keywords: Ammonia removal, Clogging, High salt wastewater, Organic matter removal, Sand bioreactor, Turkey processing wastewater.

Impact of wood chip leaching pretreatment on wood chemical composition

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽  
JOSÉ LÍVIO GOMIDE ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Wood Chemical Composition ◽  
Process Elements

The effect of wood chip acid leaching pretreatment on non-process elements removal and its impact on wood chemical components has been examined. Acid leaching treatments were carried out using two different acid pretreatment approaches: (1) acidified water and (2) filtrate from an acidic bleaching stage. Optimization experiments to identify the most suitable leaching conditions with regard to non-process elements removal and chemical oxygen demand generation were performed. The incorporation of an acid leaching stage significantly reduced the non-process elements content in the wood chips. Carbohydrate content and other wood constituents were not negatively affected by the applied pretreatment.

Influence of photoperiod on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1930-1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Silva ◽  
José L. Ruiz ◽  
Miguel R. Peña ◽  
Henk Lubberding ◽  
Huub Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solar Light ◽  
Static Chamber

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2, CH4) from pilot-scale algal and duckweed-based ponds (ABP and DBP) were measured using the static chamber methodology. Daylight and nocturnal variations of GHG and wastewater characteristics (e.g. chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH) were determined via sampling campaigns during midday (12:30–15:30) and midnight (00:30–03:30) periods. The results showed that under daylight conditions in ABP median emissions were −232 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 and 9.9 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, and in DBP median emissions were −1,654.5 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 and 71.4 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. During nocturnal conditions ABP median emissions were 3,949.9 mg CO2 m−2 d−1, 12.7 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, and DBP median emissions were 5,116 mg CO2 m−2 d−1, 195.2 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. Once data measured during daylight were averaged together with nocturnal data the median emissions for ABP were 1,566.8 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 and 72.1 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, whilst for DBP they were 3,016.9 mg CO2 m−2 d− and 178.9 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. These figures suggest that there were significant differences between CO2 emissions measured during daylight and nocturnal periods (p < 0.05). This shows a sink-like behaviour for both ABP and DBP in the presence of solar light, which indicates the influence of photosynthesis in CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the fluxes of CH4 indicated that DBP and ABP behave as net sources of CH4 during day and night, although higher emissions were observed from DBP. Overall, according to the compound average (daylight and nocturnal emissions) both ABP and DBP systems might be considered as net sources of GHG.

Piloting carbon-lean nitrogen removal for energy-autonomous sewage treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel Van Tendeloo ◽  
Bert Bundervoet ◽  
Nathalie Carlier ◽  
Wannes Van Beeck ◽  
Hans Mollen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
N Removal

Energy-autonomous sewage treatment can be achieved if nitrogen (N) removal does not rely on organic carbon (~chemical oxygen demand, COD), so that a maximum of the COD can be redirected...

Bamboo as an anaerobic medium: effect of filter column height

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A.R. Camargo ◽  
E. A.A. Nour
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Anaerobic Medium

Sewage was treated in anaerobic filters filled with rings of bamboo (either whole or cut), and their effectiveness in the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was monitored along the entire extension of the filter. This efficiency was determined based on the COD reduction in both the brute effluent (COD-T) and that passed through a glass filter (COD-F). The quantity of total suspended solids (TSS) present at various heights in the filter column, measured at approximately 10-cm intervals from the false bottom to the height of the filter outflow (80 cm above) for various hydraulic detention times (HDT). The performance of the system resulted in little variation up to 5 hours of HDT, with the percentage of reduction of COD-T and COD-F being situated in the range of 60-80% and 40-80%, respectively. The first 40 cm of the filter proved to be relatively effective, and no significant differences in performance between whole and cut rings of bamboo were observed. A shock in pH occurring after 562 days of operation provoked an immediate and marked decrease in the performance of the reactors, especially that operating with a HDT of only 2 hours. This latter filter required more time to return to normal operational conditions than did the other reactors operating with longer HDT.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

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