scholarly journals Aspektualität in deutschen Partikel- und Präfixverben

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Nana-Lena Stieber
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
Particle Verbs ◽  
Definition Of

Prefix and particle verbs are part of a systematic way of expressing aspectual structures in German. This article proposes an aspectual analysis of German particle and prefixed verbs, regarding especially their polysemic characteristics, and will give a contrastive comparison with the Italian language. This can be useful given that Italian does not have developed a system of prefixes and particles as German does. Therefore, the Italian translations of German prefixed and particle verbs turns out to use different kinds of expressions, often of a periphrastic nature. This is seen here as an indication in favour of the strongly polysemic verbs in German. The aspectual comparison of both languages will be done using an onomasiological model of aspectuality, which allows the analysis of different kinds of expressions without using specific formal categories. The first part of this article gives a short introduction and definition of the German verbs. Part two concerns the question of what aspectuality in German is, followed by part three, a quick overview of actual research in the field. Part four explains how a contrastive perspective may be helpful to discover and illuminate the polysemic German prefixed and particle verbs. Part five presents the empirical data used for the purpose of this work. Part six, then, contains the aspectual analysis of the German verbs in their given context. Every German example will be described and compared to its Italian translation. The article will close with a quick summary of the results, focussing especially on the usefulness of a contrastive approach.

scholarly journals Topological measures for identifying and predicting the spread of complex contagions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Guilbeault ◽  
Damon Centola
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Node Centrality ◽  
Network Connectedness ◽  
Topological Measures ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe standard measure of distance in social networks – average shortest path length – assumes a model of “simple” contagion, in which people only need exposure to influence from one peer to adopt the contagion. However, many social phenomena are “complex” contagions, for which people need exposure to multiple peers before they adopt. Here, we show that the classical measure of path length fails to define network connectedness and node centrality for complex contagions. Centrality measures and seeding strategies based on the classical definition of path length frequently misidentify the network features that are most effective for spreading complex contagions. To address these issues, we derive measures of complex path length and complex centrality, which significantly improve the capacity to identify the network structures and central individuals best suited for spreading complex contagions. We validate our theory using empirical data on the spread of a microfinance program in 43 rural Indian villages.

Sustainability Disclosure and the Financialization of Social Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Woschnack ◽  
Stefanie Hiss ◽  
Sebastian Nagel ◽  
Bernd Teufel
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Sustainability Disclosure ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This empirical study explores the financialization of social sustainability driven by sustainability accounting and reporting initiatives (SARIs). Since no globally accepted definition of what social sustainability encompasses exists, the paper asks how social sustainability is translated into the financial market language by SARIs as they provide standards for disclosing corporate non-financial performance and promote their concepts of social sustainability. The paper uses a two-step qualitative content analysis. First, it operationalizes social sustainability based on the empirical data of six sustainability rating agencies. Second, this operationalization is compared with the concepts created by three SARIs. The paper shows significant differences between the concepts of the SARIs and the rating agencies. While the rating agencies altogether interpret social sustainability with 83 distinct aspects, the SARIs, although differently created, use significant reduced concepts where 20% of these aspects are absent. The result of this financialization process could be a simplified and financially determined concept of social sustainability within die socially discourse. The research is limited to social sustainability and its financialization by SARIs. Individual indicators and their way or intensity to capture aspects of social sustainability were not part of the research interest. Further research should investigate the economic and the ecological pillars of sustainability as well as the usage of such financialized concepts within the society and especially by corporations. The paper unfolds the arbitrariness of operationalizing a qualitative phenomenon like social sustainability through the financial system. It discloses the need for looking at the mechanisms behind such processes and at the interests of the actors behind the frameworks. The paper reveals the financialization process driven by SARIs and demonstrates its simplifying effects on the concept of social sustainability. Furthermore, the paper shows that SARIs as metrics for non-financial aspects are troubled with a lack of transparency and a lack of convergence.

scholarly journals What is Crafts Entrepreneurship? The Development of its Definition Through Entrepreneurs` and Consumers` Perceptions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anzelika Smagina ◽  
◽  
Iveta Ludviga ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
General Public ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Definition Of

Defining craft entrepreneurship has been a challenge for many scholars and researchers in different countries. Not only because of the multidimensional nature of entrepreneurship, but also because of the differences in national regulations setting boundaries for each sector of the economy. Thus, in some countries, craft is a part of the Creative Industries, but in others it is considered as an independent sector of the economy. Understanding what craft is and how craft products can be differentiated and defined has also been a daunting task. Thus, consolidating theoretical knowledge on entrepreneurship and craft entrepreneurship gained from the literature with the results of an empirical study carried out among craft entrepreneurs and consumers of craft products, this study aims to conceptualize craft entrepreneurship and to develop propositions for the definition of craft entrepreneurship by integrating the meaning attributed to craft entrepreneurship and its specifics by craft entrepreneurs with the perception and meaning assigned to craft products and services by consumers. This study applies qualitative methodology and data gathered using semi-structured interviews and open-ended survey questions. 20 craft entrepreneurs represent a perspective of entrepreneurs about entrepreneurship and its specifics in the craft sector, whereas 445 consumers reflect the opinion of the general public about craft and craft-related products. The results of the study indicate that craft entrepreneurship is undoubtedly connected to handmade products, national traditions, small ventures and craft markets and fairs, where craft entrepreneurs commercialize their produce. Although numerous scholars have already attempted to conceptualize craft entrepreneurship theoretically, the contribution of this study is in its integrated application of theoretical and empirical data reflecting the perspectives of entrepreneurs and consumers.

Typography: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Luna
Keyword(s):  
Short Introduction ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fundamental Design

Typography: A Very Short Introduction offers a broad definition of typography as design for reading, whether in print or on screens, where a set of visual choices are taken to make a written message more accessible, more easily transmitted, more significant, or more attractive. Considering the development of letterforms and the shapes of letter we use, it discusses the history behind our modern day letters and fonts, before considering the issues behind key typographic decisions, and the differences between printed and on-screen typography. Presenting any piece of typography as a fundamental design choice, this Very Short Introduction introduces the options available today, and explores the reasons why key typographic decisions are made.

Life Cost-Based FMEA Using Empirical Data

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung J. Rhee ◽  
Kosuke Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Failure Cost ◽  
Scale Particle ◽  
Definition Of

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a design tool that helps designers identify risks. The traditional FMEA involves ambiguity with the definition of risk priority number: the product of occurrence, detection difficulty, and severity subjectively measured in a 1 to 10 range. Life-cost Based FMEA alleviates this ambiguity by using the estimated cost of failures. Yet, the methods still relies on judgment of experts in determining variables such as frequency, detection time, fixing time, delay time, and parts cost. To resolve this subjectivity, this paper proposes a systematic use of empirical data for applying life-cost-based FMEA. A case study of a large scale particle accelerator shows the advantages of the proposed approach in predicting life cycle failure cost, measuring risk and planning preventive, scheduled maintenance and ultimately improving up-time.

scholarly journals Human Trafficking – Between Punishable Human Rights Violations and Decriminalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-292
Author(s):  
Anja Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach ◽  
Opposite Tendency

The necessity of combating human trafficking is often justified by the violation of human rights of the victims of human trafficking. Criticism has, however, repeatedly been voiced that the victim-centred, human rights-based approach has not been consistently applied - because, in reality, state interests in effectively combating (organized) crime and securing borders against illegal migration take precedence. An opposite tendency criticizes the criminalization of human traffic on the grounds that human rights are not violated in every case within the definition of human trafficking, and criminalization is inappropriate in such cases. Furthermore, various parties point out that there is little empirical data on trafficking in human beings, and the available data is unreliable. This contribution aims to provide an overview of these issues and argue in favour of a nuanced examination of phenomena covered by the legal definition of human trafficking.

scholarly journals A presença dos dias / La presenza dei giorni

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-182
Author(s):  
Adalberto Alves ◽  
Elena Chiarini
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
First Time

La presenza dei giorni is the Italian translation of the equivalent Portuguese colletion of aphorisms A presença dos dias of Adalberto Alves. The literary work has been translated for the first time in Italian language by Elena Chiarini in this volume.

VALIDATION OF REPUTATION MEASUREMENT METHODS IN THE POST-SOVIET TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
IVAN SOKOLOVSKYY ◽  
DARIA POTAPOVA ◽  
PAVLO TIENIN
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Corporate Reputation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Reputation Measurement ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
Definition Of

Different approaches to definition of “reputation” concept and its presence in different disciplines’ discourse result in development of large number of reputation measurement approaches. The closest approaches to the sociological understanding of reputation are the RQ (CRQ) and RepTrak™ ones. These approaches were developed by western authors and have not been validated in the post-Soviet territory yet. The paper reviewed the verification of RepTrak™ methodology’s reliability and validity, and analyzed the terminological differences between the types of validity used by the authors of the methodology and their semantic counterparts, traditional for sociology. It is noted in the article that the developers of the methodology did not offer a unified model of corporate reputation; validation was carried out separately for two reputation constructs. The first construct confirms the connection between the emotional component of reputation and articulated willingness to act, the second — between the emotional and cognitive components of reputation. Using empirical data collected in Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan, the authors of the article reproduced the procedures and approaches used by the methodology developers for confirmation of the methodology’s reliability and validity. To this end, authors of the article used confirmatory factor analysis and built structural models that fully correspond to the models used by the developers of the model. The authors of the article compare the parameters of the models and their criteria of fitting to the empirical data. As a result of a comparison done for each reputational construct a conclusion about the possibility of using the emotional reputation index in all three countries was done. It was concluded also that it is possible to use a complete original methodology for reputation research in Ukraine and Russia and it is required to modify it for Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals A review of new developments in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation – From green chemistry to asymmetric catalysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Rueping ◽  
Boris J Nachtsheim
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Benzyl Halides ◽  
Allyl Alcohols ◽  
Definition Of

The development of efficient Friedel–Crafts alkylations of arenes and heteroarenes using only catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid has gained much attention over the last decade. The new catalytic approaches described in this review are favoured over classical Friedel–Crafts conditions as benzyl-, propargyl- and allyl alcohols, or styrenes, can be used instead of toxic benzyl halides. Additionally, only low catalyst loadings are needed to provide a wide range of products. Following a short introduction about the origin and classical definition of the Friedel–Crafts reaction, the review will describe the different environmentally benign substrates which can be applied today as an approach towards greener processes. Additionally, the first diastereoselective and enantioselective Friedel–Crafts-type alkylations will be highlighted.

scholarly journals There is an ‘unconscious,’ but it may well be conscious

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Kastrup
Keyword(s):  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Depth psychology finds empirical validation today in a variety of observations that suggest the presence of causally effective mental processes outside conscious experience. I submit that this is due to misinterpretation of the observations: the subset of consciousness called “meta-consciousness” in the literature is often mistaken for consciousness proper, thereby artificially creating space for an “unconscious.” The implied hypothesis is that all mental processes may in fact be conscious, the appearance of unconsciousness arising from our dependence on self-reflective introspection for gauging awareness. After re-interpreting the empirical data according to a philosophically rigorous definition of consciousness, I show that two well-known phenomena corroborate this hypothesis: (a) experiences that, despite being conscious, aren’t re-represented during introspection; and (b) dissociated experiences inaccessible to the executive ego. If consciousness is inherent to all mentation, it may be fundamental in nature, as opposed to a product of particular types of brain function.

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