How can historical knowledge help us to make sense of communities like Rotherham?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pente ◽  
Paul Ward
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Everyday Lives

This chapter addresses the question of how historical knowledge can help one to make sense of communities like Rotherham. It first considers what counts as ‘historical knowledge’, and examines the limitations of historiography in producing histories at a local level, where issues of class, gender, and ethnicity are played out in people's everyday lives. The chapter then explores how historians are expanding what counts for historical knowledge — in particular, the co-production of research, which can be defined as research with people rather than on people. It also provides some real-world examples of co-production in action. Finally, the chapter provides some arguments as to why historical knowledge matters.

How/Should We Generalize?

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Ansley T. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Context ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
National Borders

In Carl Kaestle's 1992 essay “Standards of Evidence,” generalization is how we know when we know. Kaestle sketches a model of increasing certainty in historical claims as they are developed and refined at increasing scales of research, from local to international. A historical claim might originate in the study of a particular place or case, but to know that the claims were true, the historian needed to move from the microlevel view to a more macro one, perhaps at the national rather than local level. Once tested and refined through comparison with other cases, possibly smoothing some of the rougher edges in the process, the claim could then be transferred beyond national borders. When a historical claim is polished enough to fit other contexts, we know it is true. Kaestle illustrates this increasing certainty through increasing scale with reference to the history of literacy and, more specifically, to scholarship on how Western European and US industrialization shaped literacy rates. Bringing studies from various locales into connection, and then comparing these cases with the national context, Kaestle summarizes that it was the commercial processes of urbanization, rather than industrialization itself, that helped produce rising literacy in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Generalization at greater scale becomes not only the means through which to claim the value of historical work, but the basis for constructing historical knowledge in the first place.

The Economics of Platforms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Belleflamme ◽  
Martin Peitz
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Price Strategies

Digital platforms controlled by Alibaba, Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, Netflix, Tencent and Uber have transformed not only the ways we do business, but also the very nature of people's everyday lives. It is of vital importance that we understand the economic principles governing how these platforms operate. This book explains the driving forces behind any platform business with a focus on network effects. The authors use short case studies and real-world applications to explain key concepts such as how platforms manage network effects and which price and non-price strategies they choose. This self-contained text is the first to offer a systematic and formalized account of what platforms are and how they operate, concisely incorporating path-breaking insights in economics over the last twenty years.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Adam Davies
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Black Power ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Activism ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
Urban Crisis ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Key Concepts

This introductory chapter briefly captures the major themes covered in this book. It explores three key concepts regarding Black Power: how the ideas, tactics, and language readily associated with Black Power permeated the community activism, and everyday lives, of ordinary African Americans at the local level; how and why mainstream politicians and institutions exploited Black Power's flexibility as an ideology and organizing tool in their efforts to guide the course of black advancement; and the subsequent impact and meaning of those efforts. The chapter examines how public policies intended to engage, modify, and sublimate the Black Power impulse evolved as a response not only to the deepening urban crisis and growing black radicalism but also to the Johnson administration's troubled War on Poverty.

Our Diets May Be Killing Us

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-382
Author(s):  
Brenda K. J. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Mathematics Curriculum ◽  
School Mathematics ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
School Day ◽  
Class Period

A push seems to be on for more real-world applications in the mathematics curriculum at all grade levels. Recommendations from such sources as the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989) and the National Research Council's Everybody Counts (1989) advocate making mathematics more than just a subject taught one class period of each school day. The time has come to bring mathematics out of the classroom and show the students that the knowledge and skills from mathematics can be beneficial in their everyday lives. But how do we, as educators, actually accomplish this goal?

On the Dynamics of Complex Network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Lin Yang ◽  
C. Steve Suh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Real World ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Statistical Entropy ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Network Property

Controlling complex network systems is challenging because network systems are highly coupled by ensembles and behaving with uncertainty. A network is composed by nodes and edges. Edges serve as the connection between nodes to exchange state information and further achieve state consensus. Through edges, the dynamics of individual nodes at the local level intimately affects the network dynamics at the global level. As a following bird can occasionally lose visual contact with the target bird in a flock at any moment, the edge between two nodes in a real world network systems is not necessarily always intact. Contrary to common sense, these real-world networks are usually perfectly stable even when the edges between the nodes are unstable. This suggests that not only nodes are dynamical, edges are dynamical, too. Since the edges between the nodes are changing dynamically, network configuration is also dynamical. Further, edges need be defined and quantified so that the unstable connection behavior can be properly described. The paper explores the concepts of statistical mechanics and statistical entropy to address the particular need. Statistical mechanics describes the behavior of a mechanical system that has uncertain states. Statistical entropy on the other hand defines the distribution of the microstates by probability. Entropy provides a measure of the level of network integrity. With entropy, one can assign desired dynamics to the network to ensure desired network property. This work aims to construct a complex network structure model based on the edge dynamics. Coupled with node self-dynamic and consensus law, a general dynamical network model can be constructed.

Patterns of HPV testing and treatment decision in patients with SCCHN.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17526-e17526
Author(s):  
Giovanni Zanotti ◽  
Jean-Francois Martini ◽  
Roberto Uehara ◽  
Pamela Hallworth ◽  
Katherine Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hpv Status

e17526 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main risk factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Although it is a prognostic factor, SCCHN patients are not routinely tested for HPV status because it may not be informative for therapy initiation. The objective of this study was to understand the real world testing patterns, and treatment decision of SCCHN patients. Methods: Real world data was gathered using Adelphi’s Disease-Specific Programme (DSP) - a real world, cross-sectional survey conducted in the USA, France, Germany and the UK (April - September 2016). The DSP incorporated 182 physician interviews (54 US, 128 EU) covering all stages of SCCHN caseloads and treatment patterns. Physicians also provided data for 8 consecutive consulting SCCHN patients regarding treatment patterns, progression, and symptoms. Results: A total of 2193 SCCHN patient cases were captured. HPV testing was carried out in 42% of patients within the DSP data set with no particular difference across the 4 countries. Of those tested, 35% of patients were HPV positive. Testing was mainly performed at the local level (51%, onsite or local hospital) apart from Germany where central testing was higher (73%). In over half of patients cases (54%) , physicians are unaware of the type of test performed for the HPV status determination; in fact, up to 10 different types of tests were used to determine the HPV status in this real world experience. Platinum based cetuximab and fluorouracil was used in 30% of the HPV positive patients while 20% received platinum monotherapy. In 2nd line, docetaxel/paclitaxel monotherapy was used in 22% of the patients. HPV negative patients also mainly received platinum based cetuximab and fluorouracil (27%) in 1st line, while in 2ndline, docetaxel/paclitaxel monotherapy was used in 20% of the patients. Conclusions: This analysis of real world treatment patterns and outcomes among SCCHN patients shows that HPV testing is not widely carried out for either patient characterization or to guide treatment decisions within this disease. Therapy choices were generally consistent standard clinical guidelines.

scholarly journals When rhetoric does not translate to reality: Hardship, empowerment and the third sector in austerity localism

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hulya Dagdeviren ◽  
Matthew Donoghue ◽  
Alexis Wearmouth
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Third Sector Organisations ◽  
The Uk

Austerity localism powerfully explains dynamics of (dis)empowerment at the local level, especially regarding the autonomy and accountability of local authorities and third sector organisations (TSOs) in the UK. Yet these dynamics at institutional level have also a clear impact on individuals, especially the socio-economically vulnerable. This is especially true in a time of cost-containment and welfare retrenchment. This article addresses a gap in the literature by focusing not only on TSOs but also on the experiences of vulnerable individuals under austerity localism. The discussion is centred on two types of TSOs: foodbanks and advice/advocacy organisations. Drawing upon primary qualitative data from three locations in England and Wales, the article argues that the emphatic rhetoric of empowerment within austerity localism, which others have shown to be problematic at the institutional level, does not translate into real-world empowerment for service users and other vulnerable individuals. In making the argument the article contributes to work on expanding the analytical scope of austerity localism, as well as further exploring the roles and prospects of TSOs in the current long period of austerity in the UK.

Processing real-world violations embedded within a fantasy-world narrative

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2282-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erinn K Walsh ◽  
Anne E Cook ◽  
Edward J O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Target Sentence ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Global Level ◽  
The Real ◽  
Fantasy World ◽  
Contextual Support ◽  
Processing Difficulty

Fantasy-text is a genre in which events routinely violate rules we know to be true in the real world. In four experiments, we explored the inherent contradiction between unrealistic fictional events and general world knowledge (GWK) to examine these competing information sources within the context of an extended fantasy-narrative. Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrated that fantasy-unrelated inconsistencies caused disruption to comprehension despite an abundance of contextual support for real-world impossible events that violate GWK. Experiment 2a demonstrated that fantasy-related inconsistencies caused disruption when they occurred at the local level and the fantasy-context stood in direct opposition to the target sentence. However, Experiment 2b demonstrated that disruption can be initially eliminated when readers encountered fantasy-related violations at the global level, but delayed-processing difficulty occurred on the spillover sentence, downstream of the target sentence. All four experiments are discussed within the context of the RI-Val model.

scholarly journals Book Review: Linked Data for Cultural Heritage (An ALCTS Monograph)

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ojennus
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Real World ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
New Challenges

While linked data has been on the horizon for librarians, archivists, and other curators of cultural memory nearly since it was first expounded fifteen years ago, for many it has remained an abstraction.1 Jones and Seikel present six contributions by those engaged in implementing linked data projects across the cultural heritage landscape, seeking to bridge the gap between the idea of linked data and concrete applications that can be adopted at a local level. The focus is not on the technology of linked data, though each of the chapters discuss some technical issues relevant to the projects, but rather on how the technology can overcome the limits of earlier cultural metadata encoding systems (e.g., MARC) and what new challenges and opportunities it presents. By presenting studies of real-world implementations of linked data, this volume effectively communicates the progress made and a sense of what the technology could do for a local collection.

Why Delegate?

Why Delegate? ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Neil J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Real World ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Wide Applicability ◽  
Political World ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
Do So

There is no escaping the delegation relationship, whether in our everyday lives or in the wider economic or political world. This chapter introduces the central concepts that help us understand delegation such as principal, agent, information asymmetry, moral hazard, adverse selection, can’t control and won’t control and the various incentives to delegate. The aims of the book are to develop a broader more descriptively useful logic of delegation that has wide applicability and to do so in an informal and accessible way using real world examples. The book is structured around the variety of economic and political incentives to delegate, stretching from saving time and effort to saving reputation and position and finding someone to blame for wrongdoing.

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