scholarly journals Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness strategy in Zimbabwe: An evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. e0000046
Author(s):  
Nigel James ◽  
Yubraj Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
Institutional Deliveries ◽  
The World

More than five million children under the age of five die each year worldwide, primarily from preventable and treatable causes. In response, the World Health Organization’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) strategy has been adopted in more than 95 low- and middle-income countries, 41 of them from Africa. Despite IMNCI’s widespread implementation, evidence on its impact on child mortality and institutional deliveries is limited. This study examined the effect of IMNCI strategy in the context of Zimbabwe, where neonatal and infant mortality rates are among the highest in the world. We used binary logistic regression to analyze cross-sectional data from the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. Zimbabwe implemented the IMNCI strategy in 2012. Our empirical strategy involved comparing neonatal and infant mortality and institutional deliveries within the same geographic area before and after IMNCI implementation in a nationally representative sample of children born between 2010 and 2015. Exposure to IMNCI was significantly associated with a reduction in neonatal mortality (adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 0.70 (0.50, 0.98)) and infant mortality (adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 0.69 (0.54, 0.91)). The strategy also helped increase institutional deliveries significantly (adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 1.95 (1.67, 2.28)). Further analyses revealed that these associations were concentrated among educated women and in rural areas.The IMNCI strategy in Zimbabwe seems to be successful in delivering its intended goals. Future programmatic and policy efforts should target women with low education and those residing in urban areas. Furthermore, sustaining the positive impact and achieving the child health-related Sustainable Development Goals will require continued political will in raising domestic financial investments to ensure the sustainability of maternal and child health programs.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, Symptom Profiles and Sero-Neutralization in a Suburban Area, France

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Anne Gégout Petit ◽  
Hélène Jeulin ◽  
Karine Legrand ◽  
Nicolas Jay ◽  
Agathe Bochnakian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Effect ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
The World ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Total Immunoglobulin

The World Health Organisation recommends monitoring the circulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We investigated anti–SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulin (IgT) antibody seroprevalence and in vitro sero-neutralization in Nancy, France, in spring 2020. Individuals were randomly sampled from electoral lists and invited with household members over 5 years old to be tested for anti–SARS-CoV-2 (IgT, i.e., IgA/IgG/IgM) antibodies by ELISA (Bio-rad); the sero-neutralization activity was evaluated on Vero CCL-81 cells. Among 2006 individuals, the raw seroprevalence was 2.1% (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.9), was highest for 20- to 34-year-old participants (4.7% (2.3 to 8.4)), within than out of socially deprived area (2.5% vs. 1%, p = 0.02) and with than without intra-family infection (p < 10−6). Moreover, 25% of participants presented at least one COVID-19 symptom associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity (p < 10−13), with highly discriminant anosmia or ageusia (odds ratio 27.8 [13.9 to 54.5]); 16.3% (6.8 to 30.7) of seropositive individuals were asymptomatic. Positive sero-neutralization was demonstrated in vitro for 31/43 seropositive subjects. Regarding the very low seroprevalence, a preventive effect of the lockdown in March 2020 can be assumed for the summer, but a second COVID-19 wave, as expected, could be subsequently observed in this poorly immunized population.

scholarly journals 405 - Music Therapy in the management of dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
Catarina Pedro ◽  
Beatriz Jorge ◽  
Mariana Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction:Dementia has become a worldwide concern. According to the World Health Organization, there are 50 million individuals suffering from dementia across the world and approximately 20 million new cases are diagnosed each year. The efficacy of medications in controlling agitation and psychotic symptoms is modest and may cause serious adverse effects, outlining the urge for new treatment methods for patients with dementia. Music therapy (MT) is a nonpharmacologic strategy that is used in patients with early-to-late stages of dementia with promising results.Objectives:The aim of this presentation is to evaluate the benefits of music therapy in cognitive functioning and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients diagnosed with dementia. We also summarize the current knowledge about this topic.Methods:A non-systematic review of the literature was performed on PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of science using selected keywords.Results:MT sustains its benefit because musical memory regions in the brain are relatively spared compared to cognitive function. “Musical memories” can, thus, be stored longer than non-musical memories, allowing to recall associated life events and emotions. Systematic reviews suggest that MT seem to have a positive effect on symptoms such as depression, anxiety and behavioral problems while the findings concerning agitation/aggression are inconsistent. No large differences were found between studies using live or recorded music although the latter reported more of a consistently positive impact on behavioral and psychological outcomes. The studies using live music, however, reported specific benefits to relationships and interactions.Conclusions:The majority of the studies have methodological limitations, making it difficult to offer firm conclusions. Despite this, there were positive results on aspects of quality of life, cognitive function, behavioral, psychological, physiological and communication outcomes.

INTERNATIONAL NEWS AND REPORTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
International News ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First World ◽  
And Child Health

The First World Health Assembly convened in Geneva, Switzerland, on June 24, 1948, and remained in session until July 24. Fifty-four nations sent delegates. The work of this First Assembly centered around the development of a program of action for the World Health Organization. After discussions of a long list of possible activities, the Assembly adopted a program which established certain priorities for the work of the Organization during the coming year. Malaria control, maternal and child health, tuberculosis and venereal disease control, nutrition and environmental sanitation were placed in the top priority. To carry out these priority programs the WHO authorized the appointment of expert committees and the establishment of appropriate sections of work in the secretariat of the Organization.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physiochemical Characteristics of Drinking Water Quality in Allahabad Metropolitan City, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Roohi Rawat ◽  
A. R. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
The World

Clean and safe drinking water is important for the overall health and wellbeing; therefore, access to safe potable drinking water is one of the basic amenities of humankind, especially in urban areas with high consumption pattern of the large population inhabiting these spaces. Among the various sources of water, groundwater is considered to be the safest source of drinking water. However, due to rapid industrialization and population growth, the groundwater resources are getting polluted with harmful contaminants. These contaminants can be chemical or microbiological and cause various health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80 percent of all diseases in the world are directly or indirectly related to the contamination of water. Water in its natural state is colorless, odorless, and free from pathogens with pH in the range of 6.5–8.5. This water is termed as “potable water.” In the present study, the researchers have made an attempt to assess the physiochemical characteristics of drinking water quality in Allahabad and the effect of these contaminants on the health of the consumers. A comparison of the parameter standards as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (ISI, Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS10500). New Delhi: ISI, 1983 ) and the WHO (Guidelines for drinking water quality (Vol. 1). Geneva: WHO, 1984 ) have also been made to understand the national and global benchmarks. With the help of the standards of various parameters given by these organizations, the assessment of water quality of samples from various locations in Allahabad has been done.

scholarly journals BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE: 25 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493
Author(s):  
Joel Alves Lamounier ◽  
Roberto Gomes Chaves ◽  
Maria Albertina Santiago Rego ◽  
Maria Cândida Ferrarez Bouzada
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Care ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
The World ◽  
Accredited Institutions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Emergency Fund

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the experience of the 25-year-old trajectory of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in Brazil. The first unit was implemented in 1992. Methods: Information and data were collected from publications on the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Health websites and in national and international journals, about the period 1990-2017. The descriptors used were: “iniciativa hospital amigo da criança”, “hospital amigo da criança”, “baby friendly initiative hospital”, “aleitamento materno” and “breastfeeding”. The number of hospitals in the 25 years, the course of the BFHI and its repercussions on breastfeeding in Brazil were evaluated. Results: The BFHI is an intervention strategy in hospital care at birth focused on the implementation of practices that promote exclusive breastfeeding from the first hours of life and with the support, among other measures of positive impact on breastfeeding, of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Currently, the initiative has been revised, updated and expanded to integrate care for newborns in neonatal units and care for women since prenatal care. It can be concluded that, during these 25 years, the quantity of hospitals varied greatly, with numbers still below the capacity of hospital beds. BFHI shows higher rates of breastfeeding than non-accredited hospitals. However, the number of hospitals are still few when compared to other countries. Conclusions: The BFHI has contributed to breastfeeding in Brazil in recent decades. Greater support for public policies is needed to expand the number of accredited institutions in the country.

scholarly journals High Baseline CD4 Count and Exclusive Breastfeeding Are Associated with Lower Rates of Mother to Child HIV Transmission in Northwestern Uganda: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Izudi ◽  
Pontius Apangu ◽  
Francis Bajunirwe ◽  
Edgar Mulogo ◽  
Vincent Batwala
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Baseline ◽  
Health Organization

Background. Under Option B plus, the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) along the Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV cascade remains unknown. We described HIV transmission along the EID cascade and determined associated factors at Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Northwestern Uganda. Methods. Data on 295 mother-baby pairs in EID care (January 2014 and April 2015) was extracted, cleaned, and analysed in STATA. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Independently associated factors were stated in adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values. Results. 233 (89.0%) mothers were above 30 years, 251 (85.1%) were in World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages I/II at enrolment, 170 (57.6%) attended antenatal care (ANC) visits during recent pregnancy, and 204 (69.1%) delivered in a health facility. Meanwhile, 257 (87.1%) HIV Exposed Infants (HEIs) received Nevirapine prophylaxis from birth up to 6 weeks and 245 (83.0%) were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. Of 295 mother-baby pairs, 25 (8.5%) HEIs turned HIV-positive along the EID cascade. Baseline maternal CD4 count of more than 500 cells/ul compared to less than 500 cells/ul (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.10–0.85; p = 0.024) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first 6 months of delivery in contrast to not EBF in the first 6 months (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.52–0.55; p = 0.003) reduced HIV transmission. Meanwhile, ANC visits, place of delivery, time of Nevirapine initiation, and maternal antiretroviral therapy use were not significantly associated with infant HIV transmission. Conclusion. HIV transmission was high. High baseline CD4 count and exclusive breastfeeding reduced HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Occupational safety and health education and training: an innovative format and experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Pietrafesa ◽  
Sergio Iavicoli ◽  
Agnese Martini ◽  
Rosalba Simeone ◽  
Antonella Polimeni
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Professionals ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Training Courses

Health begins at home and in community where people live and work, in fact, the World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being’. Experts and professionals, of all sectors and specialities, need to take account the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in all aspects of their working lives. Mainstreaming OSH into education concerns integrating one policy area – OSH – into another – education. This study started from a first analysis of an international and national OSH training offer, in which  some critical aspects emerged: there are mostly sectoral training courses, qualifying some prevention actor roles, most linked to traditional risks, and primarily focused on the safety aspects rather than the health ones. The current study is related to an innovative format and experience for an integrated management of OSH in the evolution of the world of work. The concept was born from the need to train new professionals figures when the rapid demographic changes and technological innovation are changing the working world and therefore also the required skills to prevention actors. A first test has been conducted on 26 students who attended the first edition of this innovative training. 

scholarly journals Related factors to Integrated Management of Childhood illnesses at 18 Colombian Cities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Mauricio García Sierra ◽  
Jovana Alexandra Ocampo Cañas
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Illnesses ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Index

Abstract Background: Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) is a strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF in 1992. It was deployed as an integrated approach to improve children's health in the world. This strategy is divided into three components: organizational, clinical, and communitarian. If the related factors to Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses in low- and middle-income countries are known, the likelihood of decreasing infant morbidity and mortality rates could be increased. Objective: To identify, from the clinical component of the strategy, the related factors to Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses at 18 Colombian cities. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed with a secondary analysis of databases of a study conducted at Colombia by the Public Health group of Universidad de Los Andes in 2016. An Integrated Care Index was calculated as a dependent variable and descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses to find the relationship between this index and the relevant variables from literature. Results: Information was obtained from 165 medical appointments made by nurses, general practitioners, and pediatricians. Health access is given mainly in the urban area, in the first level care and outpatient context. Essential medicines availability, necessary supplies, second level care, medical appointment periods longer than 30 minutes and care to child under 30 months are often related to higher rates of Integrated Care Index Conclusion: Health care provided to children under five remains incomplete because it does not present the basic minimums for the adequate IMCI´s implementation in the country. It is necessary to provide integrated care that provides medicine availability and essential supplies that reduce access barriers and improve the system's fragmentation. Keywords Health care, infant mortality, IMCI, Primary health care.

scholarly journals Adherence to World Health Organisation guidelines for treatment of early onset neonatal sepsis in low-income settings; a cohort study in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Ekman ◽  
Prajwal Paudel ◽  
Omkar Basnet ◽  
KC Ashish ◽  
J. Wrammert
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adherence To Guidelines

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of death during the first month of life and early empirical treatment with injectable antibiotics is a life-saving intervention. Adherence to World Health Organisation guidelines on first line antibiotics is crucial to mitigate the risks of increased antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this paper was to evaluate if treatment of early onset neonatal sepsis in a low-income facility setting observe current guidelines and if compliance is influenced by contextual factors. Methods This cohort study used data on antimicrobial treatment of neonatal sepsis onset within 72 hours of life from 12 regional hospitals participating in a scale-up trial of a neonatal resuscitation quality improvement package intervention in Nepal. Infants treated according to guidelines were compared with those receiving other antimicrobials. A multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the intervention and time trend was applied. Results 1,564 infants with a preliminary diagnosis of early onset sepsis were included. A majority (74.9%) were treated according to guidelines and adherence was increasing over time. Infants born at larger facilities (adjusted Odds Ratio 5.6), those that were inborn (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.97) or belonging to a family of dis-advantaged caste (adjusted Odds Ratio 2.15) had higher odds for treatment according to guidelines. A clinical presentation of lethargy or tachypnoea was associated with adherence to guidelines. Conclusion Adherence to guidelines for antibiotic treatment of early neonatal sepsis was moderately high in this low-income setting. Odds for observing guidelines increased with facility size, for inborn infants and if the family belonged to a dis-advantaged caste. Cefotaxime was a common alternative choice when guidelines were not followed, highly relevant for the risk of increased antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals "CHRONIC SORROW THEORY APPLICATION" TO OVERCOME THE FEELING OF LOSS DUE TO INFANT MORTALITY IN POST-PARTUM WOMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedeh Sri Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Sorrow ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory Application ◽  
Health Organization

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 stated that 44% of infant deaths in the world occurred in the first 28 days of life (neonatal period). The research results of the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) in 2016 noted that the infant mortality rate (IMR) reached 25.5%, West Java Province was one of the contributors to the highest maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). Infant mortality inside the womb or outside the womb triggers grief and deep sorrow that is at risk of progressive, repetitive and permanent in women. Nurses in the maternity area play an important role in overcoming the problem of loss through various approaches to either theory or intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of chronic sorrow theory in post-partum women whose babies were dead at Sariningsih Hospital Bandung. Method: This research was qualitative research. Participants were 5 people selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done by interviewing using a guide from the Burke / Eakes Chronic Sorrow Assessment Tool. Results: It was identified that women's opinions about the causes of infant mortalities were planned (abortion) and unplanned. Participants had effective coping strategies in dealing with their loss such as social support, and spiritual beliefs for comfort. Conclusion: participants felt the effectiveness of the chronic sorrow theory to overcome infant loss.Keywords: chronic sorrow theory application, loss, post-partum women, Qualitative.

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