scholarly journals Carbon Allocation into Different Fine-Root Classes of Young Abies alba Trees Is Affected More by Phenology than by Simulated Browsing

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0154687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Endrulat ◽  
Nina Buchmann ◽  
Ivano Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Simulated Browsing

scholarly journals Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Unuk Nahberger ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Hojka Kraigher ◽  
Tine Grebenc
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Parameters

AbstractSpecies of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.

scholarly journals Effects of drought on nitrogen uptake and carbon dynamics in trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobin Joseph ◽  
Jörg Luster ◽  
Alessandra Bottero ◽  
Nathalie Buser ◽  
Lukas Baechli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Research on drought impact on tree functioning is focused primarily on water and carbon (C) dynamics. Changes in nutrient uptake might also affect tree performance under drought and there is a need to explore underlying mechanisms. We investigated effects of drought on a) in-situ nitrogen (N)-uptake accounting for both, N availability to fine-roots in soil and actual N-uptake, b) physiological N-uptake capacity of roots, and c) the availability of new assimilates to fine roots influencing the N-uptake capacity using 15N and 13C labelling. We assessed saplings of six different tree species (Acer peudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris). Drought resulted in significant reduction of in-situ soil N-uptake in deciduous trees accompanied by reduced carbon allocation to roots and by a reduction in root biomass available for N-uptake. While physiological root N-uptake capacity was not affected by drought in deciduous saplings, reduced maximum ammonium but not nitrate uptake was observed for A.alba and P.abies. Our results indicate that drought has species-specific effects on N-uptake. Even water limitations of only 5 weeks as assessed here can decrease whole plant inorganic N-uptake independent of whether the physiological N-uptake capacity is affected or not.

Belowground carbon allocation of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nate G McDowell ◽  
Nick J Balster ◽  
John D Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Belowground Carbon Allocation ◽  
Balance Approach ◽  
Belowground Carbon

Carbon allocation to fine roots and mycorrhizae constitute one of the largest carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems, but these fluxes are also among the most difficult to measure. We measured belowground carbon fluxes in two Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca stands. We used a carbon balance approach to estimate total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) and carbon allocation to fine-root and mycorrhizal production (NPPfr). The stands differed in belowground biomass because of fertilization treatment 8 years prior. Annual soil flux was 856 and 849 g C·m–2·year–1 for the two stands. Annual root respiration equaled 269 and 333 g C·m–2·year–1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. TBCA equaled 733 and 710 g C·m–2·year–1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. Calculated NPPfr equaled 431 g C·m–2·year–1 in the low-biomass stand and 334 g C·m–2·year–1 in the high-biomass stand; equivalent to 59 and 47% of TBCA, respectively. Fine-root and mycorrhizal turnover equaled 1.8 and 0.8 year–1 in the low- and high-biomass stands, respectively. Belowground carbon allocation appeared to be distributed evenly between respiration and production despite differences in biomass and turnover. Sensitivity analysis indicated the NPPfr estimate is dependent foremost on the annual prediction of soil CO2 flux. The carbon balance approach provided a simple nonintrusive method for separating the belowground autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon budget.

scholarly journals Plants maximize competition while minimizing competitors belowground: a theoretical analysis of incentives for root competition in space

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Farrior
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Competitive Network ◽  
Biomass Models

AbstractRecent research shows that shared access to belowground resources drives plants to overproliferate fine roots competitively, limiting community-level aboveground biomass. Models of this phenomenon are commonly based on an assumption that belowground resources and fine roots are thoroughly well mixed. In reality, of course, fine roots are spatially structured by individual. Here we investigate how costs of sending roots through horizontal space influence incentives for fine-root overproliferation. We find that these costs restrain overproliferation to the net benefit of community aboveground biomass. And further, the costs eliminate incentives for individuals to grow fine roots beyond their closest neighbors. Plants that interact with the fewest competitors benefit the most in relative fitness from overproliferation of fine roots. Effectively, individual-based optimization of root allocation in space increases the effects of competition while decreasing the number of individual competitors for each individual.Because an individual’s optimal competitive network consists of only the closest neighbors, we predict the full effects of competition are achieved just shortly after disturbance, making competition belowground an almost inescapable pressure on plants. Together these results have important implications for predicting plant interaction networks, patterns of carbon allocation, and ecosystem carbon storage.

scholarly journals Bayesian integration of flux tower data into process-based simulator for quantifying uncertainty in simulated output

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Raj ◽  
Nicholas A.S. Hamm ◽  
Christiaan van der Tol ◽  
Alfred Stein
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Flux Tower ◽  
Parameter Values

Abstract. Parameters of a process-based forest growth simulator are difficult or impossible to obtain from field observations. Reliable estimates can, however, be obtained using calibration against observations of output and state variables. In this study, we present a Bayesian framework to calibrate the widely used process-based simulator BIOME-BGC against estimates of gross primary production (GPP) data. We used GPP partitioned from flux tower measurements of a net ecosystem exchange over a 55 year old Douglas fir stand as an example. The uncertainties of both the BIOME-BGC parameters and the simulated GPP were estimated. The calibrated parameters leaf and fine root turnover (LFRT), ratio of fine root carbon to leaf carbon (FRC : LC), ratio of carbon to nitrogen in leaf (C : Nleaf), canopy water interception coefficient (Wint), fraction of leaf nitrogen in Rubisco (FLNR), and soil rooting depth (SD) characterize the photosynthesis and carbon and nitrogen allocation in the forest. The calibration improved the root mean square error and enhanced Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency between simulated and flux tower daily GPP compared to the uncalibrated BIOME-BGC. Nevertheless, the seasonal cycle for flux tower GPP was not reproduced exactly, and some overestimate in spring and underestimates in summer remained after calibration. Further analysis showed that, although simulated GPP was time dependent due to carbon allocation, it still followed the variability of the meteorological forcing closely. We hypothesized that the phenology exhibited a seasonal cycle that was not accurately reproduced by the simulator. We investigated this by allowing the parameter values to vary month-by-month. Time varying parameters substantially improved the simulated GPP as compared to GPP obtained with constant parameters. The time varying estimation also revealed a seasonal change in parameter values that determine phenology, and in parameters that determine soil water availability. It was concluded that Bayesian calibration approach can reveal features of the modelled physical processes, and identify aspects of the process simulator that are too rigid.

Soil nitrogen availability influences seasonal carbon allocation patterns in sugar maple (Acersaccharum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne K. Burke ◽  
Dudley J. Raynal ◽  
Myron J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Root Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil N Availability ◽  
Allocation Patterns

The influence of soil N availability on growth, on seasonal C allocation patterns, and on sulfate-S content in sugar maple seedlings (Acersaccharum Marsh.) was tested experimentally. Relative to controls, the production of foliage doubled in response to high N availability, and the production of foliage, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots was halved in response to N deprivation. The period of foliage production was lengthened by fertilization and the period of fine root production was shortened by N deprivation compared with controls. In August, a shift in priority C allocation from foliage to roots occurred in the N-deprivation treatment. Therefore, during this month alone, the shoot to root ratio was greater in fertilized plants (1.0) than in N-deprived plants (0.5). Allocation to storage reserves was highest in N-deprived and lowest in fertilized plants (average 160 vs. 125 mg glucose/g biomass produced), and storage in roots of unfertilized plants commenced earlier (August) than in fertilized plants (after September). This resulted in unfertilized plants having higher fine root starch concentrations (5.2%) than fertilized plants (4.0%) in December, although sugar concentrations were similar (5.7%). The lengthened season of shoot growth and the low starch to sugar ratios in fine roots of fertilized plants are symptoms consistent with a higher risk of frost injury and microbial pathogen infection. Although soil N availability did not influence the sulfate-S content in foliage, N deprivation resulted in higher organic S to N ratios. This suggests that more S-containing proteins are produced when N availability is poor.

scholarly journals Fine root dynamics for forests on contrasting soils in the colombian Amazon

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3415-3453 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Jiménez ◽  
F. H. Moreno ◽  
J. Lloyd ◽  
M. C. Peñuela ◽  
S. Patiño
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Ingrowth Cores ◽  
Soil Resources ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Sand Forest ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Abstract. It has been hypothesized that in a gradient of increase of soil resources carbon allocated to belowground production (fine roots) decreases. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured the mass and production of fine roots (<2 mm) by two methods: 1) ingrowth cores and, 2) sequential soil coring, during 2.2 years in two lowland forests with different soils in the colombian Amazon. Differences of soil resources were determined by the type and physical and chemical properties of soil: a forest on loamy soil (Ultisol) at the Amacayacu National Natural Park and, the other on white sands (Spodosol) at the Zafire Biological Station, located in the Forest Reservation of the Calderón River. We found that mass and production of fine roots was significantly different between soil depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and also between forests. White-sand forest allocated more carbon to fine roots than the clayey forest; the production in white-sand forest was twice (2.98 and 3.33 Mg C ha−1 year−1, method 1 and 2, respectively) as much as in clayey forest (1.51 and 1.36–1.03 Mg C ha−1 year−1, method 1 and 2, respectively); similarly, the average of fine root mass was higher in the white-sand forest (10.94 Mg C ha−1) than in the forest on clay soils (3.04–3.64 Mg C ha−1). The mass of fine roots also showed a temporal variation related to rainfall, such that production of fine roots decreased substantially in the dry period of the year 2005. Our results suggest that soil resources play an important role in patterns of carbon allocation in these forests; carbon allocated to above-and belowground organs is different between forest types, in such a way that a trade-off above/belowground seems to exist; as a result, it is probable that there are not differences in total net primary productivity between these two forests: does belowground offset lower aboveground production in poorer soils?

scholarly journals Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltration in stagnic soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2373-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lange ◽  
P. Luescher ◽  
P. F. Germann
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Mobile Water

Abstract. It is generally believed that roots have an effect on infiltration. In this study we analysed the influence of tree roots from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Miller) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on preferential infiltration in stagnic soils in the northern pre-Alps in Switzerland. We conducted irrigation experiments (1 m2) and recorded water content variations with time domain reflectrometry (TDR). A rivulet approach was applied to characterise preferential infiltration. Roots were sampled down to a depth of 0.5 to 1 m at the same position where the TDR-probes had been inserted and digitally measured. The basic properties of preferential infiltration, film thickness of mobile water and the contact length between soil and mobile water in the horizontal plane are closely related to fine root densities. An increase in root density resulted in an increase in contact length, but a decrease in film thickness. We modelled water content waves based on fine root densities and identified a range of root densities that lead to a maximum volume flux density and infiltration capacity. These findings provide convincing evidence that tree roots improve soil structure and thus infiltration.

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