scholarly journals A human genotyping trial to estimate the post-feeding time from mosquito blood meals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. e0179319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuji Hiroshige ◽  
Masaaki Hara ◽  
Atsushi Nagai ◽  
Tomoyuki Hikitsuchi ◽  
Mitsuo Umeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Time ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Blood Meals

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio Diets on Rumen Bacterial Microbiota and the Structures of Holstein Cows during the Feeding Cycle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Yonggen Zhang ◽  
Lihua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objectives of this study were to investigate the ruminal bacterial changes during the feeding cycle. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in this experiment. The high-forage (HF) and high-concentrate (HC) diets contained 70% and 30% dietary forage, respectively. Dairy cows were fed their respective diets for at least 28 days, then samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 9, 12, 16 and 20 h post-feeding. The results showed that pH, the concentration of (total volatile fatty acids) TVFAs and the percentages of acetate, propionate and butyrate were significantly affected by diet and time interactions. The diversity of rumen microbiota in HF dietary treatments was significantly higher than that in the HC dietary treatments. ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) and Chao 1 indices peak at 12 h post-feeding and then decline over the next 8 h. The rumen microbiota was mainly composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria without considering the diet and time. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) functional profile prediction indicated that the carbohydrate metabolism was different at 9, 12 and 20 h post-feeding time, which revealed that the soluble carbohydrates were enough for microbial fermentation shortly after feeding. This research gave a further explanation of the interactions among rumen microorganisms, which could further help manipulate the rumen metabolism.

Life-History Data of a Mexican Population of Triatoma nitida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Tzintli Meraz-Medina ◽  
Benjamin Nogueda-Torres ◽  
María E Villagrán-Herrera ◽  
Jose A de Diego-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract This study reports the third collection of Triatoma nitida Usinger in Mexico, with a brief description of the collection area and an investigation of parameters related to its vectorial capacity. Whether a triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species is a primary or secondary vector is determined by factors that include vectorial capacity, anthropophilic habits, geographic distribution, and capacity to invade and colonize human dwellings. However, when the primary vectors are removed, secondary vectors, such as T. nitida, can become important transmitters of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas to humans. To estimate the vectorial capacity of T. nitida, the egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals required to molt to the adult stage, accumulative mortality, onset time for feeding, and feeding and defecation times were examined. Triatoma nitida (n = 100) required a median of 590 d to complete its development time, with a median of 31 blood meals. Almost half (46.5%) of the nymphs died during the cycle. The onset of feeding time exceeded 5 min in all nymphal instars (except on fourth-instar) and adults and feeding times exceeded 22 min in all instars, except on first-instar nymphs. No defecation was observed for 65.6% (n = 383) of the triatomines during a 30-min observation period. Based on the six parameters, the vectorial capacity of T. nitida should be considered as low. However, surveillance programs should include this species because the potential importance of T. nitida as a vector has been demonstrated in other countries.

scholarly journals Age and Context Affect the Stereotypies of Caged Mink

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 127 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia J. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Stereotypic Behaviour ◽  
As If

AbstractThe effects of age and context on the stereotypies of caged mink were examined in order to assess the developmental changes undergone by the behaviour, and to find context-specificity that might suggest its motivational bases. Caged mink perform stereotypies consisting of a variety of movements, most commonly pacing and rearing, running in and out of the nestbox, and stationary head-twirling or nodding. Stereotypies are largely performed as feeding-time approaches, and many mink do not show them at all once fed. Stereotypies become more frequent and less variable with age; and in adults, individuals with the highest levels of stereotypy show the least variable forms of the behaviour and are most likely to perform it in more than one context, i.e. not solely in the pre-feeding period. These data suggest that mink stereotypies become 'established' with age, in the manner described for stereotypies in other species. However, the behaviour of kits does not follow the pattern seen in adults: kits performing stereotypies in more than one context do not have particularly high levels of the behaviour, nor are their stereotypies particularly unvarying. In addition, post-feeding stereotypies are commonly shown even by very young animals. Thus it cannot be the case that mink stereotypies are performed first in the pre-feeding situation and only later in other contexts via a process of emancipation. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that the forms of the behaviour often differ pre- and post-feeding. The specific forms and contexts of mink stereotypies suggest certain motivational bases for the behaviour. The rise in stereotypies as feeding time approaches and the sustained levels seen when the animals are not fed indicate hunger as an important factor, and in one dataset, the individuals whose stereotypies were solely pre-feeding used the most Longitudinal movements (i.e. pacing and its variants). This suggests that stereotypies, and pacing movements in particular, may stem from appetitive, food-searching behaviour. In contrast, Stationary movements such as head-twirling are performed more in the hours after feeding, and in one group of mink their levels declined over the pre-feeding period as feeding time approached. The physical appearance of such movements suggests they might be derived from attempts to escape the cage. Thus mink stereotypies areprobably seen in a range of contexts because they develop from several different behaviour patterns, with different motivational bases. The link, in adults, between performance in this range of contexts and the degree of establishment of the behaviour may be explained in one of two ways. In one adult group the data suggest that animals with stereotypy in more than one context incorporate the typically post-feeding Stationary movements into their pre-feeding behaviour, as if emancipation of this movement had occurred. However, data from the other adult group do not support this hypothesis, and the degree of establishment and the number of contexts in which stereotypies are performed may not be causally linked at all, but instead the independent products of individual propensities to develop stereotypic behaviour. Sex and site differences have yet to be fully explained. Females show consistently higher levels of stereotypy than males, as if perhaps they find the environment more frustrating. There are also enormous differences in the frequency and incidence of the behaviour on the two different sites studied.

scholarly journals Effect of cattle breed and basal diet on digestibility, rumen bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H V Carvalho ◽  
Ana C J Pinto ◽  
Danilo D Millen ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare ruminal total tract digestibility, bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity between Holstein and Angus steers fed grain- or forage-based diets. Six Holstein steers (average body weight [BW] = 483 ± 23 kg) and six Angus steers (average BW = 507 ± 29 kg), previously fitted with rumen cannulae, were fed in a crossover design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of four treatments: 1) Holsteins fed a grain-based diet, 2) Holsteins fed a forage-based diet, 3) Angus fed a grain-based diet, and 4) Angus fed a forage-based diet. Each period was 35 d with 26 d of diet adaptation and 9 d of sample collection. On days 1 and 2 of collection, feeding activity was recorded for 48 h. On day 3, rumen contents were sampled to measure ruminal pH at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. A portion of the strained ruminal fluid was subsampled at 0, 3, and 6 h for volatile fatty acids (VFA) analysis. Rumen contents were subsampled at 3 h for analysis of bacterial communities. From day 4 to 8, total fecal excretion, feed, and refusals samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch. On days 8 and 9 (0 and 3 h post-feeding, respectively), total reticulorumen evacuation was conducted and contents were weighed. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS (v9.4 SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Repeated measures were used to analyze changes in ruminal pH and VFA over time. There were no interactions of diet × breed (P ≥ 0.07). While the main effects of diet were expected, unique to these data is the fact that bacterial diversity and richness were reduced (P < 0.01) in cattle fed grain-based diets. There was no main effect (P > 0.34) of breed on total tract DM, organic matter, and starch digestibility, but Angus cattle had greater (P = 0.01) NDF digestibility than Holsteins. The increased NDF digestibility may be associated with a numerical (P = 0.08) increased numbers of bacterial species in Angus steers compared with Holstein steers. Holstein steers also spent more time (P ≤ 0.05) ruminating than Angus steers. There was no effect (P > 0.80) of breed on reticulorumen content at feeding time; however, Holstein steers had greater (P = 0.04) reticulorumen content on a wet basis 3 h post-feeding. Although Holstein steers spent more time ruminating, Angus steers were better able to digest NDF when compared with Holsteins, regardless of basal diet, and this improvement may be related to changes in bacterial communities in the rumen or to rumination activity.

Hypoxaemia in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN F. POETS ◽  
MARTIN P. SAMUELS ◽  
DAVID P. SOUTHALL
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Oxygen Desaturation ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Inspired Oxygen

To the Editor.— Singer et al recently described severe oxygen desaturation in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) who were breathing room air. On average, Sao2 was <80% for 37% of (post-feeding) time in their study.1 They concluded from these findings that the current clinical practice of weaning preterm infants from additional inspired oxygen when average Sao2 is at or more than 88% to 90% should be reassessed. We wish to point out that, in addition to the data presented by Singer et al, there is further evidence to suggest that the practice of accepting an average Sao2 of 88% to 90% in preterm infants should be reviewed.

Feeding behavior and social interactions of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile change with sucrose concentration

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Sola ◽  
R. Josens
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Linepithema Humile ◽  
Argentine Ant ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Solution Intake ◽  
Feeding Interactions

AbstractLiquid sugar baits are well accepted by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and are suitable for the chemical control of this invasive species. We evaluated how sugar concentrations affect the foraging behavior of L. humile individuals. We quantified feeding variables for individual foragers (ingested load, feeding time and solution intake rate) when feeding on sucrose solutions of different concentrations, as well as post-feeding interactions with nestmates. Solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (10–30%) were the most consumed and had the highest intake rates, whereas solutions of high sucrose concentrations (60 and 70%) resulted in extended feeding times, low intake rates and ants having smaller crop loads. In terms of post-feeding interactions, individuals fed solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (20%) had the highest probability of conducting trophallaxis and the smallest latency to drop exposure (i.e. lowest time delay). Trophallaxis duration increased with increasing sucrose concentrations. Behavioral motor displays, including contacts with head jerking and walking with a gaster waggle, were lowest for individuals that ingested the more dilute sucrose solution (5%). These behaviors have been previously suggested to act as a communication channel for the activation and/or recruitment of nestmates. We show here that sucrose concentration affects feeding dynamics and modulates decision making related to individual behavior and social interactions of foragers. Our results indicate that intermediate sucrose concentrations (ca. 20%), appear to be most appropriate for toxic baits because they promote rapid foraging cycles, a high crop load per individual, and a high degree of stimulation for recruitment.

scholarly journals Effects of total replacement of soybean meal and corn on ruminal fermentation, volatile fatty acids, protozoa concentration, and gas production

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani Bahri ◽  
Marga Joy ◽  
Mireia Blanco ◽  
Juan Ramon Bertolin ◽  
Marouen Amaraoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Post Feeding

Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of total replacement of soybean meal and corn with triticale and faba bean or field pea on rumen fermentation, protozoa counts, and gas production of lactating ewes. A total of 30 Sicilo-Sarde ewes were randomly allocated into three groups and were fed 1.8 kg drymatter of oat hay plus 500 g of one of three concentrates: the first concentrate (CS) was mainly composed of soybean meal, corn, and barley; the second (TFB) was formed by triticale and faba bean; and the third (TFP) was composed of triticale and field pea. The type of concentrate did not affect ruminal pH or ammonia nitrogen concentration (P > 0.05). The individual concentrations of volatile fatty acids showed a significant interaction between the type of concentrate and sampling time (P < 0.05), except for Butyric and Isobutyric acids. Within a post-feeding time, the pattern of evolution of total volatile fatty, acetic, and propionic acids differed significantly at 2 h post feeding (P < 0.05), while butyric and valeric acid changed at 0 and 4 h post feeding. The type of concentrate affected the total number of ciliate protozoa and the Isotricha species (P < 0.05), whereas Entodinium, Ophryoscolex, and Polyplastron were similar among concentrates (P > 0.05). The cumulative gas production from the in vitro fermentation, the time of incubation, and their interaction was affected by concentrate (P < 0.001). The substitution of soybean meal and corn in the concentrate with faba bean or field peas and triticale might maintain rumen parameters of dairy ewes.

scholarly journals FLUCTUATION OF POST-PRANDIAL PLASMA MINERAL LEVEL OF JUVENILE JAPANESE FLOUNDER, Paralichthys olivaceus FED DIETARY PHOSPHORUS AND PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asda Laining ◽  
Rachmansyah Rachmansyah ◽  
Lideman Lideman ◽  
Shunsuke Koshio
Keyword(s):  
Paralichthys Olivaceus ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Japanese Flounder ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
P Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Tank

In order to investigate the phytic acid degradation in the gut of post juvenile Japanese flounder, indirect method was carried out by measuring the pre-prandial and postprandial plasma mineral and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level as well as liver phosphorus content. The experiment was designed into a Randomized Block in which experiment units were grouped according to sampling days at 10, 20 and 30 days of feeding time. Experimental diets contained three levels of dietary inorganic phosphorus at 0.0; 0.25 and 0.5% combined with two levels of dietary phytase at 0 and 2,000 FTU/kg diet. Juvenile Japanese flounder (IBW = 36.2 g) were randomly distributed into 6 tanks of a 200 L capacity with density of 15 fish/tank. Blood sampling was carried out at 0 hour (before feeding or pre-prandial) and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 hour post feeding (post-prandial) time in three sampling days, respectively. Plasma was measured for mineral and ALP levels, while liver was analyzed for P content. The observation showed that fish fed without both dietary IP and phytase supplements had the lowest postprandial plasma IP, Mg and ALP levels during 12-h postprandial period. Plasma IP level at 6-h post-feeding in groups fed dietary 0.25 and 0.5% IP were significant higher when diet supplemented with phytase than those without phytase supplement. Peak level of plasma IP in fish fed 0.25% IP was similar to fish fed 0.5% with the presence of dietary phytase. At 1 and 3-h post-feeding, plasma Ca level increased in all groups, but significant difference was only observed between group fed diet without both dietary IP and phytase and other groups. Similar to plasma IP level, peak of plasma Mg and ALP concentration occurred in fish fed 0.25% IP together with phytase, and did not significantly differ from fish fed with 0.5% IP even when phytase was included in diet.

scholarly journals Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased to a Greater Degree in Young, Obese Women Following Consumption of a High Fat Meal

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Bloomer ◽  
Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fat Meal

High fat meals induce oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Obese individuals have elevated resting biomarkers of oxidative stress compared to non-obese. We compared blood oxidative stress biomarkers in obese (n = 14; 30 ± 2 years; BMI 35 ± 1 kg•m−2) and non-obese (n = 16; 24 ± 2 years; BMI 23 ± 1 kg•m−2) women, in response to a high fat meal. Blood samples were collected pre-meal (fasted), and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours post meal, and assayed for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), triglycerides (TAG), and glucose. An obesity status effect was noted for all variables (p < 0.001; MDA p = 0.05), with obese women having higher values than non-obese, except for TEAC, for which values were lower. Time main effects were noted for all variables (p ≤ 0.01) except for TEAC and glucose, with XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG increasing following feeding with a peak response at the four or six hour post feeding time point. While values tended to decline by six hours post feeding in the non-obese women (agreeing with previous studies), they were maintained (MDA) or continued to increase (XO, H2O2and TAG) in the obese women. While no interaction effects were noted (p > 0.05), contrasts revealed greater values in obese compared to non-obese women for XO, H2O2, MDA, TAG and glucose, and lower values for TEAC at times from 1–6 hours post feeding (p ≤ 0.03). We conclude that young, obese women experience a similar pattern of increase in blood oxidative stress biomarkers in response to a high fat meal, as compared to non-obese women. However, the overall oxidative stress is greater in obese women, and values appear to remain elevated for longer periods of time post feeding. These data provide insight into another potential mechanism related to obesity-mediated morbidity.

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