scholarly journals The effects of intrinsic motivation on mental fatigue

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0243754
Author(s):  
Mega B. Herlambang ◽  
Fokie Cnossen ◽  
Niels A. Taatgen
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

There have been many studies attempting to disentangle the relation between motivation and mental fatigue. Mental fatigue occurs after performing a demanding task for a prolonged time, and many studies have suggested that motivation can counteract the negative effects of mental fatigue on task performance. To complicate matters, most mental fatigue studies looked exclusively at the effects of extrinsic motivation but not intrinsic motivation. Individuals are said to be extrinsically motivated when they perform a task to attain rewards and avoid punishments, while they are said to be intrinsically motivated when they do for the pleasure of doing the activity. To assess whether intrinsic motivation has similar effects as extrinsic motivation, we conducted an experiment using subjective, performance, and physiological measures (heart rate variability and pupillometry). In this experiment, 28 participants solved Sudoku puzzles on a computer for three hours, with a cat video playing in the corner of the screen. The experiment consisted of 14 blocks with two alternating conditions: low intrinsic motivation and high intrinsic motivation. The main results showed that irrespective of condition, participants reported becoming fatigued over time. They performed better, invested more mental effort physiologically, and were less distracted in high-level than in low-level motivation blocks. The results suggest that similarly to extrinsic motivation, time-on-task effects are modulated by the level of intrinsic motivation: With high intrinsic motivation, people can maintain their performance over time as they seem willing to invest more effort as time progresses than in low intrinsic motivation.

scholarly journals The Role of Motivation as a Factor in Mental Fatigue

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mega B. Herlambang ◽  
Niels A. Taatgen ◽  
Fokie Cnossen
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Sustained Performance ◽  
Over Time

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess motivation as a factor in mental fatigue using subjective, performance, and physiological measures. Background: Sustained performance on a mentally demanding task can decrease over time. This decrement has two possible causes: a decline in available resources, meaning that performance cannot be sustained, and decrement in motivation, meaning a decline in willingness to sustain performance. However, so far, few experimental paradigms have effectively and continuously manipulated motivation, which is essential to understand its effect on mental fatigue. Method: Twenty participants performed a working memory task with 14 blocks, which alternated between reward and nonreward for 2.5 hr. In the reward blocks, monetary rewards could be gained for good performance. Besides reaction time and accuracy, we used physiological measures (heart rate variability, pupil diameter, eyeblink, eye movements with a video distractor) and subjective measures of fatigue and mental effort. Results: Participants reported becoming fatigued over time and invested more mental effort in the reward blocks. Even though they reported fatigue, their accuracy in the reward blocks remained constant but declined in the nonreward blocks. Furthermore, in the nonreward blocks, participants became more distractable, invested less cognitive effort, blinked more often, and made fewer saccades. These results showed an effect of motivation on mental fatigue. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that motivation is an important factor in explaining the effects of mental fatigue.

scholarly journals Disposed to Distraction: Genetic Variation in the Cholinergic System Influences Distractibility But Not Time-on-Task Effects

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1981-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne S. Berry ◽  
Elise Demeter ◽  
Surya Sabhapathy ◽  
Brett A. English ◽  
Randy D. Blakely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
Laboratory Task

Both the passage of time and external distraction make it difficult to keep attention on the task at hand. We tested the hypothesis that time-on-task and external distraction pose independent challenges to attention and that the brain's cholinergic system selectively modulates our ability to resist distraction. Participants with a polymorphism limiting cholinergic capacity (Ile89Val variant [rs1013940] of the choline transporter gene SLC5A7) and matched controls completed self-report measures of attention and a laboratory task that measured decrements in sustained attention with and without distraction. We found evidence that distraction and time-on-task effects are independent and that the cholinergic system is strongly linked to greater vulnerability to distraction. Ile89Val participants reported more distraction during everyday life than controls, and their task performance was more severely impacted by the presence of an ecologically valid video distractor (similar to a television playing in the background). These results are the first to demonstrate a specific impairment in cognitive control associated with the Ile89Val polymorphism and add to behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies indicating the cholinergic system's critical role in overcoming distraction.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Effort Allocation: Modeling and Estimation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhide Wang ◽  
Yanling Chang ◽  
Brandon Schmeichel ◽  
Alfredo Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Partially Observable

Mental fatigue is usually accompanied by drops in task performance and reduced willingness for further exertion. A value-based theoretical account may help to explain such negative effects. In this view, mental fatigue influences perceived costs and rewards of exerting effort. However, no formal mathematical framework has yet been proposed to model and quantitatively estimate the effects of mental fatigue on subjective evaluations of effort expenditure, subject to possibly imperfect self-perceptions of internal fatigue states. We proposed a mathematical framework to model human cognitive effort allocations, assuming mental fatigue states are partially observable with semi-Markov dynamics. We modeled effort allocation decisions as consistent with the goal of maximizing cumulative subjective values over a given time horizon. We analyzed the proposed model structure and developed an estimation method to identify subjective values and hidden fatigue dynamics, which can be based on self-reports, psychophysiological indices, and behavioral effects associated with fatigue. The modeling and estimation method was tested using a simulated n-back task under a free choice paradigm, with model parameters fine-tuned from past studies. The proposed approach was able to recapitulate task performance and engagement patterns observed under mental fatigue. This work advances a reward/cost trade-off account for explaining the principles of effort exertion and suggests new avenues for both theoretically and empirically relevant understandings of how cognitive operations are affected by mental fatigue.

scholarly journals PROMOTING OLDER ADULTS’ INTERGENERATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND MOTIVATION TO REGULAR EXERCISE THROUGH EXERGAMING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S140-S141
Author(s):  
Jinhui Li ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Bing Xun Chia ◽  
Xinran Chen ◽  
Tan Phat Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Exergaming has become an important part of community programs to promote regular exercise and improve well-being for healthy aging. This study examines how different types of social playing and competitive information in exergaming affect older adults’ inter-generational communication with youth, as well as their motivation to regular exercise through exergaming. A 2 (time: pre-test vs. post-test) * 3 (social play: play alone vs. play with elderly vs. play with youth) * 2 (competition: competition informed vs. non-competition informed) mixed experiment with 319 Singaporean older adults conducted over six weeks in 2018, analyzed through a series of three-way repeated ANOVAs. Results show significant three-way interaction effects among time, social type, and competitive information on older adults’ inter-generation communication (F (2, 300) = 3.206, p = .042, η2 = .021), extrinsic motivation (F (2, 301) = 3.364, p = .036, η2 = .022) and intrinsic motivation (F (2, 303) = 4.528, p = .012, η2 = .029). The inter-generational communication of participants in play with youth shows significant improvement over time in both competition conditions, while those in play with elderly was only significantly improved in competitive informed condition. Social play is found to significantly affect the changes of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation over time, while competitive information only affects intrinsic motivation significantly. The findings make contributions to aging research and understanding of potential factors that promote inter-generational communication and adherence to regular exercise via exergaming.

Is Your Restaurant Worth the Risk? A Motivational Perspective on Reviews’ Rating Distribution and Volume

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291-1317
Author(s):  
Lu Lu ◽  
Laurie Wu ◽  
Zeya He
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Rating Distribution ◽  
Conditioned Effects

This research aims to understand diners’ risk-taking tendencies when referring to online reviews to make restaurant decisions as a function of dining motivations (i.e., intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivations). Two experiments jointly reveal that given a positive valence, restaurants with a centralized rating distribution are preferred over those with a polarized rating distribution, and such a preference is accounted for by perceived risk. The preference for restaurants with a centralized (vs. polarized) rating distribution is more pronounced among customers exhibiting extrinsic motivation compared with those exhibiting intrinsic motivation. In addition, a high rating volume can temper the negative effects of polarized reviews on dining decisions among intrinsically motivated consumers but not extrinsically motivated consumers. Consistent with our theorization, the dining motivation– and rating volume–conditioned effects of rating distribution on restaurant visit intention are also mediated by perceived risk. These findings provide important insights for academic researchers and managerial practitioners.

Mental Fatigue and Workload: Effort Allocation during Multiple Task Performance

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Julie M. Stark ◽  
Mark W. Scerbo ◽  
Frederick G. Freeman ◽  
Peter J. Mikulka
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Concurrent Tasks ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Mixed Factorial Design ◽  
Multiple Task ◽  
Over Time

The goal of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the effect of mental fatigue and workload on allocation of effort during prolonged multiple task performance was examined. Two levels of workload were manipulated between subjects. Time was assessed over three consecutive 30-min periods. Performance was measured on the Multi-Attribute Task Battery which was revised to include a new task. This new task was developed to investigate allocation of effort to various activities over time. A 2 (workload) X 3 (time) mixed factorial design was employed. The most dramatic shifts in allocation of effort were observed for the high workload participants. For these individuals, performance on several tasks suffered in the third period. These results suggest that varying workload in a multi-tasking situation can not only affect performance on concurrent tasks but also the allocation of effort over time.

scholarly journals Investigating English Students’ Motivation in Speaking Class during New Normal Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-452
Author(s):  
Feny Martina ◽  
Ali Akbarjono ◽  
Heny Friantary ◽  
Tri Nengsi Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Average Score ◽  
English Department ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
English Students

Motivation is one of the most important factors and greatly influences the learning process. The purpose of this study was to determine how the level of motivation of students in the speaking class during the new nomal era, namely the second semester students of the English Department of IAIN Bengkulu. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach. The techniques used in collecting data were questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire consists of 36 questions divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The data are presented statistically using percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation division. The results showed that the mean score of intrinsic motivation (3.89) was higher than the average score of extrinsic motivation (3.39). However, the overall motivation average of 3.68 is considered a high level of motivation despite currently studying in the Covid-19 pandemic conditions. The results of this study indicate that the majority of students learn English in the speaking class because of intrinsic motivation. They actively speak and learn English because of their own inner desires. Based on the findings of this study, several relevant learning implications and useful motivations are recommended to increase student motivation.

scholarly journals Sport Motivation of Paralympic Athletes after Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Deasyanti ◽  
J Juriana ◽  
Sambadha Adhi Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Psychosocial Conditions ◽  
Integrated Regulation ◽  
Motivation Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Identified Regulation

Motivation for performing sport is complex because most athletes have multiple motivations, including extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Understanding the motivation dynamics of athletes, especially after a sports injury, is crucial because the injury may have a detrimental effect on the athlete's psychosocial conditions. This study figured out the motivation level of Paralympic athletics athletes after injury. A total of 44 Paralympic athletes were involved in the survey. The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) was used to identify the level of athlete motivation. The SMS was developed within the Self Determination Theory (SDT) framework to assess various forms of motivation, namely amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. This study found that out of 44 Paralympic athletics athletes after an injury, 5 (4.55%) of the athletes reported high levels of amotivation, and 15 (34.09%) of the athletes were identified in the moderate level of amotivation. This finding indicates that injury does not impact amotivation, as the athletes exhibit a high level of extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation) and intrinsic motivation. Based on these motivation profiles, the Paralympic coaches should adjust their approach in motivating the Paralympic athletes to return to their training and competitions after injury.

scholarly journals Do aligned bodies align minds? The partners’ body alignment as a constraint on spatial perspective use.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Galati ◽  
Angelina Symeonidou ◽  
Marios N Avraamides
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Spatial Language ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Route Description ◽  
High Level ◽  
East West ◽  
Over Time ◽  
And Task

In a direction-giving task, we examine whether a high-level constraint–the task partners’ relative body alignment–influences spatial language use and task accuracy. In 32 pairs, task partners interacted in two conditions: for one route description, direction givers (DGs) and direction followers (DFs) sat side-by-side (aligned condition), and for another they sat opposite one another (counter-aligned condition). After each description, DFs drew the route on a map. When pairs were counter-aligned (vs. aligned), DGs increased their use of expressions from a survey perspective, using more frequently terms such as east-west. When counter-aligned, DFs also used more words per conversational turn, which was taken to reflect the increased difficulty of coordinating in that condition. Still, in terms of task performance, the accuracy of DFs’ drawings was unaffected by the partners’ body alignment or spatial language use; it was only predicted by the DGs’ spatial ability. We argue that, because direction-giving emphasizes accuracy, task partners invest in strategies that contribute to mutual understanding (e.g., recaps of the route by the DF at the end, evidenced by shifts in language use over time). Thus, body alignment in direction-giving impacts coordination difficulty and spatial language use, but it does not singularly influence task performance.

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