scholarly journals Implementation status of national tuberculosis infection control guidelines in Bangladeshi hospitals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246923
Author(s):  
Arifa Nazneen ◽  
Sayeeda Tarannum ◽  
Kamal Ibne Amin Chowdhury ◽  
Mohammad Tauhidul Islam ◽  
S. M. Hasibul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Control Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Facility Assessment ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
The Status ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection Control ◽  
Health Organization

In response to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to reduce healthcare workers’ (HCWs’) exposure to tuberculosis (TB) in health settings, congregate settings, and households, the national TB control program of Bangladesh developed guidelines for TB infection prevention and control (IPC) in 2011. This study aimed to assess the implementation of the TB IPC healthcare measures in health settings in Bangladesh. Between February and June 2018, we conducted a mixed-method study at 11 health settings. The team conducted 59 key-informant interviews with HCWs to understand the status of and barriers impeding the implementation of the TB IPC guidelines. The team also performed a facility assessment survey and examined TB IPC practices. Most HCWs were unaware of the national TB IPC guidelines. There were no TB IPC plans or committees at the health settings. Further, a presumptive pulmonary TB patient triage checklist was absent in all health settings. However, during facility assessment, we observed patient triaging and separation in the TB specialty hospitals. Routine cough-etiquette advice was provided to the TB patients mentioned during the key-informant interviews, which was consistent with findings from the survey. This study identified poor implementation of TB IPC measures in health settings. Limited knowledge of the guidelines resulted in poor implementation of the recommendations. Interventions focusing on the dissemination of the TB IPC guidelines to HCWs along with regular training may improve compliance. Such initiatives should be taken by hospital senior leadership as well as national policy makers.

scholarly journals Ten years tuberculosis trend in Gambella Regional Hospital, South Western Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Asebe ◽  
Gobena Ameni ◽  
Ketema Tafess
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Regional Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Western Ethiopia

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC). It is one of the major health problems in Ethiopia, across the nation. According to World Health Organization 2009 report the status of TB in Gambella Region was the highest from all the Ethiopian Regions, with the notification rate of (new and relapse) 261-421/100, 000. We, therefore, carried out this study to investigate the trend of TB in Gambella Regional Hospital Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted at the Gambella Regional Hospital, South Western Ethiopia. Retrospectively the medical records of all TB patients registered from 1st January 2003 to 14th November 2012 were assessed. Results: The results of the study revealed that there were 4300 TB cases registered in the ten years duration in Gambella Regional Hospital. Males consist the highest percentage 2430 (56.51%). Out of 4300 TB cases registered 1045 (24.30%) had Extra pulmonary TB (EPTB) and 3255 (75.70%) suffered from pulmonary TB (PTB) (χ2=31. 14; p<0.001). From 3255 registered PTB cases, smear positive PTB accounted for 1368 (31.81%) of the cases. The age groups 15-44took the highest percentage among the patients 2918 (67.86%). Only 1444 patients were knew their HIV status out of these 423 (29.29%) were HIV positives. The trend in TB registered cases of all forms of TB was gradually declining in the ten years. Conclusion: The retrospective study showed that TB problem in the study area was not at the level to be undermined. Hence, TB control program should give attention to the control of TB in Gambella Region.  

ARIMA model for forecasting COVID-19 Death cases in India (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Sutha M
Keyword(s):  
Arima Model ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Death Cases

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19, the disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of July 25, 2020; 15,947,292 laboratory-confirmed and 642,814 deaths have been reported globally. India has reported 1,338,928 confirmed cases and 31,412 deaths till date. This paper presents different aspects of COVID-19, visualization of the spread of infection and presents the ARIMA model for forecasting the status of COVID-19 death cases in the next 50 days in order to take necessary precaution by the Government to save the people.

The study of Iranian children and adolescents’ physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Alizadeh ◽  
Reza Negarandeh ◽  
Fahimehe Bagheri Amiri ◽  
Zahra Yazdani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Status ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Iranian Children

Abstract Objectives This systematic and meta-analysis review was conducted to determine the status of Iranian children and adolescents’ physical activity. Content All the related articles which were published in the major databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Magiran, SID from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2019, were reviewed by researchers. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was also used to evaluate the quality of articles. Moreover, I 2 index and chi-square were used to assess the heterogeneity between the results. Summary 490 articles were found as a result of the search in the selected international and local databases, where finally, 10 articles were included into the meta-analysis after the elimination of the duplicated articles and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that 29.5% of the girls were considered active according to WHO criteria (16.1–42.8: 95% CI) and also 20.5% of the boys (7.3–33.7: 95% CI). Outlook Overall, this study’s findings showed that a large percentage of Iranian children and adolescents do not achieve the level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization. This can lead to undesirable consequences for this group of population that is considered as the human capital of any country; consequently, it seems necessary to take basic measures at the micro and macro levels in order to reduce such problems in the society.

scholarly journals Impact of External Quality Assurance on the Quality of Xpert MTB/RIF Testing in Viet Nam

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidyanidhi Gumma ◽  
Kyle DeGruy ◽  
Davara Bennett ◽  
Thanh Nguyen Thi Kim ◽  
Heidi Albert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Control Program ◽  
External Quality Assurance ◽  
World Health ◽  
External Quality ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Following the endorsement of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010, Viet Nam’s National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) began using GeneXpert instruments in NTP laboratories. In 2013, Viet Nam’s NTP implemented an Xpert MTB/RIF external quality assurance (EQA) program in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Proficiency-testing (PT) panels comprising five dried tube specimens (DTS) were sent to participating sites approximately twice a year from October 2013 to July 2016. The number of enrolled laboratories increased from 22 to 39 during the study period. Testing accuracy was assessed by comparing reported and expected results; percentage scores were assigned; and feedback reports were provided to sites. On-site evaluation (OSE) was conducted for underperforming laboratories. The results from the first five rounds demonstrate the positive impact of PT and targeted OSE visits on testing quality. On average, for every additional round of feedback, the odds of achieving PT scores of ≥80% increased 2.04-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.39- to 3.00-fold). Future work will include scaling up PT to all sites and maintaining the performance of participating laboratories while developing local panel production capacity.

scholarly journals Nurses’ and midwives’ perspectives on participation in national policy development, review and reforms in Ghana: A qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Kwartemaa Acheampong ◽  
Lillian Akorfa Ohene ◽  
Isabella Naana Akyaa Asante ◽  
Josephine Kyei ◽  
Gladys Dzansi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Staff Development ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Nurses And Midwives

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization has admonished member countries to strive towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC) through actionable health policies and strategies. Nurses and midwives have instrumental roles in achieving UHC via health policy development and implementation. However, there is a paucity of empirical data on nurses and midwives’ participation in policy development in Ghana. The current study explored nurses and midwives’ participation in policy development, reviews and reforms in Ghana.Methods: A qualitative descriptive exploratory design was adopted for this study. One-on-one individual interviews were conducted after 30 participants were purposefully selected. Data was audiotaped with permission, transcribed and analyzed inductively using the content analysis procedures. Results: Two main themes emerged from the data: participation in policy development and perspectives on policy reviews and reforms. The findings showed that during health policy development and reviews, nurses in Ghana were overlooked and unacknowledged. Policy reforms regarding bridging the pre-service preparation gap, staff development and motivation mechanisms and influence on admission into nursing schools were raisedConclusion: The authors concluded that nurses and midwives are crucial members of the healthcare systems and their inputs in policy development and reviews would improve health delivery in Ghana.

scholarly journals Establishment of the South Korean national antimicrobial resistance surveillance system, Kor-GLASS, in 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (42) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyukmin Lee ◽  
Eun-Jeong Yoon ◽  
Dokyun Kim ◽  
Seok Hoon Jeong ◽  
Jong Hee Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Surveillance plays a pivotal role in overcoming antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens, and a variety of surveillance systems have been set up and employed in many countries. In 2015, the World Health Organization launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) as a part of the global action plan to enhance national and global surveillance and research. The aims of GLASS are to foster development of national surveillance systems and to enable collection, analysis and sharing of standardised, comparable and validated data on AMR between different countries. The South Korean AMR surveillance system, Kor-GLASS, is compatible with the GLASS platform and was established in 2016 and based on the principles of representativeness, specialisation, harmonisation and localisation. In this report, we summarise principles and processes in order to share our experiences with other countries planning to establish a national AMR surveillance system. The pilot operation of Kor-GLASS allowed us to understand the national burden of specific infectious diseases and the status of bacterial AMR. Issues pertaining to high costs and labour-intensive operation were raised during the pilot, and improvements are being made.

scholarly journals Investigating the effectiveness of re-opening policies before vaccination during a pandemic: SD modelling research based on COVID-19 in Wuhan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Qian ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Jidi Zhao ◽  
Ming Xue ◽  
Shiyong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Lockdown policies were widely adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to control the spread of the virus before vaccines became available. These policies had significant economic impacts and caused social disruptions. Early re-opening is preferable, but it introduces the risk of a resurgence of the epidemic. Although the World Health Organization has outlined criteria for re-opening, decisions on re-opening are mainly based on epidemiologic criteria. To date, the effectiveness of re-opening policies remains unclear. Methods A system dynamics COVID-19 model, SEIHR(Q), was constructed by integrating infection prevention and control measures implemented in Wuhan into the classic SEIR epidemiological model and was validated with real-world data. The input data were obtained from official websites and the published literature. Results The simulation results showed that track-and-trace measures had significant effects on the level of risk associated with re-opening. In the case of Wuhan, where comprehensive contact tracing was implemented, there would have been almost no risk associated with re-opening. With partial contact tracing, re-opening would have led to a minor second wave of the epidemic. However, if only limited contact tracing had been implemented, a more severe second outbreak of the epidemic would have occurred, overwhelming the available medical resources. If the ability to implement a track-trace-quarantine policy is fixed, the epidemiological criteria need to be further taken into account. The model simulation revealed different levels of risk associated with re-opening under different levels of track-and-trace ability and various epidemiological criteria. A matrix was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the re-opening policies. Conclusions The SEIHR(Q) model designed in this study can quantify the impact of various re-opening policies on the spread of COVID-19. Integrating epidemiologic criteria, the contact tracing policy, and medical resources, the model simulation predicts whether the re-opening policy is likely to lead to a further outbreak of the epidemic and provides evidence-based support for decisions regarding safe re-opening during an ongoing epidemic. Keyords COVID-19; Risk of re-opening; Effectiveness of re-opening policies; IPC measures; SD modelling.

Gene-Specific DNA Methylation Profiles in Pediatric Medulloblastomas

2021 ◽  
pp. 109352662110366
Author(s):  
Naz Kanit ◽  
Ozge Uysal Yoca ◽  
Dilek Ince ◽  
Nur Olgun ◽  
Erdener Ozer
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinicopathological Parameters ◽  
Molecular Subgroups ◽  
Histological Subtypes ◽  
Pediatric Medulloblastoma ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Methylation Profiling

Introduction Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric central nervous tumor of high malignancy that has been classified into both histological subtypes and molecular subgroups by the 2016 World Health Organization classification. However, there is a still need to understand the genomic characteristics and predict the clinical course. The aim of the study is to investigate the significance of the methylation profiles in molecular subclassification and precision medicine of the disease. Methods The study enrolled 47 pediatric medulloblastoma patients. DNA methylation levels of KLF4, SPINT2, RASSF1A, EZH2, ZIC2, and PTCH1 genes were analyzed using methylation-specific pyrosequencing. The significance of the statistical relationship between methylation profiles and clinicopathological parameters including molecular subgroups and histological subtypes, the status of metastasis, and event-free survival were analyzed. Results DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that KLF4, PTCH1, and ZIC2 hypermethylation were associated with the SHH-activated subgroup, whereas both SPINT2 and RASSF1A hypermethylation were associated with metastatic disease. EZH2 gene was not methylated in any of the samples. Conclusion We think that customized DNA methylation profiling may be a useful tool in the molecular subclassification of pediatric medulloblastoma and a potential technical approach in precision medicine.

scholarly journals Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Santarpia ◽  
Danielle N. Rivera ◽  
Vicki L. Herrera ◽  
M. Jane Morwitzer ◽  
Hannah M. Creager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

Abstract The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global spread of COVID-19 represents perhaps the most significant public health emergency in a century. As the pandemic progressed, a continued paucity of evidence on routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission has resulted in shifting infection prevention and control guidelines between classically-defined airborne and droplet precautions. During the initial isolation of 13 individuals with COVID-19 at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, we collected air and surface samples to examine viral shedding from isolated individuals. We detected viral contamination among all samples, supporting the use of airborne isolation precautions when caring for COVID-19 patients.

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