Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings for patients of different age groups with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a hospital in Saudi Arabia

Background Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to rage worldwide, clinical and laboratory studies of this disease have been limited in many countries. We investigated the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of COVID-19 infected patients to identify the effective indicators correlated with the disease. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at King Abdullah Hospital in Bisha Province, Saudi Arabia, from March 20 to June 30, 2020. Patients of different age groups were confirmed as having COVID-19 infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the patients were statistically analyzed. Results Of the 132 patients, 85 were male and 47 were female, with a mean age of 50.9 years (SD±16.7). The patients were elderly (n = 29) and adults (n = 103). Of these, 54 (40.9%) had comorbidities, (25%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 12 (9.1%) died. On admission, the main clinical manifestations were fever (84.1%), cough (64.4%), shortness of breath (25%), chest pain (20.5%), and fatigue (18.2%). In all patients, increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes were observed. Patients’ lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was elevated. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in 48.5%, D-dimer in 43.2%, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in 40.9% of patients. The elderly showed higher neutrophil (p = 0.011) and lower lymphocyte (p = 0.009) counts than adults. Glucose, creatine kinase-MB, LDH, bilirubin, D-dimer, and ESR were significantly higher in the elderly than in the adults. The COVID-19 death group had a higher leucocyte count (p = 0.036), and higher urea (p = 0.029) and potassium (p = 0.022) than the recovered group but had a lower hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.018). A significant association was determined between COVID-19 death and the presence of cardiovascular disease (χ2(1) = 16.297, p<0.001), hypertension (χ2(1) = 12.034, p = 0.001), renal failure (χ2(1) = 3.843, p = 0. 05), old age (t (130) = 4.9, p <0.001), and ICU admission (χ2(1) = 17.6 (1), p<0.001). Conclusions Investigating some of the laboratory and clinical parameters could help assess the disease progression, risk of mortality, and follow up patients who could progress to a fatal condition.

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Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings for patients of different age groups with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a hospital in Saudi Arabia

10.1101/2020.10.21.20217083 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mutasim E. Ibrahim ◽

Obaid S. AL-Aklobi ◽

Mosleh M. Abomughaid ◽

Mushabab A. Al-Ghamdi

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

The Elderly ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Creatine Kinase Mb ◽

D Dimer

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to rage worldwide, clinical and laboratory studies of this disease have been limited in many countries. We investigated the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of COVID-19 infected patients to identify the effective indicators correlated with the disease.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at King Abdullah Hospital in Bisha Province, Saudi Arabia, from March 20 to June 30, 2020. Patients of different age groups were confirmed as having COVID-19 infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the patients were statistically analyzed.ResultsOf the 137 patients, 88 were male and 49 were female, with a mean age of 49.3 years (SD±18.4). The patients were elderly (n=29), adults (n=103), and children (n=5). Of these, 54 (39.4%) had comorbidities, 24% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 12 (8.8%) died. On admission, the main clinical manifestations were fever (82.5%), cough (63.5%), shortness of breath (24.8%), chest pain (19.7%), and fatigue (18.2%).In all patients, increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes were observed. Patients’ lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was elevated. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in 46.7%, D-dimer in 41.6%, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in 39.4% of patients. The elderly showed higher neutrophil (p=0.003) and lower lymphocyte (p=0.001) counts than adults and children. Glucose, creatine kinase-MB, LDH, bilirubin, D-dimer, and ESR were significantly higher in the elderly than in the adults. The COVID-19 death group had a higher leucocyte count (p = 0.043), and higher urea (p=0.025) and potassium (p=0.026) than the recovered group but had a lower hemoglobin concentration (p=0.018). A significant association was determined between COVID-19 death (χ2(1)=17.751, p<0.001), and the presence of cardiovascular disease (χ2(1)=17.049, p<0.001), hypertension (χ2(1)=7.659, p=0.006), renal failure (χ2(1)=4.172, p<0.04), old age (t(135) = 4.747, p <0.001), and ICU admission (χ2(1) = 17.751 (1), p<0.001).ConclusionsThe common symptoms found in this study could be useful for identifying potential COVID-19 patients. Investigating some of the laboratory and clinical parameters could help assess the disease progression, risk of mortality, and follow up patients who could progress to a fatal condition.

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Clinical and laboratory findings in elderly with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Babol, northern Iran – 2017-2019

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.2478/cipms-2021-0027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Saleh Habibi ◽

Arefeh Babazadeh ◽

Soheil Ebrahimpour ◽

Parisa Sabbagh ◽

Mehran Shokri

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Vital Signs ◽

The Elderly ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Northern Iran ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Morbidity and mortality are higher in older adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) than in other age groups. Also, CAP in older adults has various clinical manifestations with other. A higher mortality rate in the elderly with CAP may contribute to a delay in management. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory manifestations of CAP in the elderly. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 221 elderly patients with CAP who were admitted to Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, in Babol, northern of Iran, in 2017-2019. Patient outcomes included 170 cases that recovered from CAP, and 51 cases that died of complications. Patients were evaluated in terms of their clinical and laboratory manifestations. The most common symptoms of pneumonia were cough (79.6%), sputum (73.8%), weakness (72.9%), fever (56%), dyspnea (46.2%). The most frequent underlying disease was ischemic heart disease (43.9%). In our study, clinical and laboratory characteristics in older patients with CAP were evaluated and compared with other studies confirming past findings, but there were differences in some cases, such as vital signs, gastrointestinal symptoms, and disturbance of the level of consciousness. Therefore, it recommends carefully taking the patients’ initial histories and accurately recording their clinical and laboratory symptoms.

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Laboratory Findings from 100 Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i830255 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 94-103

Author(s):

Al-ahmadey Ziab

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Early Stage ◽

Asymptomatic Group ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Group 2 ◽

D Dimer

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading rapidly. The purpose of this study is to explore high risk patients and guiding future management and summarize the results of routine laboratory testing of asymptomatic, mild to moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 in order to define practical indicators for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. A total of 100 confirmed COVID-19 patients from Madinah city, Saudi Arabia, hospitalized between March to June, 2020 were included, and categorized into asymptomatic, mild to moderate, severe and critically ill patients. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn from all patients for estimation of complete blood count, coagulation profile, biochemistry and serology. Patients were grouped on the basis of the interval between symptom onset: group 1 (asymptomatic), group 2 (mild to moderate), group 3 (severe), and group 4 (critical). Laboratory features and their distribution were analysed and compared across the four groups. Combining assessment of clinical and laboratory findings could facilitate early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Median age was 51 years old and 85% of the patients were men. Overall, all patients were admitted to hospitals and 42% required ICU treatment. The majority of patients (29%) were diagnosed with mild to moderate disease, 28% of patients were critical, 26% of patients were severe and 17% of patients were asymptomatic. The comparison COVID-19 patients’ four parameters, using Kusakal-Wallis test, showed a significant difference in the levels of lymphocytes, ESR, PT, INR, d-dimer, CK, BUN and ferritin (P <0.05). C-reactive protein greater than 2.97 (0.84-9.18; p<0.0001). The potential risk factors of older age, lymphopenia, d-dimer greater than 1µg/mL and ferritin greater than 500ng/mL could help physicians to identify patients with a poor prognosis at an early stage.

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Assessment of the Multifactorial Effect on Antimicrobial Sensitivity in Positive Staphylococcus Aureus Clinical Isolates from Assir Region, Saudi Arabia

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v13i2.12750 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 152-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nazar M Abdalla ◽

Waleed O Haimour ◽

Amani A Osman ◽

Hassan Abdul Aziz

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Culture Media ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Staph Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity

General objectives: This study aimed at assessment of factors affecting antimicrobial sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Assir region, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: In this study, eighty one patients presented with Staph. aureus infections either nosocomial or community acquired infections were involved by collecting nasal swabs from them at Aseer Central Hospital General Lab. These patients were from all age groups and from males and females during the period of Jan 2011- Jun 2011. These samples were undergone variable laboratory procedures mainly; bactech, culture media, antibiotics sensitivity test using diffusion disc test (MIC) and molecular (PCR) for detection of mec A gene. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded in special formats and analyzed by statistical computer program (SPSS). Results: Showed that; Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis were performed and final results were plotted in tables. In Staph aureus MecA gene positive cases (50) showed: Oxacillin/ Mithicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Fusidin resistant in diabetic patients were 13, 26.0%, 9, 18% and 7, 14% respectively and in non diabetic patients were 37, 74.0%, 22, 44% and 20, 40% respectively. While no sensitivity in diabetic and non diabetic patients using Oxacillin/ Mithicillin. In Staph aureus MecA gene negative cases (31) showed: Oxacillin/ Mithicillin, sensitivity in diabetic patients (5, 16.1%) and in non diabetic were (26, 83.9%). While no resistant in diabetic and non diabetic patients. In Ciprofloxacin and Fusidin resistant in diabetic patients were 1, 3.2% and 1, 3.2% respectively and in non diabetic patients were 12, 38.7% and 7, 22.6%respectively. Erythromycin in Staph aureus ( MecA gene) positive cases (50) showed: resistant in age (0-15) years were (5, 10%), (16-50) years were (16, 32%) and ( 50 years) were (12, 24%). Erythromycin in Staph aureus (MecA gene) negative cases (31) showed: resistant in age (0-15) years were (6, 19.3%), (16-50) years were (5, 16.1%) and ( 50 years) were (3, 9.7%). Conclusion: Drugs resistance is a major progressive multifactorial problem facing the treatment of Staph aureus infections. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v13i2.12750 J Medicine 2012; 13 : 152-159

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Myocardial amyloidosis following multiple myeloma in a 38-year-old female patient: A case report

Open Medicine ◽

10.1515/med-2020-0125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 396-402

Author(s):

Qisi Zhang ◽

Yingli Qiao ◽

Dongmei Yan ◽

Yuhui Deng ◽

Mengyang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Young Patients ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

The Elderly ◽

First Episode ◽

Rapid Progression ◽

Congo Red Staining ◽

Impaired Cardiac Function

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is an immunoglobulin-producing tumor of plasma cells, which occurs commonly in the elderly. The incidence of myocardial amyloidosis with MM is extremely low and early clinical manifestations are nonspecific. The diversity of clinical manifestations and first episode symptoms often cause misdiagnosis in young patients with myocardial amyloidosis following MM. In this study, we analyzed the clinical data of a young woman with MM and impaired cardiac function combined with echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), laboratory data, cell Congo Red staining, and other manifestations to diagnose amyloidosis. Considering the rapid progression, short survival, and poor prognosis in most patients, a clear, definitive, and timely diagnosis is essential for the treatment of patients with MM complicated with myocardial amyloidosis.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Two Tertiary-Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/501891 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 211-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tariq A. Madani ◽

Nabeela A. Al-Abdullah ◽

Ali A. Al-Sanousi ◽

Tawfik M. Ghabrah ◽

Shadia Z. Afandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Control Measures ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Infection ◽

Tertiary Care Hospitals

AbstractObjective:To review clinical experience with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in tertiary-care hospitals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Design:Retrospective review for the year 1998.Setting:Two tertiary-care hospitals.Methods:Results of MRSA-positive cultures of clinical specimens obtained as part of investigations for suspected infections were retrieved from the microbiology laboratories' records. Charts of patients were reviewed, with standardized data collection.Results:Of 673 S aureus isolates identified, 222 (33%, or 6.8 isolates/1,000 admissions) were MRSA Overall MRSA prevalence was 2% in 1988. Nosocomial acquisition occurred in 84.2% of cases. All age groups were affected, and 52% of patients had at least one comorbidity. MRSA prevalence was highest in the intensive care units (26.6% of all isolates), the medical wards (24.8%), and the surgical wards (19.8%). Seventy-three percent of isolates caused infection; the rest represented colonization. Surgical wounds (35.2%), the chest (29%), and central venous catheters (13%) were the most common sites of infection. Bacteremia occurred in 15.4% of patients. Local signs (84%) and fever (75.9%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Respiratory distress and septic shock occurred in 30.2% and 13.6% of cases, respectively. Of 162 patients with MRSA infection and 60 patients with MRSA colonization, 95.7% and 70% received antibiotics in the preceding 6 weeks, respectively (P<.0001). The total mortality of patients with MRSA infection was 53.7%: 36.4% as a result of MRSA infection and 17.3% as a result of other causes.Conclusions:The prevalence of MRSA is high and rapidly increasing in the two hospitals, as it is worldwide. Control measures to prevent die spread of MRSA in hospitals should continue, with reinforcement of hygienic precautions and development of policies to restrict the use of antibiotics.

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Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of 75 Hospitalized Patients with Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hefei, China

10.1101/2020.03.01.20029785 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Zonghao Zhao ◽

Jiajia Xie ◽

Ming Yin ◽

Yun Yang ◽

Hongliang He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

The Novel ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan, and rapidly spread to many provinces in China. The number of cases has increased markedly in Anhui, but information on the clinical characteristics of patients is limited. We reported 75 patients with COVID-19 in the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC from Jan 21 to Feb 16, 2020, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR of respiratory nasopharyngeal swab samples. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Of the 75 patients with COVID-19, 61 (81.33%) had a direct or indirect exposure history to Wuhan. Common symptoms at onset included fever (66 [88.0%] of 75 patients) and dry cough (62 [82.67%]). Of the patients without fever, cough could be the only or primary symptom. The most prominent laboratory abnormalities were lymphopenia, decreased percentage of lymphocytes (LYM%), decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Patients with elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed significant decreases in the LYM%, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts. Besides, the percentage of neutrophils, CRP, LDH and Procalcitonin levels increased significantly. We concluded that COVID-19 could cause different degrees of hematological abnormalities and damage of internal organs. Hematological profiles including LYM, LDH, CRP and IL-6 could be indicators of diseases severity and evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Antiviral treatment requires a comprehensive and supportive approach. Further targeted therapy should be determined based on individual clinical manifestations and laboratory indicators.

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The incidence and clinical manifestations of human brucellosis in a referral hospital in Southern Saudi Arabia between 2015 and 2019

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/030.2021.01407 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mutasim E. Ibrahim ◽

Mohammad S. Al-Shahrani

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Joint Pain ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Human Brucellosis ◽

Local Health Authority ◽

Local Health ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Body Ache

AbstractWe determined the incidence and clinical manifestations of human brucellosis from patients who attended a referral hospital in South of Saudi Arabia. A record-based retrospective study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2019 at King Abdulla Hospital, Bisha, Saudi Arabia. Information on patients’ demographic characteristics, detailed records of signs and symptoms, and the laboratory findings were reviewed. Of 6,586 patients included, 15.8% (n = 1,041) were infected with brucellosis. The age of infected individuals ranged from five to 95 years, with an average of 35.1 ± 21.2 years. Most infected patients were male (72.3%). Young adults (26–44 years) were the most common age group with the disease (34.1%). The annual rate of infection significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) from 33.2% in 2015 to 12.5% in 2019. An escalating number of brucellosis cases was seen in the spring and peaked during the summer. Fever (35.3%), joint pain (25.5%), generalized body ache (10.7%), and neurological symptoms (10.0%) were the most frequent clinical manifestation associated with brucellosis. Joint pain was commonly found among children (44.4%). Neurological findings were more frequent among adult patients. The study concluded that brucellosis is endemic in Southern Saudi Arabia and needs local health authority to implement preventive and educational program measures. Infected patients may present with diverse, nonspecific clinical manifestations that require intuition from clinicians to detect the disease.

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Clinical, Radiological and Laboratory Profile of Covid-19 Patients Admitted to a Dedicated Covid-19 Hospital in Odisha

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (15) ◽

pp. 989-993

Author(s):

Mohan Rao C ◽

Nipa Singh ◽

Kinshuk Sarbhai ◽

Saswat Subhankar ◽

Sanghamitra Pati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Data ◽

Ct Images ◽

The State ◽

Viral Clearance ◽

Clinical Profile ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Set Up

BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health challenge being faced by the world currently. International and national responses to combat the Covid-19 pandemic have been very prompt with the setting up of dedicated Covid-19 hospitals. In the state of Odisha, situated in the eastern part of India, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), set up the first dedicated Covid hospital of the state. This study intends to chronicle the clinical profile, radiological presentations, laboratory findings, and clinical outcome of patients admitted to the KIMS Covid hospital. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the clinical and laboratory data of patients admitted with Covid-19 diagnosis at the dedicated Covid-19 hospital from 5th April 2020 to 4th June 2020 was done. RESULTS A total number of 272 Covid-19 cases were included in this study. Majority of the patients were males (83.57 %) and most of the patients (79.04 %) were asymptomatic. The mortality rate was 1.9 %. Fever (18.38 %), cough (17.27 %), dyspnoea (16.91 %) and myalgia (14.7 %) were the major symptoms observed. Severity was mild in 78.94 % cases. Delayed viral clearance was seen in 13 % cases. The typical features of novel SARS-CoV-2 infection was seen in 12 - 13 % cases in computed tomography (CT) images of thorax. c-reactive protein (CRP) was raised as a biomarker of inflammation. Of the 5 deaths encountered, 2 had diabetes mellitus, 2 were hypertensive and 1 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). CONCLUSIONS Covid-19 may have a delayed viral clearance beyond two weeks. A discordance between CT images and the clinical condition may also be observed. Diabetes, hypertension, and high blood CRP levels were significantly associated with mortality. KEYWORDS Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Clinical Profile, Radiological Findings, Comorbidities, Fatality

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Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: an observational cohort study

European Journal of Medical Research ◽

10.1186/s40001-020-00462-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abbas Al Mutair ◽

Saad Alhumaid ◽

Waad N. Alhuqbani ◽

Abdul Rehman Z. Zaidi ◽

Safug Alkoraisi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Moderate Severity ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Collaborative Studies ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

Treatment Procedures

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) emerged from China in December 2019 and has presented as a substantial and serious threat to global health. We aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory findings of patients in Saudi Arabia infected with SARS-CoV-2 to direct us in helping prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across Saudi Arabia and around the world. Materials and methods Clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and radiological characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric and adult patients in five hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were surveyed in this study. Results 401 patients (mean age 38.16 ± 13.43 years) were identified to be SARS-CoV-2 positive and 80% of cases were male. 160 patients had moderate severity and 241 were mild in severity. The most common signs and symptoms at presentation were cough, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, aspartate aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and ferritin were higher in the COVID-19 moderate severity patient group. Mild severity patients spent a shorter duration hospitalized and had slightly higher percentages of abnormal CT scans and X-ray imaging. Conclusions This study provides an understanding of the features of non-ICU COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia. Further national collaborative studies are needed to streamline screening and treatment procedures for COVID-19.

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