scholarly journals Characterization of Brassica rapa metallothionein and phytochelatin synthase genes potentially involved in heavy metal detoxification

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252899
Author(s):  
Jiayou Liu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Sun Ha Kim ◽  
Hyun-Sook Lee ◽  
Enrico Marinoia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Phytochelatin Synthase ◽  
Cadmium Resistance ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Heavy Metal Detoxification ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Concentrations

Brassica rapa is an important leafy vegetable that can potentially accumulate high concentrations of cadmium (Cd), posing a risk to human health. The aim of the present study was to identify cadmium detoxifying molecular mechanisms in B. rapa using a functional cloning strategy. A cDNA library constructed from roots of B. rapa plants treated with Cd was transformed into the Cd sensitive yeast mutant strain DTY167 that lacks the yeast cadmium factor (YCF1), and resistant yeast clones were selected on Cd containing media. Two hundred genes potentially conferring cadmium resistance were rescued from the surviving yeast clones and sequenced. Sequencing analysis revealed that genes encoding for metallothionein (MT)1, MT2a, MT2b and MT3, and phytochelatin synthase (PCS)1 and PCS2 accounted for 35.5%, 28.5%, 4%, 11.3%, 18.7% and 2%, respectively of the genes identified. MTs and PCSs expressing DTY167 cells showed resistance to Cd as well as to Zn. PCS1 expressing yeast cells were also more resistant to Pb compared to those expressing MTs or PCS2. RT-PCR results showed that Cd treatment strongly induced the expression levels of MTs in the root and shoot. Furthermore, the different MTs and PCSs exhibited tissue specific expression. The results indicate that MTs and PCS genes potentially play a central role in detoxifying Cd and other toxic metals in B. rapa.

scholarly journals De novo characterization of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome and comprehensive analysis of the diploid and triploid leaf morphological differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yong Qi ◽  
Xinzhuan Yao ◽  
Degang Zhao ◽  
Litang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Sponge Tissue ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Tea Plants

Abstract Background: Polyploidization has undergone a series of significant changes in the morphology and physiology of tea plants as plants multiply, especially in terms of increased growth rate and genetic gains Result: In this study, we found that the leaves of triploid tea had obvious growth advantages compared with diploid tea leaves, which was 59.81% higher than that of diploid leaves areas. The morphological structure of the triploid leaves showed obvious changes, the xylem of the veins was more developed, the cell-to-cell gap between the palisade tissue and the sponge tissue became larger, and the stomata of the triploid leaves were enlarged. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that after the triploidization of tea, the changes of leaf morphology and physiological characteristics were affected by the specific expression of some key regulatory genes. we identified a large number of transcripts and genes that might play important roles in leaf development, especially those involved in cell division, photosynthesis, hormone synthesis, and stomatal development.Conclusion: This study will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea leaf and stomatal development and provide the basis for molecular breeding of high quality and yield tea varieties. Furthermore, it gives information that may enhance understanding of triploid physiology.

scholarly journals De novo characterization of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome and comprehensive analysis of the diploid and triploid leaf morphology and physiological differences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong QI ◽  
Xinzhuan YAO ◽  
Degang ZHAO ◽  
Litang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Sponge Tissue ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Hormone Synthesis

Abstract Background Polyploidization has undergone a series of significant changes in the morphology and physiology of tea plants as plants multiply, especially in terms of increased growth rate and genetic gainsResult In this study, we found that the leaves of triploid tea had obvious growth advantages compared with diploid tea leaves, which was 59.81% higher than that of diploid leaves areas. The morphological structure of the triploid leaves showed obvious changes, the xylem of the veins was more developed, the cell-to-cell gap between the palisade tissue and the sponge tissue became larger, and the stomata of the triploid leaves were enlarged. After the polyploidy of tea, the content of secondary metabolites in tea leaves also changed significantly. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that after the triploidization of tea, the changes of leaf morphology and physiological characteristics were affected by the specific expression of some key regulatory genes. we identified a large number of transcripts and genes that might play important roles in leaf development, especially those involved in cell division, photosynthesis, hormone synthesis, and stomatal development.Conclusion This study will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea leaf and stomatal development and provide the basis for molecular breeding of high quality and yield tea varieties. Furthermore, it gives information that may enhance understanding of triploid physiology.

scholarly journals De novo characterization of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome and comprehensive analysis of the diploid and triploid leaf morphological differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yong Qi ◽  
Xinzhuan Yao ◽  
Degang Zhao ◽  
Litang lu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Sponge Tissue ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Tea Plants

Abstract Background: Polyploidization has undergone a series of significant changes in the morphology and physiology of tea plants as plants multiply, especially in terms of increased growth rate and genetic gains Result: In this study, we found that the leaves of triploid tea had obvious growth advantages compared with diploid tea leaves, which was 59.81% higher than that of diploid leaves areas. The morphological structure of the triploid leaves showed obvious changes, the xylem of the veins was more developed, the cell-to-cell gap between the palisade tissue and the sponge tissue became larger, and the stomata of the triploid leaves were enlarged. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that after the triploidization of tea, the changes of leaf morphology and physiological characteristics were affected by the specific expression of some key regulatory genes. We identified a large number of transcripts and genes that might play important roles in leaf development, especially those involved in cell division, photosynthesis, hormone synthesis, and stomatal development. Conclusion: This study will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea leaf and stomatal development and provide the basis for molecular breeding of tea varieties with high quality and yield. Furthermore, it gives information to improve understanding of triploid physiology.

Contact Chemosensory Genes Identified in Leg Transcriptome of Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2015-2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yali Du ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Weihua Ma ◽  
Wenting Su ◽  
Miaomiao Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Apis Cerana Cerana ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Honey Bee Workers ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Correct gustatory recognition and selection of foods both within and outside the hive by honey bee workers are fundamental to the maintenance of colonies. The tarsal chemosensilla located on the legs of workers are sensitive to nonvolatile compounds and proposed to be involved in gustatory detection. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the gustatory recognition of foods in honey bees. In the present study, RNA-seq was performed with RNA samples extracted from the legs of 1-, 10-, and 20-d-old workers of Apis cerana cerana Fabricius, a dominant indigenous crop pollinator with a keen perception ability for phytochemicals. A total of 124 candidate chemosensory proteins (CSPs), including 15 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 5 CSPs, 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), and 95 odorant receptors (ORs), were identified from the assembled leg transcriptome. In silico analysis of expression showed that 36 of them were differentially expressed among the three different ages of A. c. cerana workers. Overall, the genes encoding OBPs and CSPs had great but extremely variable FPKM values and thus were highly expressed in the legs of workers, whereas the genes encoding ORs, GRs, and SNMPs (except SNMP2) were expressed at low levels. Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated that two upregulated genes, AcerOBP15 and AcerCSP3, were predominately expressed in the legs of 20-d-old foragers, suggesting they may play an essential role in gustatory recognition and selection of plant nectars and pollens. This study lays a foundation for further research on the feeding preferences of honey bees.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Anthocyanin- and Jasmonic Acid-Biosynthetic Pathways in Rapeseed in Response to High Light Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13027
Author(s):  
Yuxiu Luo ◽  
Shoulian Teng ◽  
Hengxia Yin ◽  
Shengping Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyun Tuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
High Light ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Dihydroflavonol Reductase ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Genes Encoding

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the major important oil crops worldwide and is largely cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where long and strong solar-radiation is well-known. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed’s response to light stress are largely unknown. In the present study, the color of rapeseed seedlings changed from green to purple under high light (HL) stress conditions. Therefore, changes in anthocyanin metabolism and the transcriptome of rapeseed seedlings cultured under normal light (NL) and HL conditions were analyzed to dissect how rapeseed responds to HL at the molecular level. Results indicated that the contents of anthocyanins, especially glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin, which were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), increased by 9.6-, 4.2-, and 59.7-fold in rapeseed seedlings exposed to HL conditions, respectively. Next, RNA-sequencing analysis identified 7390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4393 up-regulated and 2997 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes related to the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway were enriched. For example, genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (BnDFR) and anthocyanin synthase (BnANS) were especially induced by HL conditions, which was also confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, two PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION 2 (BnPAP2) and GLABRA3 (BnGL3) genes encoding MYB-type and bHLH-type transcription factors, respectively, whose expression was also up-regulated by HL stress, were found to be associated with the changes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Many genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA)-biosynthetic pathway were also up-regulated under HL conditions. This finding, which is in agreement with the well-known positive regulatory role of JA in anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggests that the JA may also play a key role in the responses of rapeseed seedlings to HL. Collectively, these data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis-related and JA biosynthesis-related pathways mediate HL responses in rapeseed. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the mechanisms involved in the response of rapeseed to HL stress, and the identified key genes may potentially be used to improve HL tolerance of rapeseed cultivars through genetic engineering or breeding strategies.

scholarly journals Genome Sequencing Analysis of Scleromitrula shiraiana, a Causal Agent of Mulberry Sclerotial Disease With Narrow Host Range

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Lv ◽  
Ziwen He ◽  
Lijuan Hao ◽  
Xin Kang ◽  
Bi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Narrow Host Range ◽  
Genes Encoding

Scleromitrula shiraiana is a necrotrophic fungus with a narrow host range, and is one of the main causal pathogens of mulberry sclerotial disease. However, its molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report a 39.0 Mb high-quality genome sequence for S. shiraiana strain SX-001. The S. shiraiana genome contains 11,327 protein-coding genes. The number of genes and genome size of S. shiraiana are similar to most other Ascomycetes. The cross-similarities and differences of S. shiraiana with the closely related Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea indicated that S. shiraiana differentiated earlier from their common ancestor. A comparative genomic analysis showed that S. shiraiana has fewer genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and effector proteins than that of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, as well as many other Ascomycetes. This is probably a key factor in the weaker aggressiveness of S. shiraiana to other plants. S. shiraiana has many species-specific genes encoding secondary metabolism core enzymes. The diversity of secondary metabolites may be related to the adaptation of these pathogens to specific ecological niches. However, melanin and oxalic acid are conserved metabolites among many Sclerotiniaceae fungi, and may be essential for survival and infection. Our results provide insights into the narrow host range of S. shiraiana and its adaptation to mulberries.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Response to Cadmium Exposure in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kintlová ◽  
Jan Vrána ◽  
Roman Hobza ◽  
Nicolas Blavet ◽  
Vojtěch Hudzieczek
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cadmium Resistance ◽  
Heavy Metal Detoxification ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Cadmium is an environmental pollutant with high toxicity that negatively affects plant growth and development. To understand the molecular mechanisms of plant response to cadmium stress, we have performed a genome-wide transcriptome analysis on barley plants treated with an increased concentration of cadmium. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 10,282 deregulated transcripts present in the roots and 7,104 in the shoots. Among them, we identified genes related to reactive oxygen species metabolism, cell wall formation and maintenance, ion membrane transport and stress response. One of the most upregulated genes was PLANT CADMIUM RESISTACE 2 (HvPCR2) known to be responsible for heavy metal detoxification in plants. Surprisingly, in the transcriptomic data we identified four different copies of the HvPCR2 gene with a specific pattern of upregulation in individual tissues. Heterologous expression of all five barley copies in a Cd-sensitive yeast mutant restored cadmium resistance. In addition, four HvPCR2 were located in tandem arrangement in a single genomic region of the barley 5H chromosome. To our knowledge, this is the first example showing multiplication of the PCR2 gene in plants.

scholarly journals Upregulation of Transferrin and Major Royal Jelly Proteins in the Spermathecal Fluid of Mated Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Queens

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Hee-Geun Park ◽  
Bo-Yeon Kim ◽  
Jin-Myung Kim ◽  
Yong-Soo Choi ◽  
Hyung-Joo Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Antioxidant Proteins ◽  
Virgin Queens

Sperm storage in the spermathecae of honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens is vital for reproduction of honeybees. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby queens store sperm in a viable state over prolonged periods in the spermatheca are not fully understood. Here, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis of the spermathecae in both virgin and mated A. mellifera queens 24 h after mating and observed that the genes encoding transferrin (Tf) and major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were differentially expressed in the spermathecae of mated queens. The concentrations of Tf and antioxidant proteins such as superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species, H2O2, and iron were higher in the spermathecal fluid of the mated queens than in virgin queens. Tf upregulation is likely to perform a protective role against the Fenton reaction occurring between iron and H2O2 in the antioxidant pathway in the mated queen’s spermathecal fluid. Furthermore, MRJPs—especially MRJP1, MRJP4, and MRJP6—were upregulated in the mated queen’s spermathecal fluid, indicating that they may serve as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents as well as an energy source for stored sperm in the spermathecal fluid of honeybee queens. Together, our findings show that Tf and MRJPs are upregulated in the spermatheca and spermathecal fluid of mated honeybee queens.

scholarly journals Mapping chromatin accessibility and active regulatory elements reveals pathological mechanisms in human gliomas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Stępniak ◽  
Magdalena A. Machnicka ◽  
Jakub Mieczkowski ◽  
Anna Macioszek ◽  
Bartosz Wojtaś ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Mapping ◽  
Malignant Gliomas ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Methylation Patterns

AbstractChromatin structure and accessibility, and combinatorial binding of transcription factors to regulatory elements in genomic DNA control transcription. Genetic variations in genes encoding histones, epigenetics-related enzymes or modifiers affect chromatin structure/dynamics and result in alterations in gene expression contributing to cancer development or progression. Gliomas are brain tumors frequently associated with epigenetics-related gene deregulation. We perform whole-genome mapping of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, DNA methylation patterns and transcriptome analysis simultaneously in multiple tumor samples to unravel epigenetic dysfunctions driving gliomagenesis. Based on the results of the integrative analysis of the acquired profiles, we create an atlas of active enhancers and promoters in benign and malignant gliomas. We explore these elements and intersect with Hi-C data to uncover molecular mechanisms instructing gene expression in gliomas.

scholarly journals Genes encoding putative bicarbonate transporters as a missing molecular link between molt and mineralization in crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Abehsera ◽  
Shmuel Bentov ◽  
Xuguang Li ◽  
Simy Weil ◽  
Rivka Manor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Functional Genomic ◽  
Single Event ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Molt Cycle ◽  
Mineral Deposition ◽  
Bicarbonate Transporters ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractDuring their life, crustaceans undergo several molts, which if theoretically compared to the human body would be equivalent to replacing all bones at a single event. Such a dramatic repetitive event is coupled to unique molecular mechanisms of mineralization so far mostly unknown. Unlike human bone mineralized with calcium phosphate, the crustacean exoskeleton is mineralized mainly by calcium carbonate. Crustacean growth thus necessitates well-timed mobilization of bicarbonate to specific extracellular sites of biomineralization at distinct molt cycle stages. Here, by looking at the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus at different molting stages, we suggest that the mechanisms of bicarbonate ion transport for mineralization in crustaceans involve the SLC4 family of transporters and that these proteins play a key role in the tight coupling between molt cycle events and mineral deposition. This discovery of putative bicarbonate transporters in a pancrustacean with functional genomic evidence from genes encoding the SLC4 family—mostly known for their role in pH control—is discussed in the context of the evolution of calcium carbonate biomineralization.

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