scholarly journals Decreasing death rates and causes of death in Icelandic children—A longitudinal analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257536
Author(s):  
Marina Ros Levy ◽  
Valtyr Thors ◽  
Sigríður Haralds Elínardottir ◽  
Alma D. Moller ◽  
Asgeir Haraldsson
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Income ◽  
Congenital Disease ◽  
Behavioural Disorders ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Almost All

Background Global death rate in children has been declining during the last decades worldwide, especially in high income countries. This has been attributed to several factors, including improved prenatal and perinatal care, immunisations, infection management as well as progress in diagnosis and treatment of most diseases. However, there is certainly room for further progress. The aim of the current study was to describe the changes in death rates and causes of death in Iceland, a high-income country during almost half a century. Methods The Causes of Death Register at The Directorate of Health was used to identify all children under the age of 18 years in Iceland that died during the study period from January 1st, 1971 until December 31st, 2018. Using Icelandic national identification numbers, individuals could be identified for further information. Hospital records, laboratory results and post-mortem diagnosis could be accessed if cause of death was unclear. Findings Results showed a distinct decrease in death rates in children during the study period that was continuous over the whole period. This was established for almost all causes of death and in all age groups. This reduction was primarily attributed to a decrease in fatal accidents and fewer deaths due to infections, perinatal or congenital disease as well as malignancies, the reduction in death rates from other causes was less distinct. Childhood suicide rates remained constant. Interpretation Our results are encouraging for further prevention of childhood deaths. In addition, our results emphasise the need to improve measures to detect and treat mental and behavioural disorders leading to childhood suicide.

scholarly journals US life expectancy stalls due to cardiovascular disease, not drug deaths

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (13) ◽  
pp. 6998-7000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil K. Mehta ◽  
Leah R. Abrams ◽  
Mikko Myrskylä
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
High Income ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Drug Deaths ◽  
The Us ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
Cvd Mortality

After decades of robust growth, the rise in US life expectancy stalled after 2010. Explanations for the stall have focused on rising drug-related deaths. Here we show that a stagnating decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was the main culprit, outpacing and overshadowing the effects of all other causes of death. The CVD stagnation held back the increase of US life expectancy at age 25 y by 1.14 y in women and men, between 2010 and 2017. Rising drug-related deaths had a much smaller effect: 0.1 y in women and 0.4 y in men. Comparisons with other high-income countries reveal that the US CVD stagnation is unusually strong, contributing to a stark mortality divergence between the US and peer nations. Without the aid of CVD mortality declines, future US life expectancy gains must come from other causes—a monumental task given the enormity of earlier declines in CVD death rates. Reversal of the drug overdose epidemic will be beneficial, but insufficient for achieving pre-2010 pace of life expectancy growth.

The impact of smoking in elderly people

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Smoking has been closely implicated in many cardiovascular, lung and other diseases which are prevalent in the elderly, but most prevention programmes tend to be aimed at younger age groups.The prevention of smoking in retired people is a subject which is not yet fully researched, but there is a little information which suggests that it may be a worthwhile pursuit. Certainly, work has shown that longevity can be improved even in older people by stopping smoking. Coronary heart disease death rates for 65-74 year olds who have recently given up are similar to non-smokers. For other causes of death, especially lung cancer and bronchitis, the benefits of stopping smoking take up to five years to appear. In terms of morbidity, there are suggestions that ex-smokers move reasonably quickly towards the state of non-smokers for bone density, pulmonary function and muscle strength.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination and the Daily Cases, Hospitalizations and Death Rates: a Case Study of Tennessee in the United States. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Roghani
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Vaccination Rates

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 outbreak highlights the vulnerability to novel infections, and vaccination remains a foreseeable method to return to normal life. However, infrastructure is inadequate for the vaccination of the whole population immediately. Therefore, policies have adopted a strategy to vaccinate the elderly and vulnerable populations while delaying others. OBJECTIVE This study uses the Tennessee official statistic to understand how age-specific vaccination strategies reduce daily cases, hospitalization, and death rate. METHODS The research used publicly available data of COVID-19, including vaccination rates, positive cases, hospitalizations, and death from the health department of Tennessee. This study targeted from the first date of vaccinations, December 17, 2020, to March 3, 2021. The rates were adjusted by data from U.S. Census Bureau (2019), and the age groups were stratified at ten-year intervals from the age of 21. RESULTS The result shows that vaccination strategy can reduce the numbers of patients with COVID-19 in all age groups with lower hospitalization and death rates in older. The elderly had a 95% lower death rate from December to March, while no change in the death rate in other age groups. The hospitalization rate was reduced by 80% for people aged 80 or older, while people who were between 50 to 70 had almost the same hospitalization rate. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that targeting older age groups for vaccination is the optimal way to avoid higher transmissions, reduce hospitalization and death rates. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals A Study of COVID-19 Mortality Under Varying Patient Frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Sifuentes ◽  
Olcay Akman ◽  
Daniel Hrozencik
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Infectious Disease Model ◽  
The City

For this study, we modeled the spread and mortality of COVID-19 throughout the city of Chicago. By incorporating group frailty into a classic SEIR infectious disease model, we were able to differentiate the population of Chicago by their response to COVID-19. Three age groups with different COVID-19-induced death rates were examined, and the model sought to showcase the multiplicative deviation of each age group death rate from the average disease-induced death rate. This adjustment for different death rates among age groups accounted for heterogeneity within the population, and sought to introduce a more accurate manner for modeling the spread of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The age-specific death-rates in England and Wales

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Made In

In the period following the last war a large acceleration has occurred in the rate of decline of the death-rates of the younger age groups. The oldest age groups have not shared in this improvement. This course of the death-rates is in striking contrast to the predictions of two decades ago when it was thought that any substantial improvement in the age specific rates was most likely to occur at the older ages. A large part of the fall at younger ages has been due to the decrease in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis. The death-rates at ages 5–24 are now probably almost at a minimum and if a further appreciable improvement is to be made in them the death-rate from violence must be reduced. Violent deaths account for roughly one-third of all deaths in this age range.

Disability and Perinatal Care

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Almost All

The declining infant mortality is carefully documented year by year in the Annual Summary of Vital Statistics in this journal.1 Although socioeconomic factors play an important role in this decline, the falling death rate among neonates weighing <1500 g at birth is widely attributed to changing patterns of neonatal intensive care. For neonates weighing 1000 g at birth, this assumption is probably correct. Thirty years ago, almost all these neonates died; now, over half survive to leave the neonatal unit and this proportion is as high as 70% in large tertiary centers.2 In terms of "rescue from death," neonatal intensive care can be described as a remarkably successful medical technology.

scholarly journals No change in life expectancy: the devil is in the detail

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Karanikolos ◽  
S Rajan ◽  
A Murphy ◽  
M McKee
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
External Causes

Abstract Background The rate of improvement in life expectancy in high income countries has slowed down over the past few years, and instances where life expectancy is lower than a year before are increasingly common. This paper aims to analyse changes in life expectancy over the last decade to better understand what causes and age groups contribute to the slowdown. Methods We use WHO mortality data by age and cause to construct life tables, and we use Arriaga decomposition method to analyse the contribution of specific causes and age groups to changes in life expectancy in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States of America. We look at the change between 2007-2012 and 2012-2017 (or latest available). Results All countries experienced a slowdown in life expectancy in the past 5 years (2012-2017), in comparison to the preceding period. Slowdown in under 65s was particularly pronounced, with younger age groups only contributing minimally (between 0.4 years for males in Germany and -0.4 years for males in the United States) to changes in life expectancy. Among people aged 65 and over, gains ranged between 0.05 years for females in France and 0.6 years for males in the Netherlands. Certain causes of death contributed negatively to change in life expectancy between 2012 and 2017, with notable increases in deaths from accidental poisonings in males (up to -0.09 year in the UK and Canada, and -0.34 in the US) and suicides (up to -0.08 year in Australia and -0.07 in the US). Conclusions While recent slowdown in life expectancy gains in high income countries is often attributed to lack of improvement in people of older ages, we show that, beyond this, there are increases in mortality in younger age groups from external causes, that contribute negatively to change in life expectancy in some countries. This pattern is of a particular concern, as deterioration in preventable mortality points to broader worsening of socio-economic climate. Key messages Improvements in life expectancy in high income countries slowed down markedly over the past few years, but contributing mortality patterns differ for age groups and causes of death across countries. Persistent increases in preventable mortality from certain external causes in younger age groups in Australia, Canada, US and UK point to broader deterioration of socio-economic climate.

Planning to reach for a rotating rod

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes von Hofsten ◽  
Katarina Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. Hand adjustments of 6- and 10-month-old infants and adults were studied as they reach to grasp a rotating rod. It was found that the subjects in all three age groups adjusted the hand prospectively to the rotating rod during the approach of it. They also adjusted the reaches to the rotating rod in such a way that almost all of the grasps were overhand ones as predicted by the endpoint comfort hypothesis. Finally, it was found that the rotation of the hand was made up of movement units as translational movements are, and that the approach units were relatively independent of the rotational ones.

The impact of climate temperature on counts, recovery, and death rates due to SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neven Chetty ◽  
Bamise Adeleye ◽  
Abiola Olawale Ilori
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
The South ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The impact of climate temperature on the counts (number of positive COVID-19 cases reported), recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in South Africa's nine provinces was investigated. The data for confirmed cases of COVID-19 were collected for March 25 and June 30, 2020 (14 weeks) from South Africa's Government COVID-19 online resource, while the daily provincial climate temperatures were collected from the website of the South African Weather Service. Our result indicates that a higher or lower climate temperature does not prevent or delay the spread and death rates but shows significant positive impacts on the recovery rates of COVID-19 patients. Thus, it indicates that the climate temperature is unlikely to impose a strict limit on the spread of COVID-19. There is no correlation between the cases and death rates, an indicator that no particular temperature range is closely associated with a faster or slower death rate of COVID-19 patients. As evidence from our study, a warm climate temperature can only increase the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients, ultimately impacting the death and active case rates and freeing up resources quicker to enable health facilities to deal with those patients' climbing rates who need treatment. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact of climate temperature variation on the counts, recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in all South Africa's provinces. The findings were compared with those of countries with comparable climate temperature values. METHODS The data for confirmed cases of COVID-19 were collected for March 25 and June 30 (14 weeks) for South African provinces, including daily counts, death, and recovery rates. The dates were grouped into two, wherein weeks 1-5 represent the periods of total lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19 in South Africa. Weeks 6-14 are periods where the lockdown was eased to various levels 4 and 3. The daily information of COVID-19 count, death, and recovery was obtained from South Africa's Government COVID-19 online resource (https://sacoronavirus.co.za). Daily provincial climate temperatures were collected from the website of the South African Weather Service (https://www.weathersa.co.za). The provinces of South Africa are Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, Limpopo, Northwest, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, and Gauteng. Weekly consideration was given to the daily climate temperature (average minimum and maximum). The recorded values were considered, respectively, to be in the ratio of death-to-count (D/C) and recovery-to-count (R/C). Descriptive statistics were performed for all the data collected for this study. The analyses were performed using the Person’s bivariate correlation to analyze the association between climate temperature, death-to-count, and recovery-to-count ratios of COVID-19. RESULTS The results showed that higher climate temperatures aren't essential to avoid the COVID-19 from being spread. The present results conform to the reports that suggested that COVID-19 is unlike the seasonal flu, which does dissipate as the climate temperature rises [17]. Accordingly, the ratio of counts and death-to-count cannot be concluded to be influenced by variations in the climate temperatures within the study areas. CONCLUSIONS The study investigates the impact of climate temperature on the counts, recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in all South Africa's provinces. The findings were compared with those of countries with comparable climate temperatures as South Africa. Our result indicates that a higher or lower climate temperature does not prevent or delay the spread and death rates but shows significant positive impacts on the recovery rates of COVID-19 patients. Warm climate temperatures seem not to restrict the spread of the COVID-19 as the count rate was substantial at every climate temperatures. Thus, it indicates that the climate temperature is unlikely to impose a strict limit on the spread of COVID-19. There is no correlation between the cases and death rates, an indicator that there is no particular temperature range of the climatic conditions closely associated with a faster or slower death rate of COVID-19 patients. However, other shortcomings in this study's process should not be ignored. Some other factors may have contributed to recovery rates, such as the South African government's timely intervention to announce a national lockout at the early stage of the outbreak, the availability of intensive medical care, and social distancing effects. Nevertheless, this study shows that a warm climate temperature can only help COVID-19 patients recover more quickly, thereby having huge impacts on the death and active case rates.

scholarly journals Pilonidal sinus disease on the rise: a one-third incidence increase in inpatients in 13 years with substantial regional variation in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Oetzmann von Sochaczewski ◽  
Jan Gödeke
Keyword(s):  
Pilonidal Sinus ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pilonidal Sinus Disease ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Reconstructive Procedures ◽  
Sinus Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Purpose Collective evidence from single-centre studies suggests an increasing incidence of pilonidal sinus disease in the last decades, but population-based data is scarce. Methods We analysed administrative case–based principal diagnoses of pilonidal sinus disease and its surgical therapy between 2005 and 2017 in inpatients. Changes were addressed via linear regression. Results The mean rate of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease per 100,000 men increased from 43 in 2005 to 56 in 2017. In females, the mean rate of inpatient episodes per 100,000 women rose from 14 in 2005 to 18 in 2017. In the whole population, for every case per 100,000 females, there were 3.1 cases per 100,000 males, but the numbers were highly variable between the age groups. There was considerable regional variation within Germany. Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease were increasing in almost all age groups and both sexes by almost a third. Surgery was dominated by excision of pilonidal sinus without reconstructive procedures, such as flaps, whose share was around 13% of all procedures, despite recommendations of the national guidelines to prefer flap procedures. Conclusion Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease in Germany rose across almost all age groups and both sexes with relevant regional variation. The underlying causative factors are unknown. Thus, patient-centred research is necessary to explore them. This should also take cases into account that are solely treated office-based in order to obtain a full-spectrum view of pilonidal sinus disease incidence rates.

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