Comparison of diagnostic methods and analysis of socio-demographic factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Sri Lanka

Background Trichomonas vaginalis infection is underreported due to nonspecific clinical presentation and the nonavailability of sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests at the clinical setup. Hence, this study was designed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy and culture methods with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The socio-demographic factors associated with the infection were explored. Methods The study was carried out at the National Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Control Programme in Colombo and Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Control Programme in Kandy. Samples were collected from a total of 385 patients including, 272 females (70.7%) and 113 males (29.3%), and tested using microscopy (wet mount and Giemsa staining), culture, and PCR. Genus-specific primer set (TFR1/TFR2) that amplifies 5.8S rRNA and species-specific primer sets (TV16Sf-2/TV16Sr-2 and TVK3/7) that amplifies 18S rRNA and repetitive DNA, respectively, were used. Patient’s socio-demographic and sexual behaviour data were obtained using a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with R statistical software Version 3.6.3. Results The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis was 4.4% (17/385). Of these, six (1.6%) were positive for microscopic examination, 7 (1.8%) were positive for culture, and 13 (3.4%) for TVK3/7, 15 (3.9%) for TV16Sf/r, and TFR1/2 17 (4.4%) were positive for PCR. Sensitivities of PCR using TFR1/2, TV16Sf/r, and TVK3/7 primer sets were 100%, 88.20%, and 76.50%, respectively, against the expanded gold standard. Trichomoniasis was associated with age above 36 (p = 0.033), not using condoms in last three months (p = 0.016), multiple sex partners (p = 0.001), reason for attendance (p = 0.027), symptomatic nature (p = 0.015), and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases (p = 0.001). Conclusions The study highlighted that age over 36 years, multiple sex partners, not using condoms, reason for attendance, symptomatic nature, and having other sexually transmitted diseases can increase the risk of acquiring trichomoniasis. Furthermore, this study confirmed PCR as highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in comparison to microscopy and culture methods.

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KNOWLEDGE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AMONG MALAYSIAN MALE YOUTHS

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932013000114 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 214-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

HALIMAH AWANG ◽

LI PING WONG ◽

ROHANA JANI ◽

WAH YUN LOW

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Sex Partners ◽

Never Married ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Yeast Infection ◽

Multiple Sex Partners ◽

Sexual Behaviours ◽

Means Of Transmission ◽

Hiv Aids

SummaryThis study examines the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among male youths in Malaysia. A self-administered survey was carried out on a sample of 952 never-married males aged 15–24 years. The respondents were asked about their knowledge of STDs, how these diseases get transmitted and their sexual behaviours. The data showed that 92% of the respondents knew of at least one STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts, yeast infection, trichomoniasis or HIV/AIDS). About 95% of them knew of at least one method of STD transmission. Urban and tertiary-educated male youths showed a substantially higher proportion of awareness of STDs and transmission methods compared with their rural and less-educated counterparts. The data also indicated that 10% of the study sample admitted to having had sexual experiences. There were still a large proportion of the respondents who were not aware of STDs other than syphilis and HIV/AIDS and the means of transmission, such as multiple sex partners, including those who claimed to be sexually active. Thus there is a need for more concerted efforts to disseminate information on STDs and transmission methods to a wider audience in Malaysia, especially youths in rural areas.

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A Review on Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas Vaginalis

Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal ◽

10.18502/tbsrj.v3i3.6925 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Rahmani ◽

Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽

Hamid Mohammadi ◽

Seif Ali Mahdavi

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Pap Smear ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals

Introduction: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which infects the urogenital tract of men and women. Approximately, 250 million new cases of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection are reported worldwide each year. Trichomoniasis is also considered an important HIV co-infection. The infection is often asymptomatic but can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and irritation, foamy discharge, and malodorous smell mucus, but the signs and symptoms of the disease are not sufficient for specific diagnosis. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Only screening and the use of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods can identify asymptomatic individuals. Today, the most common way to diagnose the infection is to use wet slide, Pap smear and culture methods that do not have high sensitivity and specificity. Also, due to the increase in infection and its complications, finding an efficient, rapid, and easy test to detect the parasite and differentiate Trichomoniasis vaginitis from other sexually transmitted diseases is considered important and necessary. Conclusion: Nowadays, there are several diagnostic methods that differentiate trichomoniasis infection from other sexually transmitted infections with high accuracy and sensitivity. Of course, existing diagnostic methods mostly use women's urine and vaginal samples for diagnosis, and methods that specifically diagnose the infection in men are more limited.

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Male Urethritis Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia ◽

10.29021/spdv.79.1.1279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 71-73

Author(s):

Ângela Roda ◽

João Borges-Costa

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Unusual Case ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Men And Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Molecular Assays ◽

The Past ◽

The Impact

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In women, Trichomonas vaginalis infection may present with vaginitis, cervicitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease, while in men it is mainly asymptomatic or causes mild and transient symptoms of urethritis, epididymitis, or prostatitis. In the past, little importance had been given to the impact of T. vaginalis infection on men’s health, since it was believed to be a self-limited condition without sequelae. However, there is growing evidence it is associated with more serious disorders in both men and women and efforts to diagnose and treat this parasitic infection have increased. Recent advances in testing for sexually transmitted diseases using multiplex molecular assays have increased diagnostic opportunities for T. vaginalis infection, especially in men, as detection of the parasite by traditional methods is much more challenging. We describe an unusual case of male urethritis caused by T. vaginalis observed in our consultation of Sexually Transmitted Infections.

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Survival analysis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with and without hepatitis C virus infection at a reference center for sexually transmitted diseases/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in São Paulo, Brazil

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.bjid.2013.06.006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 150-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wong Kuen Alencar ◽

Paulo Schiavom Duarte ◽

Eliseu Alves Waldman

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Survival Analysis ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽

Reference Center ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Acquired Immune Deficiency

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Detection of Trichomonosis in Vaginal and Urine Specimens from Women by Culture and PCR

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.10.3585-3588.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 3585-3588 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Lisa F. Lawing ◽

Spencer R. Hedges ◽

Jane R. Schwebke

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Dna Amplification ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Virus Acquisition ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Urine Specimens

Vaginal trichomonosis is a highly prevalent infection which has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and preterm birth. Culture is the current “gold standard” for diagnosis. As urine-based testing using DNA amplification techniques becomes more widely used for other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, a similar technique for trichomonosis would be highly desirable. Women attending an STD clinic for a new complaint were screened for Trichomonas vaginalis by wet-preparation (wet-prep) microscopy and culture and for the presence of T. vaginalis DNA by specific PCR of vaginal and urine specimens. The presence of trichomonosis was defined as the detection of T. vaginalis by direct microscopy and/or culture from either vaginal samples or urine. The overall prevalence of trichomonosis in the population was 28% (53 of 190). The sensitivity and specificity of PCR using vaginal samples were 89 and 97%, respectively. Seventy-four percent (38 of 51) of women who had a vaginal wet prep or vaginal culture positive for trichomonads had microscopic and/or culture evidence of the organisms in the urine. Two women were positive for trichomonads by wet prep or culture only in the urine. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR using urine specimens were 64 and 100%, respectively. These results indicate that the exclusive use of urine-based detection of T. vaginalis is not appropriate in women. PCR-based detection of T. vaginalis using vaginal specimens may provide an alternative to culture.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Added benefit of nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis among men and women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718449451.793499546 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

David H Martin ◽

Stephanie Taylor

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

Men And Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing ◽

Added Benefit

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Nonsexual Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: An Infrequent Occurrence

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.74.1.67 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 67-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lawrence S. Neinstein ◽

John Goldenring ◽

Sarah Carpenter

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

The United States ◽

Condyloma Acuminata ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

United States Today ◽

Health Care Practitioners ◽

Granuloma Inguinale ◽

Mode Of Transmission

Sexually transmitted diseases occur in epidemic numbers in the United States today. Nonsexual transmission of these diseases is rarely an issue in adults. However, when the same diseases are found in children, the tendency of pediatricians and other health care practitioners has been to believe the mode of transmission is asexual. A review of gonorrhea, Chiamydia trachomatis, herpes genitalis, condyloma acuminata, Trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis, chancroid, and granuloma inguinale infections has been made to address the issue of nonsexual transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Nonsexual transmission of these infections is an infrequent occurrence and when they affect the prepubertal child, sexual abuse must be highly suspected.

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Premature Sexual Activity, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: The Pediatrician's Role as a Counselor

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.10.3.69 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 69-76

Author(s):

Janet B. Hardy

Keyword(s):

Sexual Activity ◽

Sexual Experience ◽

Sex Partners ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Multiple Sex Partners ◽

Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽

Primary Health ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Number Of Births

Physicians providing preventive and primary health care for schoolaged patients are frequently confronted with difficult problems that stem from premature sexual activity among these young people. In this paper a brief description of the scope and potential costs, both human and societal, of these problems is given as background for discussion of the pediatrician's role as counselor and educator in their prevention and management. The high frequency of sexual experience among school-aged girls and boys and the potential devastation that may result from the emerging epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in combination with the pattern of multiple sex partners among adolescents, lend added urgency to the consideration of preventing these problems. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY, ABORTION, AND CHILDBEARING The problems associated with pregnancy and childbirth among adolescents have attracted public concern and controversy since the middle 1970s when the number of births to American teenagers reached its peak. However, even though the number of births in this age group has declined as a result of the legalization of abortion and a decline in the number of teenagers in the population, the likelihood of pregnancy has declined much less, particularly among adolescents, younger than 18 years, and among the youngest teenagers. Among girls 15 years of age and younger, the pregnancy rate has been fairly stable and, among those who are white, it has continued to increase.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Women with Genital Infections in Burkina Faso

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/095646249500600410 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 273-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

N Meda ◽

S Ledru ◽

M Fofana ◽

S Lankoandé ◽

G Soula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Burkina Faso ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Genital Infections ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Bobo Dioulasso

Summary: This study reports the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among gynaecological outpatients presenting at the Bobo-Dioulasso Hospital (Burkina Faso) with genital infections and examines the factors associated with HIV infection in this population. Of 245 eligible non-pregnant women, 220 consented to participate in the study. Seventy-seven per cent had sexually transmitted infections. The most common were: Trichomonas vaginalis (28%), Chlamydia trachomatis (27%), bacterial vaginosis (20%), Candida albicans (17%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 42% (95% ci. 35.3, 48.3). Logistic regression analyses revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae to be the only STD significantly associated with infection with HIV ( P = 0.04). A sedimentation rate greater than or equal to 100 mm in the first hour was also associated with HIV infection ( P < 0.001). Women consulting for genital infections constitute a high risk group for HIV infection and other STDs. Management of these women should focus on the early diagnosis and treatment of STDs.

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