COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional survey

Introduction Studies related to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy are scanty in Bangladesh, despite the growing necessity of understanding the population behavior related to vaccination. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors in Bangladesh to fill the knowledge gap. Methods and materials This study adopted a cross-sectional design to collect data from 1497 respondents using online (Google forms) and face-to-face interviews from eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh between 1–7 February 2021. We employed descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 46.2%. The Muslims (aOR = 1.80, p ≤ 0.01) and the respondents living in the city corporation areas (aOR = 2.14, p ≤0.001) had more hesitancy. There was significant variation in vaccine hesitancy by administrative divisions (geographic regions). Compared to the Sylhet division, the participants from Khulna (aOR = 1.31, p ≤0.001) had higher hesitancy. The vaccine hesitancy tended to decrease with increasing knowledge about the vaccine (aOR = 0.88, p≤0.001) and the vaccination process (aOR = 0.91, p ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, hesitancy increased with the increased negative attitudes towards the vaccine (aOR = 1.17, p≤0.001) and conspiracy beliefs towards the COVID-19 vaccine (aOR = 1.04, p≤0.01). The perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 0.85, p≤0.001) were negatively associated with hesitancy, while perceived barriers (aOR = 1.16, p ≤0.001) were positively associated. The participants were more hesitant to accept the vaccine from a specific country of origin (India, USA, Europe). Conclusions Our findings warrant that a vigorous behavior change communication campaign should be designed and implemented to demystify negative public attitudes and conspiracy beliefs regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine in Bangladesh. The policymakers should also think about revisiting the policy of the online registration process to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, as online registration is a key structural barrier for many due to the persistent digital divide in the country. Finally, the government should consider the population’s preference regarding vaccines’ country of manufacture to reduce the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

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DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 VACCINE ACCEPTANCE AMONG THE GENERAL ADULT POPULATION IN CHENNAI – A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY

10.36106/gjra/3908527 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-14

Author(s):

Monica Kalyanaraman ◽

Parameswari Srijayanth ◽

Srinivas Govindarajulu

Keyword(s):

Public Perception ◽

Online Survey ◽

Adult Population ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccine Acceptance ◽

Total N ◽

Study Objective ◽

The People

Background: Coronavirus outbreak was a highly unpredicted global burden that caused millions of deaths across the world. Vaccination against the infection declines the morbidity and mortality rates. This study objective aims to determine the reasons for the vaccine acceptance. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted through an online survey among the people living in chennai, Tamilnadu. An E-survey Google forms are circulated through the social platforms and email. Excluding the non-response all the data gained was descriptively analyzed. Results: Out of total (n =376 ≥ 18 years) participants majority of them showed High acceptance and got already vaccinated whereas some revealed the fear of vaccine safety and risk effects. Vaccine hesitancy is seen in terms of lack of trust and proper awareness, myths about adverse effects. In addition our ndings positively convey the knowledge of effective preventive measures for infection and proper following of government guidelines. Conclusion: The study outcomes even though shows willingness of the people in receiving the vaccine at some point still a notable interruption is seen. Prioritization should be given to those critical areas to inuence the public perception about vaccine benets because now vaccination is the only essential measure to suppress the healthcare pressure which halts the covid 19 infection.

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Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Zimbabweans: A rapid national survey

10.1101/2021.06.24.21259505 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paddington T Mundagowa ◽

Samantha N Tozivepi ◽

Edward T Chiyaka ◽

Fadzai Mukora-Mutseyekwa ◽

Richard Makurumidze

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Healthcare Worker ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Government ◽

Vaccine Information

Background: To minimize the devastating effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic, scientists hastily developed a vaccine. However, the scaling up of the vaccination is likely to be hindered by the widespread social media misinformation. We, therefore, conducted a study to assess the COVID 19 vaccine hesitancy among Zimbabweans. Methods: We conducted a descriptive online cross-sectional survey using a self administered questionnaire among adults. The questionnaire assessed willingness to be vaccinated; sociodemographic characteristics, individual attitudes and perceptions, effectiveness, and safety of the vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to examine the independent factors associated with vaccine uptake. Results: We analyzed data for 1168 participants, the age range of 19 to 89 years with the majority being females (57.5%). Half (49.9%) of the participants reported that they would accept the COVID 19 vaccine. The majority were uncertain about the effectiveness of the vaccine (76.0%) and its safety (55.0%). About half lacked trust in the government s ability to ensure the availability of an effective vaccine and 61.0% mentioned that they would seek advice from a healthcare worker to vaccinate. Age 55 years and above [vs 18 to 25 years Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.04, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.07 to 3.87], chronic disease [vs no chronic disease AOR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.32 to 2.25], males [vs females AOR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.44 to 2.36] and being a healthcare worker [vs not being a health worker AOR: 1.73, 95%CI: 1.34 to 2.24] were associated with increased likelihood to vaccinate. History of COVID 19 infection [vs no history - AOR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.25 to 0.81) and rural residence [vs urban - AOR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.40 to 1.01] were associated with reduced likelihood to vaccinate. Conclusion: We found half of the participants willing to vaccinate against COVID-19. The majority lacked trust in the government and were uncertain about vaccine effectiveness and safety. The policymakers should consider targeting geographical and demographic groups which were unlikely to vaccinate with vaccine information, education, and communication to improve uptake.

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Novel Predictors of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors Among US Adults: Cross-sectional Survey

Journal of Medical Internet Research ◽

10.2196/23488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. e23488

Author(s):

Ken Resnicow ◽

Elizabeth Bacon ◽

Penny Yang ◽

Sarah Hawley ◽

M Lee Van Horn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Communication ◽

Online Survey ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Central Component ◽

Protective Behaviors ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Conspiracy Beliefs

Background A central component of the public health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic involves encouraging mask wearing and social distancing to protect individuals from acquiring and transmitting the virus. Objective This study aims to understand the psychological factors that drive adoption or rejection of these protective behaviors, which can inform public health interventions to control the pandemic. Methods We conducted an online survey of a representative sample of 1074 US adults and assessed three novel potential predictors of COVID-19 behaviors: trait reactance, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and COVID-19 apocalypse beliefs. Key outcomes (dependent variables) included an index of COVID-19 protective behaviors, the number of trips taken from the home, and COVID-19 knowledge. Results In bivariate analyses, all three predictors were significantly correlated in the hypothesized direction with the three COVID-19 outcomes. Specifically, each predictor was negatively (P<.01) correlated with the COVID-19 protective behaviors index and COVID-19 knowledge score, and positively correlated with trips taken from home per week (more of which was considered higher risk). COVID-19 protective behaviors and COVID-19 knowledge were significantly lower in the top median compared to the bottom median for all three predictors. In general, these findings remained significant after adjusting for all novel predictors plus age, gender, income, education, race, political party, and religiosity. Self-identified Republicans (vs other political affiliations) reported the highest values for each of the novel predictors. Conclusions This study can inform the development of health communication interventions to encourage the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors. Interestingly, we found that higher scores of all three novel predictors were associated with lower COVID-19 knowledge, suggesting that lack of an accurate understanding of the virus may be driving some of these attitudes; although, it is also possible that these attributes may interfere with one’s willingness or ability to seek and absorb accurate health information. These individuals may be particularly immune to accepting new information and yielding their beliefs. Health communication professionals may apply lessons learned from countering similar beliefs around climate change and vaccine hesitancy. Messages designed for individuals prone to reactance may be more effective if they minimize controlling language and emphasize the individual’s independence in adopting these behavioral recommendations. Messaging for those who possess conspiracy beliefs should similarly not assume that providing evidence contrary to these beliefs will alone alter behavior. Other communication techniques such as rolling with resistance, a strategy used in motivational interviewing, may be helpful. Messaging for those with apocalyptic beliefs may require using religious leaders as the message source and using scripture that would support the adoption of COVID-19 protection behaviors.

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Italian public’s views on sharing genetic information and medical information: findings from the ‘Your DNA, Your Say’ study

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16909.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Virginia Romano ◽

Richard Milne ◽

Deborah Mascalzoni

Keyword(s):

Medical Information ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Genomic Medicine ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Profit ◽

For Profit ◽

Italian Regions ◽

The Government ◽

Italian Context

Background: The collection and sharing of genomic and health data underpins global efforts to develop genomic medicine services. ‘Your DNA, Your Say’ is a cross-sectional survey with the goal of gathering lay public attitudes toward the access and sharing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) information and medical information. It suggests significant international variation in the willingness to share information, and in trust in the actors associated with the collection and use of this information. This paper explores these questions in the Italian context. Methods: The Italian Your DNA, Your Say campaign led to the collection of 1229 valid questionnaires. The sample was analysed using standard descriptive statistics. We described the sample in terms of gender, age ranges and self-reported religiosity, and split the sample amongst the five typically studied Italian macro-areas to explore regional variation. We analysed the relationship between these factors and trust and willingness to share medical and DNA information. Results: The majority of the sample, across all socio-demographics, were willing to share DNA and health information with all entities considered except for-profit researchers. Respondents tended not to trust institutions beyond their own doctor. There was no difference between Italian regions. Conclusions: Despite the generally positive attitude towards sharing, we suggest that the lack of trust in non-profit researchers and the government needs to be better understood to inform public communication projects around genomics in the future and to enhance awareness of DNA and medical information in Italy.

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Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Mongolia: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182412903 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (24) ◽

pp. 12903

Author(s):

Davaalkham Dambadarjaa ◽

Gan-Erdene Altankhuyag ◽

Unurtesteg Chandaga ◽

Ser-Od Khuyag ◽

Bilegt Batkhorol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Side Effects ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Online Survey ◽

Adult Population ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Personal View ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccine Information

Vaccine acceptance in the general public is essential in controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study aimed to assess the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the adult population of Mongolia, and determine the associated factors. A total of 2875 individuals from urban and rural areas were recruited, and completed an online survey. Older age, urban residence, previous vaccination, high education, good knowledge of side effects, and a personal view of the importance of vaccines were associated with vaccine acceptability, whereas gender and religion were not. Receiving COVID-19 vaccine information from official government pages was related to a higher acceptance rate. Reliance on social media as a source of COVID-19 vaccine information was associated with high level of vaccine hesitancy. The side effects and the type of the COVID-19 vaccine were a major reason for hesitation. Countering false information regarding COVID-19 vaccines on social media, and promoting vaccine importance on general news websites is necessary. Moreover, providing clear and direct educational materials through official communication channels on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines alongside information on COVID-19 symptoms, vaccine side effects, and location of vaccine administration centers among the younger populations, rural residents, and those with lower education is needed.

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Factors Associated with the Acceptance and Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination among Chinese Healthcare Workers

10.1101/2021.05.15.21257094 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xinxin Ye ◽

Wan Ye ◽

Jinyue Yu ◽

Yuzhen Gao ◽

Ziyang Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Government

Background: Vaccination is a crucial measure in preventing the spread of epidemic. Vaccines targeting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed in a wide range of countries. Objective: This study aims to examine factors influencing vaccination rate and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 among Chinese healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: From 3rd February to 18th February, 2021, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCWs to investigate factors associated with the acceptance and willingness of COVID-19 vaccination. Respondents were classified into two categories, vaccinated and unvaccinated, and, the willingness of vaccination was assessed in the unvaccinated group. Information on socio-demographics and the psychological process of the participants for accepting the vaccine were evaluated. Results: A total of 2156 HCWs from 21 provinces in China responded to this survey (response rate: 98.99%)), among whom 1433 (66.5%) were vaccinated at least one dose. Higher vaccination rates were associated with older age (40-50 years vs. less than 30 years, OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.02-2.58; >50 years vs. 30 years, OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.02-3.52), working as a clinician (OR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.05-2.27), having no personal religion (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.06-1.71), working in a fever clinic (OR=4.50 , 95%CI:1.54-13.17) or higher hospital level(Municipal vs. County, OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.28-3.16; Provincial vs. County, OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.25-3.22) and having knowledge training of vaccine (OR=1.67, 95%CI:1.27-2.22), family history for influenza vaccination (OR=1.887, 95%CI:1.49-2.35) and strong familiarity with the vaccine (OR=1.43, 95%CI:1.05-1.95) (All P<0.05). Strong willingness for vaccination was related to having a working in midwestern China (OR=1.89, 95%CI:1.24-2.89), considerable knowledge of the vaccine (familiar vs. not familiar, OR=1.67, 95%CI: 1.17-2.39; strongly familiar vs. not familiar, OR=2.47, 95%CI: 1.36-4.49), knowledge training of vaccine(OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.05-2.48) and strong confidence in the vaccine (OR=3.84 , 95%CI: 2.09-7.07). Conclusion: Personal characteristics, working environments, familiarity and confidence in the vaccine were related to vaccination rates and willingness to get vaccinated among healthcare workers. Results of this study could provide evidence for the government to improve vaccine coverage by addressing vaccine hesitancy in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

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COVID-19 vaccine acceptances and barriers to vaccination in the context of Kerala: a cross-sectional survey

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20212587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 3352

Author(s):

Sreemol Sunil ◽

Anish K. R. ◽

Sreekutty M. J.

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Safety ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Perceived Benefits ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Government Websites ◽

The Government ◽

Trusted Platform

Background: The long-term control of the pandemic COVID-19 pandemic hinges on the uptake of vaccine and high immunization uptake is critical but barriers to immunization exists. Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top 10 threats to global health. Hesitancy will be a challenge to curbing this pandemic. Apt vaccination strategies are very essential to increase vaccine acceptance.Methods: A cross‐sectional study among the population in Kerala where data was collected through an online questionnaire using Google forms and was distributed using social media platforms. Total of 213 data was collected. Study focused on aspects of vaccine communication, preference of COVID-19 vaccine, perceived benefits, and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and cues of vaccine.Results: 80.2% of the respondents were willing to get vaccinated. 78.9% of the respondents have taken previous vaccinations by the government. 70 of them trust government health care departments and media (82.2%) is the least trusted platform regarding vaccination. 56.3% are not getting enough information on COVID vaccine safety, while 81.2% of the respondents did not receive negative information. A majority of them (64.3%) relied on official government websites for information. Majority agrees to the perceived benefits of COVID-19. 80.3% are willing to take free vaccination. 46.9 % are willing to pay for COVID vaccine.Conclusions: The scenario in Kerala is positive towards the vaccination drive and majority of them are willing to get vaccinated. But strategies must be made effective in terms of elevating the barriers to vaccination.

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What is the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh? A cross-sectional rapid national survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. e050303

Author(s):

Mohammad Ali ◽

Ahmed Hossain

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Low Income ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Past ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Government

ObjectivesTo assess COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh and identify population subgroups with higher odds of vaccine hesitancy.DesignA nationally representative cross-sectional survey was used for this study. Descriptive analyses helped to compute vaccine hesitancy proportions and compare them across groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to compute the adjusted OR.SettingBangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 1134 participants from the general population, aged 18 years and above participated in this study.Outcome measuresPrevalence and predictors of vaccine hesitancy.ResultsOf the total participants, 32.5% showed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Hesitancy was high among respondents who were men, over 60, unemployed, from low-income families, from central Bangladesh, including Dhaka, living in rented houses, tobacco users, politically affiliated, doubtful of the vaccine’s efficacy for Bangladeshis and those who did not have any physical illnesses in the past year. In the multiple logistic regression models, transgender respondents (adjusted OR, AOR=3.62), married individuals (AOR=1.49), tobacco users (AOR=1.33), those who had not experienced any physical illnesses in the past year (AOR=1.49), those with political affiliations with opposition parties (AOR=1.48), those who believed COVID-19 vaccines would not be effective for Bangladeshis (AOR=3.20), and those who were slightly concerned (AOR=2.87) or not concerned at all (AOR=7.45) about themselves or a family member getting infected with COVID-19 in the next year were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (p<0.05).ConclusionsGiven the high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, in order to guarantee that COVID-19 vaccinations are widely distributed, the government and public health experts must be prepared to handle vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine awareness among potential recipients. To address these issues and support COVID-19 immunisation programs, evidence-based educational and policy-level initiatives must be undertaken especially for the poor, older and chronically diseased individuals.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Medical Students: The Next COVID-19 Challenge in Wuhan, China

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.291 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Xudong Gao ◽

Haiyan Li ◽

Wenjie He ◽

Wen Zeng

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Health Department ◽

Vaccine Safety ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Knowledge Questionnaire ◽

Demographic Questionnaire ◽

Vaccination Decision ◽

The Government

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the level of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy among medical students in Wuhan, China, and to identify the factors and barriers associated with their vaccination decision. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was launched with 612 medical students recruited by convenience sampling from six universities. Data collection measures mainly included a demographic questionnaire, COVID-19 vaccine knowledge questionnaire, and the vaccine hesitancy scale. Results: A total of 58.2% of medical students reported vaccine hesitancy. The most common reasons for this were worrying about the side effects of vaccines (44.4%), uncertainty about vaccine safety (40.4%), and underestimating the risk of exposure to COVID-19 (27.9%). The main factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among participants were their knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine, training related to COVID-19 vaccines, family address, and education level (P<0.05). Conclusions: The government, health department and universities in China need to work together and actively communicate with vaccine-hesitant students, establish a standardized COVID-19 vaccine course, and provide on-campus vaccination services.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among the Adult Population in Bangladesh: A Nationally Representative Cross-sectional Survey

10.1101/2021.04.23.21255844 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Bellal Hossain ◽

Md. Zakiul Alam ◽

Md. Syful Islam ◽

Shafayat Sultan ◽

Md. Mahir Faysal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Perceived Barriers ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

List Type ◽

Perceived Benefits ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Conspiracy Beliefs

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe study related to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is scanty in the context of Bangladesh, despite the growing necessity of understanding the mass people’s vaccination-related behavior. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors in Bangladesh to fill the knowledge gap.MethodologyThis study adopted a cross-sectional study design to collect data from 1497 respondents using online (Google forms) and face-to-face interviews. We employed descriptive statistics and multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis.FindingsThe prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 41.1%. Men had less hesitancy (β = -0.046, p = 0.030) than women. The Muslims (β = 0.057, p = 0.009) and the respondents living in the city corporation areas (β = 0.132, p <0.001) had more hesitancy. There was significant variation in vaccine hesitancy by administrative divisions (geographic regions). The vaccine hesitancy tended to decrease with increasing knowledge about the vaccine (β = -0.072, p=0.001) and the vaccination process (β= -0.058, p = 0.018). On the other hand, hesitancy increased with the increased negative attitudes towards vaccine (β = 0.291, p <0.001) and conspiracy beliefs towards the COVID-19 vaccine (β = 0.105, p=0.004). The perceived severity of the COVID-19 (β = -0.079, p=0.002) and perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination (β = -0.180, p=0.001) were negatively associated with hesitancy, while perceived barriers (β = 0.180, p <0.001) were positively associated. The participants were more hesitant to accept the vaccine from a specific manufacturer.ConclusionThis study emphasizes that negative attitudes and conspiracies towards the COVID-19 vaccine should be reduced through effective communications and contracting with additional vaccine manufacturers should be prioritized. The barriers like online registration for receiving the COVID-19 vaccination need to be removed, and initiatives like text message service using the mobile phone operator can be introduced.HighlightsAbout 41% of the respondents had had hesitancy to accept the COVID-19 vaccine.The hesitancy increased with negative attitudes about vaccines and conspiracy beliefs.Perceived barriers to receive the vaccine were increasing vaccine hesitancy.Perceived severity of the COVID-19 decreased the vaccine hesitancy.Perceived benefits of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine decreased the vaccine hesitancy.

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