scholarly journals The Queen of Navarre and a queen from Navarre: Comparing the experience of queenship of Leonor de Trastámara and Joan of Navarre

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Elena Woodacre
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Carlos Iii

This article offers an intensive comparison of two queen consorts, Leonor de Trastámara, consort of Carlos III of Navarre (r. 1387-1425) and her sister-in-law, Joan of Navarre, consort of Henry IV of England (r. 1399-1413). Key similarities and differences in their lives and experience of queenship are revealed by an examination of the major ceremonies that marked their tenure as consort and their personal exercise of the queen’s office. As well as bringing greater illumination to their individual lives, the comparison also deepens our understanding of queenship, not only in Navarre and England, but more broadly in the later middle ages.

scholarly journals Dynamics and conceptual model of the Rossena castle landslide (Northern Apennines, Italy)

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chelli ◽  
G. Mandrone ◽  
A. Ruffini ◽  
G. Truffelli
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Northern Apennines ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
The Road ◽  
Landslide Hazards ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
The Village

Abstract. In the Northern Apennines there are many historical villages and castles, which are of great value and represent a cultural heritage of great importance. Their presence within a territory greatly affected by landslide hazards creates, in many circumstances, the need to solve problems of land management and to act for the preservation of historical monuments. This paper describe an interesting landslide, failed during the night of 28 February 2004, that involved the village of Rossena: the failure damaged the village (Fig. 1), the road and the fields down to the stream but, fortunately, the castle just upslope the village was not involved at all. The 10th century massive castle of Rossena stands on the top of a cliff at about 500 m a.s.l., on the border between the provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia, and it is surrounded by a small ancient village. The castle of Rossena is the best preserved stronghold of the Longobard times, enlarged and reinforced in the tenth century and partially rebuilt by Bonifacio, the father of Matilda of Canossa (the Vice-Queen of Italy and probably the most important woman in the Middle Ages) as a defensive structure guarding the Enza Valley. In addition, at Conossa, very close to Rossena, there was the meeting between Pope Gregory VII and the Emperor of Germany Henry IV, during the historical event known as "fight for the investitures". For these reasons, the area of Rossena is one of the most relevant from a historical point of view in the entire western part of the Emilia Romagna Region and it also has a high value as a geosite (Coratza et al., 2004).  

scholarly journals A Crisis in the Middle Ages

1889 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
James Clement Moffat
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Private Capacity ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
The Middle Ages

Pope Gregory VII. had pronounced excommunication upon Henry IV., Emperor of Germany, and divided the German princes. The latter held a meeting, at which it was resolved that Gregory should be invited to Augsburg to hear, in an assembly of the princes, all the charges against their emperor, after which the final decision of the case should be left to the pope. But if Henry, by any fault of his own, remained under excommunication a year, he should be considered incapable of ruling forever. Meanwhile he was to live in a private capacity.

scholarly journals К вопросу о страдательном залоге в языках, распространенных на берегу Балтийского моря, с акцентом на севернорусском диалекте

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382
Author(s):  
Арпад Орос
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
The North ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Hanseatic League ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Russian Dialect ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

The two characteristics of the passive voice found in the North Russian dialect and in other Circum-Baltic languages, the accusative case of the patient or theme as an argument of a verb with passive morphology and intransitive verbs passivized raise a number of related questions. The author of the present paper explores the issues under discussion from an areal-historical perspective, concluding that the aforementioned languages have a tendency for the agent to be the same element as the subject and the patient or theme to be the same element as the (direct) object of the sentence. In the North Russian dialect, we can see an example where the above fact holds true irrespective of whether the verb has an active or a passive morphology as the theme of the sentence assumes the accusative case regardless of whether it is an argument of a verb in the active or in the passive voice.The question as to what lexical elements can function as subjects is itself interesting. Moreover, there seems to be a correlation between what level of abstraction the syntactic category of subject has reached in a language and the existence of a pure passive mean- ing. The less abstract the category of subject is, as in case of Circum-Baltic languages, the farther structures with a passive morphology seem to be from a pure passive meaning. In languages such as English, however, where virtually any noun can function as a subject, there seems to be a pure passive meaning and there is only one morphological way of form- ing passive sentences.The nature of linguistic similarities found in genetically less related languages spoken in the same area has been given a number of varied accounts. The most salient of them ap- pears to be B. Drinka’s explanation based on the influence of Western European languages on ones spoken in the East of the area where once the Hanseatic League existed in the middle ages and I. Seržant’s theory concerning the foregrounding of the agent as passive structures with a stative interpretation gradually assumed a dynamic one.In fact, participles in the North Russian dialect ending in -n / -t can express a dynam- ic, that is, eventive interpretation with a perfect meaning and can even co-occur with the -sja / -s’ postfix, the latter phenomenon being absolutely unimaginable in Standard Russian, where the two affixes are in complementary distribution. The author assumes that the topic should be studied from the perspective of sociology and cultural anthropology as well since linguistic similarities and differences often reflect similarities and differences in thinking beyond the realm of linguistics.

An English Grammar School ca. 1450: Latin Exercises from Exeter (Caius College MS 417/447, folios 16v–24v)

Traditio ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 261-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Orme
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
School Education ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Eton College ◽  
Selection Of

Our knowledge of school education in medieval England has been immeasurably advanced during the last fifty years or so by the study of school textbooks. When the topic of medieval English schools was first identified in the 1890s, by A. F. Leach and others, it centered chiefly on their organization. Scholars collected references to their existence and continuity, together with the rather sparse records of their constitutions, masters, and pupils. Then, in the 1940s, the late R. W. Hunt drew attention to the manuscripts by which Latin and English were taught and studied in schools, a source that has since been explored by other writers. The study of manuscripts, it is now clear, enables us to understand much of what the schools taught, to gauge better the objectives and standards of school education, and to measure the similarities and differences between schools. Some of the surviving manuscripts cannot be attributed to particular schools, masters, or pupils, and therefore form a guide to education only in general. Others can be more exactly located. Dr. David Thomson, who has studied twenty-four fifteenth-century school manuscripts that contain material in Latin and English, is able to link at least half to particular schools, including Basingwerk Abbey (north Wales), Battlefield College (Shropshire), Beccles (Suffolk), Eton College (Bucks.), Exeter (Devon), St. Anthony's School (London), Magdalen College School (Oxford), St. Albans (Herts.), and Winchester College (Hants.). Other manuscripts can be attributed to Barlinch Priory (Somerset), Newgate School Bristol (Gloucs.), and Lincoln or its vicinity. This is a wide selection of places, geographically and institutionally. There are schools connected with monasteries (Barlinch and Basingstoke), fee-paying town grammar schools (Beccles, Exeter, and St. Albans), and the free grammar schools endowed during the later Middle Ages, such as Eton, St. Anthony's London, Magdalen College Oxford, and Winchester.

Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier

1991 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Pavlac
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
German History ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Territorial Politics ◽  
The Church

In medieval German history excommunication, when considered at all, is usually examined from the perspective of the conflicts between empire and papacy, such as that between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV. Like the pope, the bishops of the German Empire were armed with the power to excommunicate. Excommunication therefore figured in local, regional politics, especially in the creation of territorial principalities within the German Empire. Territorial principalities formed during the High Middle Ages when the kingship weakened, and various powerful lords, secular and spiritual, began to build states which eventually gained near-autonomous status within the empire. When a secular dynastic lord struggled to expand his dominion over land and people, he often encroached upon church lands. To defend their churches bishops could and often did excommunicate their perceived oppressors. These regional conflicts were complicated by the dual role of prince-bishops: spiritual princes of the church and secular princes of empire. In competition with the lay nobility, prince-bishops were expanding their own secular dominions.

scholarly journals La escritura de la Historia en la Baja Edad Media: deseo racional versus propaganda política. La mentalidad de los cronistas / Writing History during the Late Medieval Ages: Rational Wish versus Political Propaganda. The Chroniclers Mentality

2017 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Josué Villa Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Political Propaganda ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Chronicles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This article examines the tensions between the wish to write an impartial history, in the late medieval chroniclers, and their work developed under patronage of political authorities. Three double groups of late medieval chronicles are distinguished (royal and general, Castilian and Aragon, Romanic and Latin), each of them to design different purposes with different strategies in their discourses. The list of examined authors includes Rada, Ayala, Pérez de Guzmán, Cartagena, Arévalo, Palencia, Domenech, Tomic, Viana, Turell, Valla, Margarit, and Carbonell. In order to find influences, similarities and differences, an approach to conception of their historical writing is offered too.Key WordsHistoriography, chronicle, late Middle Ages, political discourse, propaganda of power, history of ideas.ResumenEl presente artículo analiza las tensiones existentes, en los cronistas bajomedievales, entre su voluntad de escribir una historia imparcial y su trabajo desarrollado bajo el patrocinio de las autoridades políticas. Se distinguen tres grupos dobles de crónicas bajomedievales (reales y generales, castellanas y aragonesas, romances y latinas), cada uno de los cuales dotado de una intencionalidad distinta y de distintas estrategias en sus propios discursos. La lista de autores examinados incluye a Rada, Ayala, Pérez de Guzmán, Cartagena, Arévalo, Palencia, Domenech, Tomic, Viana, Turell, Valla, Margarit y Carbonell. Se ofrece, además, una aproximación a la concepción de su forma de escribir historia, detectando influencias, similitudes y diferencias.Palabras claveHistoriografía, crónicas, baja Edad Media, discursos políticos, propaganda del poder, historia de las ideas.

Gunpowder, Militarization, and Threshold Ecologies in Henry IV Part Two and Macbeth

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
As You Like It ◽  
Humanist Education ◽  
Henry Iv

The disputed land-uses and cultivation practices represented in As You Like It responded to unprecedented changes in Elizabethan climate, population, and economic relations. Traditional modes of rural dwelling were no longer protected by virtue of their rural isolation or autonomy, but were becoming inescapably tied to national and global orders of competitive growth and resource exploitation. Perhaps the most disruptive of these modernizing turns was the development of gunpowder technologies and the armament industry. As in other western European countries, military culture became ubiquitous in England by the late sixteenth century as a result of innovations in gunpowder weapons and the formation of national armies. During the Middle Ages, low-tech weaponry and feudal mobilization had limited the social and environmental impacts of war. This situation began to change from the fifteenth century onwards with the development of far more deadly cannons, mines, and firearms. Influenced partly by the Erasmian ethics of his Humanist education (like Queen Elizabeth and King James in their attitudes to war), Shakespeare drew attention to gunpowder’s devastating effects on human and non-human animals and their environments in virtually all his history plays and several of his tragedies, even thoughmost of these references were anachronistic. By layering historical and contemporary viewpoints he registered changing material realities and cultural assumptions about the ecology of war: from self-regulating cycles of martial destruction and agrarian regeneration, to incremental technological mastery reliant on ever-increasing resource consumption. Traditional ideas about redeeming war through cultivation are captured by the Virgilian image of beating swords into ploughshares. It suggests that peacetime cultivation will heal wartime damage, and that periods of war and peace routinely alternate. The swordsinto-ploughshares trope also encodes temporal assumptions that the arc of catastrophe, in its political, ecological, and dramatic senses, is limited in scope and ultimately reversible. In this chapter I want to examine the emerging gunpowder regime putting pressure on this paradigm, and replacing it with modern structures of recoiling environmental risk and planetary push-back, represented in Henry IV Part Two and Macbeth respectively.

Good Advice and Little Medicine: The Professional Authority of Early Modern English Physicians

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Professional Authority ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Good Advice

Henry:Then you perceive the body of our kingdom, How foul it is;What rank diseases grow, and with what danger, near the heart of it.Warwick:It is but body, yet distempered, Which to his formerStrength may be restored with good advise and little medicine.[Shakespeare,Henry IV]Shakespeare's words remind us that in the learned traditions of Renaissance Europe, good advice remained more important than potent medicines for restoring both physical and political states to their previous strengths. As the lord advised the king, so a physician advised his patient, or lawyer his client, or minister his flock: preventing troubles was worth far more than cure, and the best remedy even when matters went wrong was good advice on how to return to a state of harmony. Still, plenty of quacks in politics and medicine, law and church, advocated strong measures, not helping people to live in accordance with their world but attempting to alter the conditions under which they lived. Bad advice and powerful remedies seemed to be everywhere, trampling good council and temperate behavior. The connections between learning and authority that lay behind claims to authority in general are especially well illuminated by the ways in which the physicians argued for possessing, maintaining, and extending their professional privileges.Among all the number and variety of medical practitioners in early modern England, one small group self-consciously considered itself to be professional: the physicians. As one of the three learned professions surviving from the Middle Ages, the “medical profession” has been a crucial test case for various definitions of what a profession is or was.

scholarly journals Ahmadi Khani's epic "Mam u Zin" based on Epic Characteristics

Twejer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-244
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Mohammed Ebrahim ◽  
◽  
Sirwan Jabar Amin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Middle Ages

Epic is one of the oldest genres in many nations' literature and has occupied an excellent area of world literature. From birth to the middle ages, one of the first genres of literature of many nations It was epic that became the primary genre of the era from Sumerians to Greeks and Romans, and later in the middle centuries. This genre has its specific characteristics and principles that have become the genre's identity for all of the texts under this genre. These characteristics have created the basis for similarities and differences for the literary texts placed under this literary genre. Epic has occupied a special place and states in the literature of the Kurdish nation. Although the Kurdish sample of epic was not like the global model, it still possesses many global epic criteria and assumptions. From this perspective, this research attempts to show how Ahmadi Khani's epic "Mam u Zin" is committed to the characteristics and principles of this genre. In this context, an explanation and analysis have been made for the epic

scholarly journals Turkic Ethnic Realities in the Medieval Manuscript of Kipchak Origin

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Gulnar Nadirova ◽  
Nazym Konkabayeva ◽  
Bayan Zhubatova ◽  
Kunduzay Aubakirova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Medieval Manuscript ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
State Library ◽  
Turkish Language

<p>The purpose of our work was to analyze the ethnic realities of the Kipchak language in order to establish its similarities and differences with modern Turkic languages for which this medieval language was a proto-language. The written medieval manuscript in Arabic “Al-Tuhfa al-Zakiyya fi al-Lugha al-Turkiyyah” (Genuine wonder about the Turkish language) was one of the most important and most valuable source for studying the Kipchak language. The main feature of the work was that the original version was written in the Kipchak, as the anonymous author pointed out on the first page of the manuscript, stored in Istanbul, in the Beyazit state library. When studying objects that were far apart from each other in a temporary sense, such as medieval and modern languages, we used the comparative-historical method, and as a result concluded that in some cases there were only phonetic differences, while the syntactic and semantic commonality of lexical and phraseological units persisted. To classify ethnic realities, the statistical method of analysis was used. Ethnographic, cultural and mental realities testified to direct kinship and a single nomadic culture of the speakers of the languages of this group and provided an opportunity to restore the historical stages of the development of the Turkic languages from the Middle Ages to the present day.</p>

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