scholarly journals A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Mohammed Jajere
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Salmonella Infections

Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes >2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI- 2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella in the United States from 1948 to 1995

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 2567-2571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Tadesse ◽  
Aparna Singh ◽  
Shaohua Zhao ◽  
Mary Bartholomew ◽  
Niketta Womack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1950S

ABSTRACTWe conducted a retrospective study of 2,149 clinicalSalmonellastrains to help document the historical emergence of antimicrobial resistance. There were significant increases in resistance to older drugs, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, which were most common inSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium. An increase in multidrug resistance was observed for each decade since the 1950s. These data help show howSalmonellaevolved over the past 6 decades, after the introduction of new antimicrobial agents.

PREVALENCE OF CLASS 1 INTEGRONS IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF NON-TYPHOIDAL $SALMONELLA~ENTERICA$ CIRCULATED IN ARMENIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1 (254)) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Magdalina K. Zakharyan
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Class 1

A total of 182 non-typhoid Salmonella enterica (NTS) isolates recovered from patients between 1996 and 2014 were included in the current study focused on class 1 integron detection and its association with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. A high prevalence of isolates displaying MDR and penta-resistance (resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline) phenotypes of clinical significance was revealed. Serotype-specific prevalence of antimicrobial resistance as well as class 1 integrons and inserted variable segments was detected in isolates. The results indicated the limitations of current antimicrobial therapy to control infections caused by MDR isolates of NTS, especially belonging to serotype Typhimurium.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Assessment of Antipneumococcal Susceptibility in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 2651-2655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Renée Blosser-Middleton ◽  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Elena Karginova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 4,940 U.S. pneumococcal isolates collected during 1999 was as follows: penicillin, 16.2%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 12.2%; cefuroxime, 28.1%; ceftriaxone, 3.6%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 30.3%; azithromycin, 21.4%; levofloxacin, 0.6%; and moxifloxacin, 0.1%. Compared to the previous 1997-1998 study (Jones et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2645-2652, 2000), increases were noted for resistance to penicillin (3.7%; P < 0.001), amoxicillin-clavulanate (3.9%; P < 0.001), cefuroxime (5.7%; P < 0.001), azithromycin (2.4%; P = 0.014), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.4%; P < 0.001), and levofloxacin (0.3%; P = 0.017). Resistance to ceftriaxone (0.1%; P = 0.809) and moxifloxacin (0.03%; P = 0.570) decreased. Concurrently, multidrug resistance increased (P < 0.001) from 6.3% to 11.3%.

scholarly journals Increased Resistance to Multiple Antimicrobials and Altered Resistance Gene Expression in CMY-2-Positive Salmonella enterica following a Simulated Patient Treatment with Ceftriaxone

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (22) ◽  
pp. 8062-8066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D. Hamilton ◽  
Holly J. Hulsebus ◽  
Samina Akbar ◽  
Jeffrey T. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simulated Patient ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTSalmonellosis is one of the most common causes of food-borne disease in the United States. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and corresponding increases in virulence present serious challenges. Currently, empirical therapy for invasiveSalmonella entericainfection includes either ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin (E. L. Hohmann, Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:263–269, 2001). TheblaCMY-2gene confers resistance to ceftriaxone, the antimicrobial of choice for pediatric patients with invasiveSalmonella entericainfections, making these infections especially dangerous (J. M. Whichard et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:1464–1466, 2005). We hypothesized thatblaCMY-2-positiveSalmonella entericawould exhibit increased MICs to multiple antimicrobial agents and increased resistance gene expression following exposure to ceftriaxone using a protocol that simulated a patient treatmentin vitro. SevenSalmonella entericastrains survived a simulated patient treatmentin vitroand, following treatment, exhibited a significantly increased ceftriaxone MIC. Not only would these isolates be less responsive to further ceftriaxone treatment, but because theblaCMY-2genes are commonly located on large, multidrug-resistant plasmids, increased expression of theblaCMY-2gene may be associated with increased expression of other drug resistance genes located on the plasmid (N. D. Hanson and C. C. Sanders, Curr. Pharm. Des. 5:881–894, 1999). The results of this study demonstrate that a simulated patient treatment with ceftriaxone can alter the expression of antimicrobial resistance genes, includingblaCMY-2andfloRinS. entericaserovar Typhimurium andS. entericaserovar Newport. Additionally, we have shown increased MICs following a simulated patient treatment with ceftriaxone for tetracycline, amikacin, ceftriaxone, and cefepime, all of which have resistance genes commonly located on CMY-2 plasmids. The increases in resistance observed are significant and may have a negative impact on both public health and antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonella enterica.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determinants in European Salmonella Genomic Island 1-Positive Salmonella enterica Isolates from Different Origins

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (16) ◽  
pp. 5655-5664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Beutlich ◽  
Silke Jahn ◽  
Burkhard Malorny ◽  
Elisabeth Hauser ◽  
Stephan Hühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strain Collection

ABSTRACTSalmonellagenomic island 1 (SGI1) contains a multidrug resistance region conferring the ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance phenotype encoded byblaPSE-1,floR,aadA2,sul1, andtet(G). Its increasing spread via interbacterial transfer and the emergence of new variants are important public health concerns. We investigated the molecular properties of SGI1-carryingSalmonella entericaserovars selected from a European strain collection. A total of 38 strains belonging toS. entericaserovar Agona,S. entericaserovar Albany,S. entericaserovar Derby,S. entericaserovar Kentucky,S. entericaserovar Newport,S. entericaserovar Paratyphi B dT+, andS. entericaserovar Typhimurium, isolated between 2002 and 2006 in eight European countries from humans, animals, and food, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular typing methods (XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], plasmid analysis, and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis [MLVA]), as well as detection of resistance and virulence determinants (PCR/sequencing and DNA microarray analysis). Typing experiments revealed wide heterogeneity inside the strain collection and even within serovars. PFGE analysis distinguished a total of 26 different patterns. In contrast, the characterization of the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance revealed serovar-specific features. Apart from the classical SGI1 organization found in 61% of the strains, seven different variants were identified with antimicrobial resistance properties associated with SGI1-A (S. Derby), SGI1-C (S. Derby), SGI1-F (S. Albany), SGI1-L (S. Newport), SGI1-K (S. Kentucky), SGI1-M (S.Typhimurium), and, eventually, a novel variant similar to SGI1-C with additional gentamicin resistance encoded byaadB. Only minor serovar-specific differences among virulence patterns were detected. In conclusion, the SGI1 carriers exhibited pathogenetic backgrounds comparable to the ones published for susceptible isolates. However, because of their multidrug resistance, they may be more relevant in clinical settings.

scholarly journals An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril ◽  
Natasha Butz ◽  
Maria Belen Cadenas ◽  
Matthew Koci ◽  
Anne Ballou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella -contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, a manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella , the global regulator gene fnr ( f umarate n itrate r eduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (attST) or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of the cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:− (Nal r ) strain and determined the clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus , while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillus reuteri . The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after a Salmonella challenge. IMPORTANCE With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (supershedders). The supershedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that a manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by the administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.

scholarly journals Multidrug Resistance Dynamics in Salmonella in Food Animals in the United States: An Analysis of Genomes from Public Databases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Pires ◽  
Jana S. Huisman ◽  
Sebastian Bonhoeffer ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the number of genomes deposited in public repositories. This growing volume of information presents opportunities to track the prevalence of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing threat to the health of humans and animals.

High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Estonia in 2005 and 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1940-1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATI ROASTO ◽  
KADRIN JUHKAM ◽  
TERJE TAMME ◽  
ARI HÖRMAN ◽  
LIIDIA HÄKKINEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
National Veterinary Institute ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
High Level

The development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is a matter of increasing concern. Because campylobacteriosis is transmitted to humans usually via food of animal origin, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant campylobacters in broiler chickens has important public health implications. The aim of our study was to analyze resistance patterns of C. jejuni isolated from fecal samples collected at a large Estonian chicken farm, from cecal contents collected at slaughterhouses, and from meat samples collected at the retail establishments in 2005 and 2006. A total of 131 C. jejuni isolates were collected over a 13-month period and tested by the broth microdilution VetMIC method (National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden) to determine the MICs of various antimicrobials. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 104 (79.4%) of the 131 isolates. High proportions of the isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (73.3%) and nalidixic acid (75.6%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more unrelated antimicrobials) was detected in 36 isolates (27.5%), all of which were resistant to enrofloxacin. Multidrug resistance was significantly associated with enrofloxacin resistance (P &lt; 0.01), and the use of enrofloxacin may select for multiresistant strains.

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