Risk Factors for Pulmonary Cement Embolism (PCE) After Polymethylmethacrylate Augmentation: Analysis of 32 PCE Cases

Objective: Pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) is an underestimated but potentially fatal complication after cement augmentation. Although the treatment and follow-up of PCE have been reported in the literature, the risk factors for PCE are so far less investigated. This study aims to identify the preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for the development of PCE.Methods: A total of 1,373 patients treated with the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation technique were retrospectively included. Patients with PCE were divided into vertebral augmentation group and screw augmentation group. Possible risk factors were collected as follows: age, sex, bone mineral density, body mass index, diagnosis, comorbidity, surgical procedure, type of screw, augmented level, number of augmented vertebrae, fracture severity, presence of intravertebral cleft, cement volume, marked leakage in the paravertebral venous plexus, and periods of surgery. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to analyze independent risk factors for PCE.Results: PCE was identified in 32 patients, with an incidence rate of 2.33% (32 of 1,373). For patients who had undergone vertebral augmentation, marked leakage in the paravertebral venous plexus (odds ratio [OR], 0.012; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.001–0.103; p = 0.000) and previous surgery (OR, 0.161; 95% CI, 0.042–0.610; p = 0.007) were independent risk factors for PCE. Regarding patients who had undergone screw augmentation, the marked leakage in the paravertebral venous plexus (OR, 0.042; 95% CI, 0.005–0.373; p = 0.004) was the main risk factor.Conclusion: Marked leakage in the paravertebral venous plexus and previous surgery were significant risk factors related to PCE. Paravertebral leakage and operator experience should be concerned when performing PMMA augmentation.

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Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for schizophrenia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.170.2.128 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 170 (2) ◽

pp. 128-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Christina M. Hultman ◽

Arne Öhman ◽

Sven Cnattingius ◽

Ing-Marie Wieselgren ◽

Leif H. Lindström

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Summary Score ◽

Obstetric Complications ◽

Physical Size ◽

Small Head ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Birth Records

BackgroundThe present study examines the effects of independent, single pre- and perinatal risk factors and rates of obstetric complications upon the subsequent development of schizophrenia.MethodThis study was based on prospectively recorded birth records of 107 cases (82 with schizophrenic disorders and 25 with other psychotic reactions) and 214 controls, individually matched by gender and time and place of birth. Variables univariately associated with significantly elevated risk were entered in a logistic regression model.ResultsA high non-optimality summary score (> or = 7 complications of 34 possible) was a significant risk estimate for the total index group (OR 4.58, 95% CI 1.74–12.03) and the 82 schizophrenic patients (OR 3.67, CI 1.30–10.36). Patients with 2–6 complications also had an increased, although lower, risk (OR 1.67, CI 1.02–2.75). A disproportionate birth weight for body length (OR 3.57, CI 1.77–7.19) and a small head circumference (OR 3.93, CI 1.32–11.71) were the strongest independent risk factors.ConclusionsA contribution of obstetric complications to the risk of schizophrenia was confirmed. Only aberrations in physical size remained as individual independent risk factors.

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Factors Affecting Patients with Concurrent Deep Neck Infection and Acute Epiglottitis

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics12010029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Chia-Ying Ho ◽

Yu-Chien Wang ◽

Shy-Chyi Chin ◽

Shih-Lung Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Airway Obstruction ◽

Parapharyngeal Space ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Deep Neck Infection ◽

Acute Epiglottitis ◽

Neck Infection ◽

Submandibular Space ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Deep neck infection (DNI) is a serious disease of deep neck spaces that can lead to morbidities and mortality. Acute epiglottitis (AE) is a severe infection of the epiglottis, which can lead to airway obstruction. However, there have been no studies of risk factors in patients with concurrent DNI and AE. This study was performed to investigate this issue. A total of 502 subjects with DNI were enrolled in the study between June 2016 and August 2021. Among these patients, 30 had concurrent DNI and AE. The relevant clinical variables were assessed. In a univariate analysis, involvement of the parapharyngeal space (OR = 21.50, 95% CI: 2.905–158.7, p < 0.001) and involvement of the submandibular space (OR = 2.064, 95% CI: 0.961–4.434, p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for concurrent DNI and AE. In a multivariate analysis, involvement of the parapharyngeal space (OR = 23.69, 95% CI: 3.187–175.4, p = 0.002) and involvement of the submandibular space (OR = 2.465, 95% CI: 1.131–5.375, p < 0.023) were independent risk factors for patients with concurrent DNI and AE. There were no differences in pathogens, therapeutic managements (tracheostomy, intubation, surgical drainage), or hospital staying period between the 30 patients with concurrent DNI and AE and the 472 patients with DNI alone (all p > 0.05). However, we believe it is significant that DNI and AE are concurrent because both DNI and AE potentially cause airway obstruction, and concurrence of these two diseases make airway protection more difficult. The infections in critical spaces may cause the coincidence of these two diseases. Involvement of the parapharyngeal space and involvement of the submandibular space were independent risk factors associated with concurrent DNI and AE. There were no differences in pathogens between the concurrent DNI and AE group and the DNI alone group.

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Bleeding, thrombosis and transfusion in patients on ECMO: A retrospective study in a tertiary center in Hong Kong

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/0391398820965584 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 039139882096558

Author(s):

Ka Man Fong ◽

Shek Yin Au ◽

George Wing Yiu Ng ◽

Anne Kit Hung Leung

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Bleeding Complications ◽

Bleeding Events ◽

Tertiary Center ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Purpose: Use of anticoagulation in patients on ECMO, especially in Chinese, has always been difficult. This study aimed to review the incidence of bleeding, thrombosis, and transfusion requirement in Chinese ECMO patients and to identify risk factors for bleeding complications. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of a tertiary hospital from 2010 to 2018. Patients aged ⩾18 years who received ECMO were included. The primary outcome was incidence of bleeding. Secondary outcomes included ICU mortality, hospital mortality, and length of the ICU and hospital stay. Results: Of the 130 patients, 55(42.3%) had at least one bleeding events and thrombosis occurred in 37(28.5%). A lower fibrinogen level (adjusted OR 0.56 (0.36–0.86), p = 0.009), bloodstream infection (adjusted OR 2.76 (1.01–7.53), p = 0.047) and longer duration on ECMO (adjusted OR 1.14 (1.02–1.27), p = 0.018) were independently associated with occurrence of bleeding. APTT (adjusted OR 0.99 (0.97–1.01), p = 0.370) and platelet count (adjusted OR 1.00 (0.98–1.01), p = 0.632) were not statistically significant risk factors for bleeding events. Conclusions: Bleeding and thrombosis were common complications in Chinese patients receiving ECMO. Hypofibrinogenemia and bloodstream infection, but not APTT nor platelet counts, were independent risk factors for bleeding events.

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Identification of Intermediate- to High-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients Who May Be Safely Managed without the Performance of Delayed Stimulated Thyroglobulin Measurements following Total Thyroidectomy and Radioactive Iodine Therapy

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2015/318916 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Kyung-Hee Kim ◽

Min-Hee Kim ◽

Ye-Jee Lim ◽

Ihn Suk Lee ◽

Ja-Seong Bae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Total Thyroidectomy ◽

Radioactive Iodine ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Disease Status ◽

Radioactive Iodine Therapy ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Background. The measurement of stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) after total thyroidectomy and remnant radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is the gold standard for monitoring disease status in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The aim of this study was to determine whether sTg measurement during follow-up can be avoided in intermediate- and high-risk PTC patients.Methods. A total of 346 patients with PTCs with an intermediate or high risk of recurrence were analysed. All of the patients underwent total thyroidectomy as well as remnant RAI ablation and sTg measurements. Preoperative and postoperative parameters were included in the analysis.Results. Among the preoperative parameters, age below 45 years and preoperative Tg above 19.4 ng/mL were significant risk factors for predicting detectable sTg during follow-up. Among the postoperative parameters, thyroid capsular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and ablative Tg above 2.9 ng/mL were independently correlated with a detectable sTg range. The combination of ablative Tg less than 2.9 ng/mL with pre- and postoperative independent risk factors for detectable sTg increased the negative predictive value for detectable sTg up to 98.5%.Conclusions. Based on pre- and postoperative parameters, a substantial proportion of patients with PTCs in the intermediate- and high-risk classes could avoid aggressive follow-up measures.

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Risk Factors for Silent Cerebral Infarcts in a Pediatric Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) Cohort

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.2487.2487 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 2487-2487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francoise Bernaudin ◽

Suzanne Verlhac ◽

Annie Kamdem ◽

Cécile Arnaud ◽

Lena Coïc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

G6pd Deficiency ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

History Of ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Background Silent infarcts are associated with impaired cognitive functioning and have been shown to be predictors of stroke (Miller ST J Pediatr 2001). Until now, reported risk factors for silent infarcts were low pain event rate, history of seizures, high leukocyte count and Sen bS haplotype (Kinney TR Pediatrics 1999). Here, we seek to define the prevalence and risk factors of silent infarcts in the Créteil SCA pediatric cohort comprising patients assessed at least yearly by transcranial doppler (TCD) since 1992, and by MRI/MRA. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed data from the Créteil cohort stroke-free SS/Sb0 children (280; 134 F, 146 M), according to institutional review board. Time-averaged mean of maximum velocities higher than 200 cm/sec were considered as abnormal, resulting in initiation of a transfusion program (TP). A switch to hydroxyurea was proposed to patients with normalized velocities (< 170 cm/sec) and normal MRA on TP, although TP was re-initiated in case of abnormal velocities recurrence. Patients with “conditional” velocities (170–199 cm/sec) were assessed by TCD 4 times yearly. Alpha genes and beta-globin haplotypes were determined. Baseline biological parameters (G6PD activity; WBC, PMN, Reticulocytes, Platelets counts; Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, HbF, LDH levels; MCV; SpO2) were obtained a minimum of 3 months away from a transfusion, one month from a painful episode, after 12 months of age, before the first TCD, and always before therapy intensification. Results. Patients were followed for a total of 2139 patient-years. Alpha-Thal was present in 114/254 patients (45%) and 27/241 (11.2%) had G6PD deficiency. Beta genotype, available in 240 patients, was BaBa in 102 (42.5%), BeBe in 54 (22.5%), SeSe in 19 (7.9%) and “other” in 65 (27.1%); TCD was abnormal in 52 of 280 patients (18.6%). MRA showed stenoses in 30 of 226 evaluated patients (13.3%) while MRI demonstrated presence of silent infarcts in 81/280 patients (28.9%). Abnormal TCD (p<0.001), G6PD deficiency (p=0.008), high LDH (p=0.03), and low Hb (p=0.026) were significant risk factors for stenoses by univariate analysis while multivariate analysis retained only abnormal TCD as a significant risk factor for stenoses ([OR= 10.6, 95% CI (4.6–24.4)]; p<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of silent infarcts was not related to alpha-Thal, beta genotype, abnormal TCD, WBC, PMN, platelets, reticulocyte counts, MCV, LDH level, HbF %, pain or ACS rates but was significantly associated with stenoses detected by MRA (p<0.001), gender (male; p=0.04), G6PD deficiency (p=0.05), low Hb (p=0.016) and Hct (p=0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender ([OR= 2.1, 95% CI (1.03–4.27)]; p=0.042), low Hb ([OR= 1.4, 95% CI (1.0–1.1)]; p=0.05) and stenoses ([OR= 4.8, 95% CI (1.88–12.28)]; p=0.001) were all significant independent risk factors for silent infarcts. The presence of stenoses was the only significant risk factor for silent infarcts in patients with a history of abnormal TCD ([OR= 5.9, 95% CI (1.6–21.7)]; p=0.008). Conclusion We recently showed that G6PD deficiency, absence of alpha-Thal, and hemolysis are independent significant risk factors for abnormal TCD in stroke-free SCA patients (Bernaudin et al, Blood, 2008, in press). Here, we report that an abnormal TCD is the most significant risk factor for stenoses and, expanding previous studies, we demonstrate that stenoses, low Hb and gender are significant independent risk factors for silent infarcts.

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Advanced stage, elevated LDH, primary sites, but not adolescent (A) age (≥ 15 years) as risk factors for disease progression in childhood (C) and adolescent (A) mature B-NHL: Report of the FAB/LMB 96 international trial

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.10032 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 10032-10032

Author(s):

M. S. Cairo ◽

R. Sposto ◽

M. Gerrard ◽

I. Waxman ◽

S. Goldman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Risk Group ◽

Significant Risk ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Group A ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Group B

10032 Background: We recently reported the results in C & A with low risk (group A), intermediate risk (group B) and high risk (group C) mature B-NHL treated on FAB/LMB 96 (Gerrard et al, Br J Haematol, 2008; Patte et al, Blood, 2007; Cairo et al, Blood, 2007, respectively). Adolescent age (15–21 yrs) has historically been considered to be an independent risk factor for poor outcome in subsets of mature B-NHL (Hochberg/Cairo et al, Br J Haematol, 2008; Burkhardt et al, Br J Haematol 2005; Cairo et al, Br J Haematol, 2003). Methods: We analyzed the EFS of all pts treated on FAB/LMB 96 and the following risk factors were significant in a univariate and Cox multivariate analysis: age (<15 vs ≥15 yrs), stage I/II vs III/IV, primary sites, LDH <2 vs ≥2 NL and histology (DLBCL vs BL/BLL). Results: 1111 pts (15%, 15–21 years) were treated with group A (N = 132), group B (N = 744), and group C (N = 235) therapy. Five year EFS (CI95) for all, A, B, C pts was 86% (84%,88%), 98% (93%, 100%), 87%% (84%, 89%), and 79%% (73%,84%), respectively. Age (≥15 yrs), LDH ≥2NL, stage III/IV, and BM+/CNS+ and histology were significant univariate risk factors for decreased EFS (P<0.045, <0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001, and <0.0001 respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated age ≥15 yrs and DLBCL histology were no longer independent significant risk factors (p = .82 and 0.08, respectively), but LDH (RR 2.0, p = .001), stage III/IV (RR 3.8, p<0.001), and primary sites including PMBL (RR 4.0, p<.001) and BM+/CNS+ (RR 2.8, p<0.001) were independent significant risk factors for poorer outcome. Conclusions: With the use of modern short but intense FAB-LMB 96 therapy, adolescent age is no longer a poor risk factor in children with mature B-NHL. The independent risk factors identified in this study (stage, LDH, primary site) for decreased EFS in C & A mature B-NHL will form the basis of the next risk adapted international pediatric mature B-NHL trial. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458510368985 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1031-1043 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Andrew P Hearn ◽

Eli Silber

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Review Management ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽

Reduced Mobility

Fractures resulting from osteoporosis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. People with multiple sclerosis experience reduced mobility and are susceptible to falls. Glucocorticoid use and reduced mobility are known risk factors for osteoporosis. This paper is a review of osteoporosis in people with multiple sclerosis, looking at its prevalence, risk factors and possible mechanisms. We also review management guidelines for osteoporosis in the general population and use these to propose guidelines for osteoporosis management amongst multiple sclerosis patients. A number of studies have examined the incidence of reduced bone mineral density amongst people with multiple sclerosis; the majority provide convincing evidence that bone mineral density is significantly reduced in multiple sclerosis patients. The most significant risk factors appear to arise from the chronic disease process of multiple sclerosis and not from glucocorticoid use. There are currently no guidelines or consensus as how best to treat osteoporosis amongst multiple sclerosis patients despite their being at an increased risk. We propose an algorithm for the screening and treatment of osteoporosis in people with multiple sclerosis.

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Refracture of the Cemented Vertebrae after Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Risk Factors and Imaging Findings

10.21203/rs.3.rs-241616/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-chao Xiong ◽

Wei Guo ◽

Fan Xu ◽

Ci-ci Zhang ◽

Zhi-ping Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty ◽

Wedge Angle ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Cement Leakage ◽

Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Modeling

Abstract Background: To determine the related imaging findings and risk factors to refracture of the cemented vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) treatment. Methods: Patients who were treated with PVP for single vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) and met this study’s inclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed from January 2012 to January 2019. The follow-up period was at least 2 years. Forty-eight patients with refracture of the cemented vertebrae and 45 non-refractured patients were included. The following variates were reviewed: age, sex, fracture location, bone mineral density (BMD), intravertebral cleft (IVC), kyphotic angle (KA), wedge angle, endplate cortical disruption, cement volume, surgical approach, non-PMMA-endplate-contact (NPEC), cement leakage, other vertebral fractures, reduction rate (RR), and reduction angle (RA). Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to identify the independent risk factors of refracture. Results: Refracture was found in 48 (51.6%) patients. Four risk factors, including IVC (P=0.005), endplate cortical disruption (P=0.037), larger RR (P=0.007), and NPEC (P=0.006) were found to be significant independent risk factors for refracture. Conclusions: Patients with IVC or larger RR, NPEC, or endplate cortical disruption have a high risk of refracture in the cemented vertebrae after PVP.

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Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by ESKAPEEc pathogens among hospitalized children

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02661-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoshan Peng ◽

Wei Zhou ◽

Yu Zhu ◽

Chaomin Wan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Significant Risk ◽

University Hospital ◽

Hospitalized Children ◽

Previous Surgery ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Bloodstream infection (BSI) resulting from ESKAPEEc pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp) is relevant to high mortality and economic cost. Data concerning the impact of BSI due to ESKAPEEc in pediatric population was virtually scant. Our purpose was to summarize the epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of ESKAPEEc BSI among hospitalized children. Methods Inpatients diagnosed with BSI with definite etiology between January 2016 and December 2018 were enrolled retrospectively at the West China Second University Hospital. Data were systematically reviewed on patients’ clinical characteristics and laboratory findings to ascertain independent predictors, clinical features and outcomes. Results Of the 228 patients with BSI, 174 (76.3%) were caused by ESKAPEEc (124 MDR-ESKAPEEc). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that premature and/ or low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.981, P = 0.036), previous surgery and/or trauma (OR = 5.71, P = 0.029) and source of urinary tract infection (OR = 10.60, P = 0.004) were independently associated with ESKAPEEc BSI. The independent risk factor for MRD-ESKAPEEc BSI was nosocomial infection (OR = 3.314, P = 0.037). The overall mortality rate in patients with ESKAPEEc BSI was 14.4% (25/174), and no significant difference was ascertained in mortality between MRD-ESKAPEEc and non-MRD ESKAPEEc BSI groups (13.7% vs. 11.4%, P = 0.692). In addition, previous surgery and/or trauma, thrombocytopenia, and mechanical ventilation were significant risk factors for mortality caused by ESKAPEEc BSI. Conclusions More than two-thirds of BSI among hospitalized children were caused by ESKAPEEc. Previous surgery and/or trauma, thrombocytopenia and mechanical ventilation increased the risk rate for mortality in ESKAPEEc BSI. The risk factors ascertained could assist physicians to early suspect ESKAPEEc BSI and MDR ESKAPEEc BSI.

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Associations of Serum MicroRNA with Bone Mineral Density in Community-Dwelling Subjects: The Yakumo Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/5047243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroaki Nakashima ◽

Kei Ando ◽

Kazuyoshi Kobayashi ◽

Taisuke Seki ◽

Shinya Ishizuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Confidential Interval

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by deterioration of bone tissue and mass, with an increasing global prevalence. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers for osteoporosis would help to guide appropriate treatment. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have become increasingly recognized as biomarkers for detecting diseases. However, few studies have investigated the association of circulating miRNA with osteoporosis in the general population. The aim of this study was to identify miRNA associated with osteoporosis in a general resident health check-up for potential use as an osteoporosis biomarker. We conducted a cross-sectional study as part of a health check-up program and recruited 352 volunteers (139 men, 213 women, mean age 64.1±9.6 years). Osteoporosis was diagnosed according to the WHO classification. Twenty-two candidate microRNAs were screened through real-time quantitative PCR, and miRNAs associated with osteoporosis were analyzed using logistic regression analysis including other risk factors. In total, 95 females and 30 males were diagnosed with osteoporosis with bone mineral density tests (BMD: T‐score<−2.5). We found that miR195 was significantly lower in females, while miR150 and miR222 were significantly higher in males. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that in females, higher age and lower miR195 (odds ratio: 0.45, 95% confidential interval: 0.03–0.98) were significant risk factors for lower BMD, while the presence of a smoking habit and lower miR150 (odds ratio: 1.35, 95% confidential interval: 1.02–1.79) were significant risk factors for osteoporosis. Serum levels of miR195 and miR150 are independently associated with low bone mineral density in females and males, respectively.

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