scholarly journals LABOR FORCE REPRODUCTION IN THE POST-SOVIET RUSSIAN ECONOMY: PROBLEMS OF EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
V.I. Krishka ◽  
E.A. An ◽  
A.S. Zorin ◽  
Yu.A. Perekarenkova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
And Migration

This article deals with the actual problems of labor force reproduction in the post-Soviet period of the Russian market economy development. In particular, the classification of employment types of hired labor in the form of corresponding “aggregates” is proposed. The basis of these aggregates is the full cycle figure of the labor commodity form, including the “external labor market”, “internal labor market” and “dynamic labor market” associated with the employment, unemployment and labor migration. The analysis of the employment, unemployment, and labor migration dynamics made it possible, including the Federal districts territories, to identify their direct relationship with macroeconomic trends and cyclical fluctuations in the production and sale of the country’s gross domestic product. The study of the mechanical movement features of the population’s labor force allowed us to determine the main direction of migration flows to the Central, North-Western and Southern Federal districts. Against the background of natural population decline, the continuing migration outflow in other territories makes it impossible for them to ensure not only normal, but also expanded reproduction of the labor force.

scholarly journals The Market for Citrus Harvesting Labor

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Emerson ◽  
Thomas S. Walker ◽  
Chris O. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
Citrus Harvesting ◽  
Percent Decline

A number of aggregate agricultural labor market studies exist, typically concentrated on data at the national level. The Florida agricultural labor market, however, differs substantially from that of the rest of the nation, excepting California. In Florida, a large portion of the labor force is employed as harvesting labor. This is not only highly seasonal work, but also among the least demanding of skill. Also, over the period 1953-57 to 1967-69, the total number of farm workers declined in 49 states and by 43 percent nationally. During this time, Florida, however, experienced a 53 percent increase in hired labor usage, more than offsetting a 38 percent decline in family labor.

Labor Migration: Dynamics and Politics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Precarious Labor ◽  
Migration Politics

Much of the early research on labor migration drew on the push-pull factors of migration. The emphasis was on economic and individualistic assumptions with little notion of institutions, power, and politics. Since the early 1970s, the interest has shifted toward historical and institutional processes and structural factors and their explanatory power regarding the dynamics and patterns of labor migration. The national and international regimes of migration control have expanded and directed scholarly attention toward border and migration policies and their production of migrant categories. Migration policy research has also extended the focus from receiving countries toward complex dynamics and interactions between the labor-sending and labor-receiving countries. The migration trajectories from the global South to North have been studied extensively and more and more attention is paid to South–North, South–South and North–North migrations. Different types of labor migration and mobilities are also subject to different regional, national, and international policies and policy change. In current literature, the heterogeneity of migration is underlined, as well as how labor migration politics and policies address high-skilled migrants in different ways than low-skilled ones. However, the categories of migration are in many ways arbitrary. Labor migration is a highly complex and politically contested issue that intersects and forms a continuum with other types of migration and migration politics. Migration politics and the precarious conditions of foreign workers have been studied, among other ways, in explorations of what influence the temporal nature of migration and restricted permission to stay in the foreign territory have. Moreover, although labor migration is usually understood in terms of voluntary migration, the conditions of migrants sometimes resemble those of unfree labor, illustrating the complexity of determining what is counted as labor migration and what politics it concerns. The recent research on migrant rights and political atmosphere brings together the subjects of different migrations and how migrants navigate between different legal and political statuses. The literature is organized chronologically into eight themes that have a similar theoretical approach or similar thematic perspective to labor migration: (1) Theoretical and Historical Overviews, (2) International Division of Labor, (3) the Political Economy of Labor Migration, (4) Regulation and Management of Labor Migration, (5) Regional Migration Governance, (6) Skilled Labor Migration, (7) Temporary and Precarious Labor Migration, and (8) rights and protection in a Rights-Based Approach. The historical and geographical migration trajectories are visible through the themes, revealing how and why the particular aspects of labor migration have become questions of politics in different parts of the world.

The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Wage Formation ◽  
Market Women ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Structure Education

This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage formation, gender differences, education, and migration. Unemployment has been the most challenging issue for decades. Because it has been persistently high and particularly acute for youth, university graduates, and women, special attention is paid to youth and women in the labor market and to the structure, education, and evolution of the labor force. Despite the falling-off of its population growth, Tunisia continues to experience strong labor supply pressures due to the rapid growth of higher education graduates and the mismatch between the skills produced by the education system and those needed by the market. The lack of good formal jobs, the segmentation of the labor market and the income and wage inequalities are also the outcome of the regulations and institutions governing the labor market. Women in the lagging regions and educated young women face the most serious insertion challenges. Yet, young women’s educational attainment has exceeded that of young men. And women have also made substantial progress in gaining greater control over their lives and their wellbeing. Although severe forms of child labor are not widespread, 6 percent of children are involved in unpaid activities within the household, and dropout of school remains an important issue. The evolution and effects of migration are also examined.

scholarly journals Labour immigration to Russia: myths and contrarguments

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-729
Author(s):  
Sergey V Ryazantsev
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
Permanent Residence ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Former Ussr

The article analyzes the role of immigration and labor immigration in the demographic and socio-economic development of Russia in the post-Soviet period. Two main migration flows (immigration for permanent residence and labor immigration) to the country are analyzed on the basis of both absolute numbers and socio-demographic structure. The four most common myths regarding the negative impact of labor migration on the socio-economic situation in Russia are considered in detail: immigration hampers technological re-equipment and the renewal of the Russian economy; immigrants squeeze national labor from the Russian labor market; immigrants contribute to the dumping of wages on the Russian labor market; immigrants are to blame for raising the retirement age in Russia. The author’s counterarguments on each of these myths are cited. A distinctive feature of labor migration to Russia is the clearly expressed labor motivation of migrants. For the most part, migrant workers are people from the countries of the former USSR (primarily citizens of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan) who are willing to work actively, many speak Russian, are oriented towards Russia, want and are ready to register honestly, get permits documents and pay taxes. Many migrants have quite successfully adapted to the Russian labor market, some receive a temporary residence permit and a permanent residence permit, and many become citizens of Russia. This is partly evidence of their successful integration into Russian society. Given the demographic situation in which modern Russia is located, labor migration could not only replenish the cohort of labor resources on a temporary basis, but also increase the population of the country on a permanent basis. At the same time, the sociocultural consequences of labor migration for local societies and Russian society as a whole require additional study. In this regard, Russia needs to develop the infrastructure for the adaptation and integration of migrants into Russian society - to ensure access to learning Russian, medical services, education of children and migrants.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Reproductive Potential of Ethnic Groups in the Baltic States

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Andrey Manakov ◽  
◽  
Pavel Suvorkov ◽  
Ilya Ermolin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Baltic

In the post-Soviet period, attention is paid to the depopulation problem in the Baltic States, caused by the natural decline and migration outflow. At the same time, there is a change in the amount of certain ethnic groups in the population of these states. The purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for the reproductive potential of ethnic groups in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The study was carried out within ethnic demography, a scientific discipline that has developed at the intersection of demography, ethnography, and anthropology. The article presents the results of forecasting the number of major ethnic groups in the Baltic States for the long term (until 2061) using original methodological tools. In all three Baltic states, against the background of population decline, the share of titular ethnic groups is expected to grow – the highest in Latvia, the less significant in Estonia, and the minimum in Lithuania. The share of Russians (the most significant is in Latvia) and other ethnic groups will continue to decrease due to their low reproductive potential. In general, the tendency of the Baltic countries to move away from the complex ethnic structure of the population in the Soviet period towards mono-ethnicity will continue.

Managing Uzbek labor migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zulaykho Abdukhalimovna Kadirova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
International Labor ◽  
International Labor Migration

Uzbekistan has been gradually integrating into the world economy since gaining its independence back in 1991. The need to integrate stems from the desire to advance the national economy and social well-being of population through importing advanced technologies or stimulating exports. However, opening up the country also meant exposure to increase in the mobility of its human capital. As a result, Uzbekistan has witnessed labor migration in and out of the country in the past couple of decades, driven by various causes, which is having inevitable social and economic implications for the country. Migration has particular implications for Uzbekistan mainly due to its state of demographic development. Three vital characteristics create a favorable condition for migration of labor from Uzbekistan: Population growth rate of 1,6% per annum Young population with 30% aged under 15 Low level of urbanization with 50% of population living in rural areas. International Organization of Migration predicted that under globalization and economic liberalization, international trade and improved investment climate would lead to increased migration flows. Highly developed countries would have a shortage of and less developed countries would have a surplus of labor force, which would lead to formation of global migrant labor force. Intensifying processes in contemporary international labor market make migration as a mechanism, which has a back-to-back impact onto and from economic development of a country. From developing countries’ perspective, international labor migration is an instrument for reducing tension in national labor markets, decreasing high rates of unemployment and expanding sources of income. From developed countries’ perspective, international labor migration helps solve demographic problems like decreasing number of population, aging of population and shortage of labor force. Thus, this processes turned into a mechanism or a system, which is not possible to ignore. Uzbekistan, in particular, is increasing its participation in the international labor market due to its high rates of population growth and young population.

UNDER WHAT DEMOGRAPHIC SCENARIO/SCENARIOS CAN DEVELOPED WESTERN COUNTRIES AVOID POPULATION DECLINE BY THE END OF THE CENTURY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 178-190
Author(s):  
S. G. SHUL’GIN ◽  
◽  
Yu. V. ZIN’KINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Small Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration

The prospects for the dynamics of the number of developed countries, the possible extent of its decline, the ability to compensate for a part of the natural population decline due to the attraction of migration, and various risks associated with increasing migration flows are the subject of active discussion in the scientific community. However, most of the estimates in this discussion are based on the “average” population projections developed by the UN. However, this scenario is calculated based on a fixed and fairly small set of hypotheses and patterns. In the present work, forecast scenarios of the demographic dynamics of developed countries are calculated and analyzed in connection with the dynamics of the birth rate of these countries, as well as the dynamics of migration flows. The main goal of the work is to identify for each country which combination of fertility dynamics and migration dynamics allows it to avoid population decline (and possibly even achieve an increase in population), and which make population decline inevitable.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

Autómatas Celulares Aplicados al Comportamiento de Células de Cáncer Cervicouterino

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Tania Muñoz Jiménez ◽  
Aurora Torres Soto ◽  
María Dolores Torres Soto
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Simulation Algorithm ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Best Parameters

En este documento se describe el desarrollo e implementación de un modelo para simular computacionalmente la dinámica del crecimiento y migración del cáncer cervicouterino, considerando sus principales características: proliferación, migración y necrosis, así como sus etapas de desarrollo. El modelo se desarrolló mediante un autómata celular con enfoques paralelo y secuencial. El autómata celular se basó en el modelo de Gompertz para simular las etapas de desarrollo de este cáncer, el cual se dividió en tres etapas cada una con diferentes comportamientos durante la simulación. Se realizó un diseño experimental con parámetros de entrada que se seleccionaron a partir de la investigación literaria y su discusión con médicos expertos. Al final del proceso de investigación, se logró obtener un algoritmo computacional de simulación muy bueno comparado con el modelo médico de Gompertz y se encontraron los mejores parámetros para su ejecución mediante un diseño factorial soportado estadísticamente. This paper describes the development and implementation of a model to computationally simulate the growth and migration dynamics of cervical cancer, considering its main characteristics: proliferation, migration and necrosis, as well as its stages of development. The model was developed by means of a cellular automaton with parallel and sequential approaches. The cellular automaton was based on the model of Gompertz to simulate the stages of development of this cancer, which was divided into three stages, each with different behaviors during the simulation. An experimental design was carried out with input parameters that were selected from literary research and its discussion with expert physicians. At the end of the research process, a very good simulation algorithm was obtained compared to the Gompertz medical model and the best parameters for its execution were found by means of a statistically supported factorial design.

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