Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer

In Mexico, breast cancer is the second most common site of cancer in women and in most developed and emerging countries. Incidence rates have increased in many countries, although in some, mortality has remained stable with a slight reduction. There are geographical differences with high rates of breast cancer in North America, Northern Europe and Oceania, and lower rates in Central and South America, South and East Europe; in addition to emerging countries in Africa and Asia. Genetic and hereditary factors constitute less than 5% of breast cancer cases and other risk factors for breast cancer are related to the reproductive life of the woman. This work was carried out in order to determine if the risk factors considered classic are really associated with breast cancer in our sample of Mexican women studied.

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Introducción. Situación mundial del Cáncer de Mama

Revista Médica de Panamá - ISSN 2412-642X ◽

10.37980/im.journal.rmdp.2019801 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Alejandro Crismatt Zapata

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cáncer De Mama ◽

Breast Cancer Death ◽

Cancer Early Detection ◽

Cancer Breast ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

Hereditary Factors

[Introduction. World situation of Breast Cancer]Resumen El cáncer de mama es el tumor de la mujer más diagnosticado en la gran mayoría de los países. Los factores no hereditarios son los principales impulsores de las diferencias internacionales e inter-étnicas observadas en la incidencia de este cáncer. Las tasas de incidencia del cáncer de mama han aumentado en la mayoría de los países en transición en las últimas décadas, en tanto que en la mayoría de los países más avanzados, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama han ido en descenso como resultado de la detección temprana de la enfermedad, los avances en el tratamiento y mayor accesibilidad a los servicios de salud. Los principales factores de riesgo para el cáncer de mama no son fácilmente modificables porque se derivan de exposiciones hormonales endógenas prolongadas. La prevención a través de la promoción de la lactancia materna, particularmente su mayor duración, pudiera ser beneficioso. La incidencia de cáncer de mama en Panamá se comporta de manera similar a los países con índice de desarrollo Humano en transición; ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas como resultado del aumento en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo conocidos y la mejoría en la recolección de datos. Abstract Breast cancer is the most diagnosed woman's tumor in the vast majority of countries. The non-hereditary factors are the main drivers of the international and inter-ethnic differences observed in the incidence of this cancer. Breast cancer incidence rates have increased in most countries in transition in recent decades, while in most of the more advanced countries, breast cancer death rates have been declining as a result of breast cancer. early detection of the disease, advances in treatment and greater accessibility to health services. The main risk factors for breast cancer are not easily modifiable because they are derived from prolonged endogenous hormonal exposures. Prevention through the promotion of breastfeeding, particularly its longer duration, could be beneficial. The incidence of breast cancer in Panama behaves similarly to countries with a Human Development Index in transition; It has been increasing in recent decades as a result of the increase in the prevalence of known risk factors and the improvement in data collection.

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Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer

10.52916/otr204002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Victor Manuel Vargas-Hernandez

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Familial Risk ◽

Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Graphical Analysis ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Reproductive Life ◽

Age Range

Background: It is reported that genetic and hereditary-familial risk factors for breast cancer contribute 5% and the majority are related to the reproductive life of women. Objective: it has the purpose of determining if the factors considered as risk factors are associated with breast cancer in a group of Mexican women. Material and Methods: A retrospective, observational and descriptive study was carried out in 162 women with breast cancer for 3 years (2002-2004) at the Hospital Juárez de México to determine if the usual risk factors are related to breast cancer. The descriptive analysis included localization and dispersion measures, as well as a graphical analysis using bar diagrams. Results: In the sample of 162 women with breast cancer, the age range at the time of breast cancer diagnosis was from 27 to 78 years (mean of 47.60, standard deviation of 13.09); early menarche only appeared in 12.3% (n=20). The mean age of the first pregnancy was 22 years and of menopause at 51 years of age; 72.2% lactated (n=117) and 45.1% did so for more than 6 months (n=73); the menstrual pattern disorder appeared in 22.8% of cases (n=37); Menopausal hormone therapy was previously used in 19.8% (n=32). The hereditary-family history of breast cancer appeared in 14.2% of the cases (n=23). It seems to be correlated with the fact that in patients with nulliparity, alcoholism and the absence of breastfeeding, breast cancer occurs at an early age (< 45 years) and the risk factor that is related to breast cancer is overweight and obesity with 54.26% and 17.11% respectively (average of 28.00, standard deviation of 3.032). Conclusion: no correlation was found between risk factors considered common for breast cancer; only overweight and obesity were related to its development, further research is required to confirm whether this correlation occurs in other countries.

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Risk of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women With and Without a History of Breast Cancer: The Pathways Heart Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.21.01738 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Marilyn L. Kwan ◽

Richard K. Cheng ◽

Carlos Iribarren ◽

Romain Neugebauer ◽

Jamal S. Rana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Endocrine Therapy ◽

Cumulative Incidence ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Diabetes Incidence ◽

Subdistribution Hazard

PURPOSE The incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors in breast cancer (BC) survivors has not been well described. Thus, we compared risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in women with and without BC. METHODS Women with invasive BC diagnosed from 2005 to 2013 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) were identified and matched 1:5 to noncancer controls on birth year, race, and ethnicity. Cumulative incidence rates of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were estimated with competing risk of overall death. Subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) were estimated by Fine and Gray regression, adjusted for cardiovascular disease–related risk factors, and stratified by treatment and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS A total of 14,942 BC cases and 74,702 matched controls were identified with mean age 61.2 years and 65% non-Hispanic White. Compared with controls, BC cases had higher cumulative incidence rates of hypertension (10.9% v 8.9%) and diabetes (2.1% v 1.7%) after 2 years, with higher diabetes incidence persisting after 10 years (9.3% v 8.8%). In multivariable models, cases had higher risk of diabetes (sHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.26) versus controls. Cases treated with chemotherapy (sHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.38), left-sided radiation (sHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.48), or endocrine therapy (sHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.34) continued to have higher diabetes risk. Hypertension risk was higher for cases receiving left-sided radiation (sHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.21) or endocrine therapy (sHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.16). Normal-weight (BMI < 24.9 kg/m2) cases had higher risks overall and within treatment subgroups versus controls. CONCLUSION BC survivors at KPNC experienced elevated risks of diabetes and hypertension compared with women without BC depending on treatments received and BMI. Future studies should examine strategies for cardiometabolic risk factor prevention in BC survivors.

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Risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their forties.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1998.16.9.3105 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 3105-3114 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

M Gail ◽

B Rimer

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Black Women ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

White Women ◽

Present Report ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

Mammographic Screening ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Flow Diagram

PURPOSE To develop risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their 40s that take into account the woman's age, race, and specific risk factors. METHODS We assumed that regular mammographic screening is justified for a 50-year-old woman, even one with no risk factors, and that a younger woman with an expected 1-year breast cancer incidence rate as great or greater than that of a 50-year-old woman with no risk factors would benefit sufficiently to justify regular screening. Recommendations under this criterion were based on age- and race-specific breast cancer incidence rates from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program; assessments of risk factors from the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP); and reports in the literature. RESULTS Two methods, the exact-age procedure (EAP) and the grouped-age procedure (GAP), were developed. The less precise GAP only requires following a flow diagram. The proportion of white women recommended for screening by the EAP ranges from 10% for 40-year-old women to 95% for 49-year-old women, and the corresponding percentages for black women are 16% and 95%. The assumptions that underlie the guidelines are discussed critically. CONCLUSION For women or physicians who prefer an individualized approach in deciding whether to initiate regular mammographic screening in the age range of 40 to 49 years, the present report offers recommendations based on individualized risk-factor data and clearly stated assumptions that have an empiric basis. These recommendations can be used to facilitate the counseling process.

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Environmental factors and breast cancer

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina46120121 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 867 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Loreta Strumylaitė ◽

Kristina Mechonošina ◽

Šarūnas Tamašauskas

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Reproductive Life

This review summarizes the results of studies on the effects of environment on breast cancer risk. As known risk factors such as reproductive life, inheritance, and socioeconomic status are estimated to explain only about half of the breast cancer cases, it has been thought that environmental factors could also be related to the risk of this disease. It is known that ionizing radiation is an environmental risk factor increasing the risk of breast cancer. The data of experimental studies show that some organochlorines could be associated with breast cancer risk although the data from epidemiological studies are not consistent due to the difficulties to assess exposure and other risk factors. Recent experimental studies show that cadmium is an environmental factor that mimics the effects of estradiol in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines while solar radiation possibly decreases the risk due to protective effect of vitamin D. The data on the effect of electromagnetic fields are not consistent. Although evidence about the effect of environmental factors on the risk of breast cancer is not convincing, some of these factors together with inheritance, reproductive life, and age at exposure could be associated with an increased risk of the disease.

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Risk factors for breast cancer in a population with high incidence rates

Breast Cancer Research ◽

10.1186/bcr605 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Margaret Wrensch ◽

Terri Chew ◽

Georgianna Farren ◽

Janice Barlow ◽

Flavia Belli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

High Incidence

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Risk factors associated with breast cancer patients in Teresina, Piauí (Brazil)

Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online ◽

10.9789/2175-5361.2013.v5i6.91-103 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 91-103

Author(s):

Fabrício Ibiapina Tapety ◽

Juliana Veloso Magalhães ◽

Francisco José de Almeida Cruz Júnior ◽

Lucas do Vale Teixeira Cunha ◽

Tatiana Vieira Souza Chaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Ductal Carcinoma ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Hereditary Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk Factors ◽

The City ◽

Breast Cancer Family History

Objective: To characterize the risk factors for breast cancer in patients seen in a referral center in the city of Teresina, Piaui (2010-2012). Methods: A descriptive exploratory study with 197 patient records. A personal health questionnaire was administered to 20 patients and 20 women without breast cancer. The data were submitted to SPSS 13.0 for analysis of percentages, means and Spearman correlations. Results: The average age (55 years) was positively correlated with ductal carcinoma (83%) and 10% of metastases. The occupation of domestic, family history, medications, and exposure to ionizing radiation have been demonstrated as risk factors. Significant (p <0.001) positive correlation (r = 0.6642, p = 0.002) were observed between breast cancer family history and occupation. Conclusion: Prevention strategies related to environmental, occupational and hereditary factors are necessary to minimize the risk of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Descriptors: Breast cancer, Risk factors, Mutagenicity.

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Trends of breast tumour laterality and age-wise incidence rates in North Indian population

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20203229 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 2523

Author(s):

Vikas Kakkar ◽

Rajiv Sharma ◽

Karanvir Singh ◽

Anmol Randhawa

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Indian Population ◽

Cancer Genetics ◽

Breast Tumour ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

North Indian Population ◽

Northern India ◽

Estrogen Exposure ◽

Post Menopausal

Background: The breast is a paired organ. The two breasts share many of the risk factors known to contribute to the development of cancer genetics, environmental exposure, diet, and estrogen exposure, etc. By studying differences in the occurrence of breast cancer between the left and right breast, we can control for these common risk factors. Previous studies of breast cancer asymmetry have established that the laterality ratio is greater than 1.0 in women.Methods: We have taken 420 total cases to study the breast tumour laterality in women and age wise incidence of carcinoma breast in northern India. The study included all consecutive adult patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer, either invasive or carcinoma in situ. Multiple cancers were defined as two or more primary cancers occurring in an individual that were not an extension, recurrence, or metastasis. Based on the chronology of presentation, they were categorized as synchronous or metachronous primaries.Results: Out of 420 cases of breast cancer it was seen that 193 patients i.e. 45.95% of women under observation had left sided breast tumour, 225 patients i.e. 53.57% of women had right sided breast tumour and only 2 patients i.e. 0.48% patients had bilateral lesions in the breast.Conclusions: This result suggests the possible role of estrogen hormone in the reversed lateralization of breast cancer in comparison to other paired organ cancers in post-menopausal women suggesting that North Indian population has higher incidence of right sided breast cancer.

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