Spectroscopic Kernel Quality from a Symbiotic Corn Production

The management of the inoculation of a plant’s roots, by means of biofertilizers (BF) containing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, is aimed at inducing modifications of the quality of the seeds. It is here shown that a seed-soil treatment can be elicited in the fingerprints of a symbiotic treatment using Near Infra Red (NIR)-SCiO NIR-SCiO spectra collections of single kernels: overall, a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 73% have been achieved, thus suggesting that it may be possible to assign the symbiotic origin of corn from just twenty kernels, provided that the dataset is adequately representative of the cultivar and AM. A global correlation study has shown a positive general trend (R2 0.45) of quality vs. quantity, in the sense that an increase in yield corresponded to an increase in the spectral differences between the symbiotic spectra and the control ones, but the inverse was also true, as a result of the parasitic behaviour of the BF treatments. The efficacy of the symbiosis can be back predicted from the NIR spectra; in fact, around 90% of the positive yield outcome results were discriminated from the negative ones. A reduction in the foliar pH (R2 0.37) and an increase in the foliar protein (R2 0.43) were observed as immediate phenotypic signs of a productive symbiosis. The commercial raw composition of the kernels appeared to only be affected slightly by the BF treatments; thus, till now uncharted secondary compounds of the maize kernels are involved, as supported by animal performances.

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Self Management Menentukan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Mellitus

Jurnal Endurance ◽

10.22216/jen.v4i2.4026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 402

Author(s):

Iskim Luthfa ◽

Nurul Fadhilah

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Correlation Study ◽

Self Management ◽

Rank Test ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spearman Rank ◽

Consecutive Sampling

People with diabetes mellitus are at risk of developing complications, so that it affects the quality of life. These complications can be minimized through self-care management. This study aims to determine the relationship between self management with the quality of life for people with diabetes mellitus. This research is a kind of quantitative research with correlation study. This research used cross sectional design. The sampling technique uses non probability with estimation consecutive sampling. The number of respondents in this research are 118 respondents. Instrument for measuring self management used diabetes self management questionnaire (DSMQ), and instruments to measure quality of life used quality of life WHOQOL-BREEF. The data obtained were processed statistically by using spearman rank test formula and p value of 0,000 There is a significant relationship of self management with the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus. Penderita Diabetes mellitus beresiko mengalami komplikasi yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidupnya. Komplikasi tersebut dapat diminimalkan melalui manajemen perawatan diri (self management). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan self management dengan kualitas hidup pasien diabetes melitus. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan desain cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan non probability sampling dengan pendekatan consecutive sampling. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 118 responden. Instrumen penelitian untuk mengukur self management menggunakan diabetes self management questionnaire (DSMQ), dan instrumen untuk mengukur kualitas hidup menggunakan quality of life WHOQOL-BREEF. Analisis data menggunakan spearman rank dan didapatkan hasil nilai p value 0,000 dan r 0,394.Terdapat hubungan antara self management dengan kualitas hidup pasien diabetes mellitus dengan arah korelasi positif.

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Tracking of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Effects on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plant Growth, Pigments, Mineral Content and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 583

Author(s):

Reda E. Abdelhameed ◽

Nagwa I. Abu-Elsaad ◽

Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef ◽

Rabab A. Metwally

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Zinc Ferrite ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Nanocrystalline Structure ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Agricultural Applications ◽

The Impact

Important gaps in knowledge remain regarding the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) for plants, particularly the existence of helpful microorganisms, for instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in the soil. Hence, more profound studies are required to distinguish the impact of NPs on plant growth inoculated with AM fungi and their role in NP uptake to develop smart nanotechnology implementations in crop improvement. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) NPs are prepared via the citrate technique and defined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as transmission electron microscopy for several physical properties. The analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed the creation of a nanocrystalline structure with a crystallite size equal to 25.4 nm. The effects of ZnFe2O4 NP on AM fungi, growth and pigment content as well as nutrient uptake of pea (Pisum sativum) plants were assessed. ZnFe2O4 NP application caused a slight decrease in root colonization. However, its application showed an augmentation of 74.36% and 91.89% in AM pea plant shoots and roots’ fresh weights, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the synthesized ZnFe2O4 NP uptake by plant roots and their contents were enhanced by AM fungi. These findings suggest the safe use of ZnFe2O4 NPs in nano-agricultural applications for plant development with AM fungi.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates apricot seedling (Prunus sibirica L.) growth and photosynthesis in northwest China

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology ◽

10.1007/s40789-021-00408-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yinli Bi ◽

Linlin Xie ◽

Zhigang Wang ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Wenwen Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Northwest China ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Seedling Physiology ◽

Grassland Ecosystems ◽

Time Period ◽

Seedling Biomass ◽

Experimental Treatments

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can successfully enhance photosynthesis (Pn) and plants growth in agricultural or grassland ecosystems. However, how the symbionts affect species restoration in sunlight-intensive areas remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study’s objective was to assess the effect of AM fungi on apricot seedling physiology, within a specific time period, in northwest China. In 2010, an experimental field was established in Shaanxi Province, northwest China. The experimental treatments included two AM fungi inoculation levels (0 or 100 g of AM fungal inoculum per seedling), three shade levels (1900, 1100, and 550 µmol m−2 s−1), and three ages (1, 3, and 5 years) of transplantation. We examined growth, Pn, and morphological indicators of apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seedling performances in 2011, 2013, and 2015. The colonization rate in mycorrhizal seedlings with similar amounts of shade is higher than the corresponding controls. The mycorrhizal seedling biomass is significantly higher than the corresponding non-mycorrhizal seedling biomass. Generally, Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency are also significantly higher in the mycorrhizal seedlings. Moreover, mycorrhizal seedlings with light shade (LS) have the highest Pn. WUE is increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings because of the reduction in Tr, while Tr is increased in mycorrhizal seedlings with shade. There is a significant increase in the N, P, and K fractions detected in roots compared with shoots. This means that LS had apparent benefits for mycorrhizal seedlings. Our results also indicate that AM fungi, combined with LS, exert a positive effect on apricot behavior.

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Extraction of short chain chitooligosaccharides from fungal biomass and their use as promoters of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83299-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Crosino ◽

Elisa Moscato ◽

Marco Blangetti ◽

Gennaro Carotenuto ◽

Federica Spina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Biomass ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Production Costs ◽

Short Chain ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Major Interest

AbstractShort chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) are chitin derivative molecules involved in plant-fungus signaling during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In host plants, COs activate a symbiotic signalling pathway that regulates AM-related gene expression. Furthermore, exogenous CO application was shown to promote AM establishment, with a major interest for agricultural applications of AM fungi as biofertilizers. Currently, the main source of commercial COs is from the shrimp processing industry, but purification costs and environmental concerns limit the convenience of this approach. In an attempt to find a low cost and low impact alternative, this work aimed to isolate, characterize and test the bioactivity of COs from selected strains of phylogenetically distant filamentous fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae and Trichoderma viride. Our optimized protocol successfully isolated short chain COs from lyophilized fungal biomass. Fungal COs were more acetylated and displayed a higher biological activity compared to shrimp-derived COs, a feature that—alongside low production costs—opens promising perspectives for the large scale use of COs in agriculture.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the Soils of Desert Habitats

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 229

Author(s):

Martti Vasar ◽

John Davison ◽

Siim-Kaarel Sepp ◽

Maarja Öpik ◽

Mari Moora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Root ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Desert Ecosystems ◽

Fungal Dna ◽

Root Symbionts ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Deserts cover a significant proportion of the Earth’s surface and continue to expand as a consequence of climate change. Mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are functionally important plant root symbionts, and may be particularly important in drought stressed systems such as deserts. Here we provide a first molecular characterization of the AM fungi occurring in several desert ecosystems worldwide. We sequenced AM fungal DNA from soil samples collected from deserts in six different regions of the globe using the primer pair WANDA-AML2 with Illumina MiSeq. We recorded altogether 50 AM fungal phylotypes. Glomeraceae was the most common family, while Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae and Acaulosporaceae were represented with lower frequency and abundance. The most diverse site, with 35 virtual taxa (VT), was in the Israeli Negev desert. Sites representing harsh conditions yielded relatively few reads and low richness estimates, for example, a Saudi Arabian desert site where only three Diversispora VT were recorded. The AM fungal taxa recorded in the desert soils are mostly geographically and ecologically widespread. However, in four sites out of six, communities comprised more desert-affiliated taxa (according to the MaarjAM database) than expected at random. AM fungal VT present in samples were phylogenetically clustered compared with the global taxon pool, suggesting that nonrandom assembly processes, notably habitat filtering, may have shaped desert fungal assemblages.

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LysM Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 of Pisum Sativum L. May Regulate Plant Responses to Chitooligosaccharides Differing in Structure

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Irina V. Leppyanen ◽

Olga A. Pavlova ◽

Maria A. Vashurina ◽

Andrey D. Bovin ◽

Alexandra V. Dolgikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pisum Sativum ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Receptor Like Kinase ◽

Pea Mutants

This study focused on the interactions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with phytopathogenic and beneficial fungi. Here, we examined whether the lysin-motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase PsLYK9 is directly involved in the perception of long- and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) released after hydrolysis of the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi and identified in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal exudates. The identification and analysis of pea mutants impaired in the lyk9 gene confirmed the involvement of PsLYK9 in symbiosis development with AM fungi. Additionally, PsLYK9 regulated the immune response and resistance to phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting its bifunctional role. The existence of co-receptors may provide explanations for the potential dual role of PsLYK9 in the regulation of interactions with pathogenic and AM fungi. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that PsLYK9 and two proposed co-receptors, PsLYR4 and PsLYR3, can form complexes. Analysis of binding capacity showed that PsLYK9 and PsLYR4, synthesized as extracellular domains in insect cells, were able to bind the deacetylated (DA) oligomers CO5-DA–CO8-DA. Our results suggest that the receptor complex consisting of PsLYK9 and PsLYR4 can trigger a signal pathway that stimulates the immune response in peas. However, PsLYR3 seems not to be involved in the perception of CO4-5, as a possible co-receptor of PsLYK9.

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Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manoj-Kumar Arthikala ◽

Kalpana Nanjareddy ◽

Lourdes Blanco ◽

Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger ◽

Miguel Lara

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Target Of Rapamycin ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Energy Status ◽

Symbiotic Associations ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Fungal Symbiosis ◽

Am Fungus ◽

Am Symbiosis

AbstractTarget of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TOR transcripts in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e., UPB1, RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of PvTOR was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as SWEET1, VPY, VAMP713, and STR was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in PvTOR-knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that PvTOR is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in P. vulgaris. These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of P. vulgaris and other legumes.

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Use of the Signature Fatty Acid 16:1ω5 as a Tool to Determine the Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil

Journal of Lipids ◽

10.1155/2012/236807 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Christopher Ngosong ◽

Elke Gabriel ◽

Liliane Ruess

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Root ◽

Background Level ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Biomass Estimation ◽

Lipid Fatty Acid ◽

Neutral Lipid Fatty Acid ◽

Root Symbionts

Biomass estimation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, widespread plant root symbionts, commonly employs lipid biomarkers, predominantly the fatty acid 16:1ω5. We briefly reviewed the application of this signature fatty acid, followed by a case study comparing biochemical markers with microscopic techniques in an arable soil following a change to AM non-host plants after 27 years of continuous host crops, that is, two successive cropping seasons with wheat followed by amaranth. After switching to the non-host amaranth, spore biomass estimated by the neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) 16:1ω5 decreased to almost nil, whereas microscopic spore counts decreased by about 50% only. In contrast, AM hyphal biomass assessed by the phospholipid (PLFA) 16:1ω5 was greater under amaranth than wheat. The application of PLFA 16:1ω5 as biomarker was hampered by background level derived from bacteria, and further enhanced by its incorporation from degrading spores used as microbial resource. Meanwhile, biochemical and morphological assessments showed negative correlation for spores and none for hyphal biomass. In conclusion, the NLFA 16:1ω5 appears to be a feasible indicator for AM fungi of the Glomales group in the complex field soils, whereas the use of PLFA 16:1ω5 for hyphae is unsuitable and should be restricted to controlled laboratory studies.

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Integrating physiological, community, and evolutionary perspectives on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2013-0182 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 241-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ylva Lekberg ◽

Roger T. Koide

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Partner Choice ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Resource Transfers ◽

Am Symbiosis ◽

Controlled Environments ◽

Natural Settings

Our knowledge of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) function is largely based on results from short-term studies in controlled environments. While these have provided many important insights into the potential effects of the symbiosis on the two symbionts and their communities, they may have also inadvertently led to faulty assumptions about the function of the symbiosis in natural settings. Here we highlight the consequences of failing to consider the AM symbiosis from the perspectives of community ecology and evolutionary biology. Also, we argue that by distinguishing between physiological and evolutionary viewpoints, we may be able to resolve controversies regarding the mutualistic vs. parasitic nature of the symbiosis. Further, while most AM research has emphasized resource transfers, primarily phosphate and carbohydrate, our perceptions of parasitism, cheating, bet-hedging, and partner choice would most likely change if we considered other services. Finally, to gain a fuller understanding of the role of the AM symbiosis in nature, we need to better integrate physiological processes of plants and their AM fungi with their naturally occurring temporal and spatial patterns. It is our hope that this article will generate some fruitful discussions and make a contribution toward this end.

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Application of Mycorrhizal Technology for Improving Yield Production of Common Bean Plants

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gamal M. Abdel-Fattah ◽

Wafaa M. Shukry ◽

Mahmoud M.B. Shokr ◽

Mai A. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽

Npk Fertilizers ◽

Yield Production ◽

Bean Plants ◽

Mycorrhizal Plants ◽

Common Bean Plants

This study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with different levels of NPK fertilizers on yield production of common bean plants which common bean plants were subjected to five levels of NPK fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %). Application of AMF significantly increased the growth and yield components of common beans with minimized the levels of NPK comparing to equivalents non-mycorrhizal ones. The results obtained revealed that inoculation with AMF and the concentrations 50% and 75% of NPK with AMF are the greater than other concentrations and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal Common bean plants had significantly higher number of pods, length of one pod, pods weight, 100 seeds weight, weight of seed/plant and intensity of mycorrhizal colonization(M%) . Concentrations of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and total carbohydrates, crude protein and mycorrhizal dependency of some yield parameters were significantly increased in mycorrhizal plants at different NPK levels when comparing to those of non-mycorrhizal plants paticularly at (50% and 75%) concentration of NPK, but lower Na concentration in mycorrhizal common bean seeds than those of non-mycorrhizal.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 191-197

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