Thermal methods of the raw material recycling of plastics wast

Polimery ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERZY POLACZEK ◽  
ZOFIA MACHOWSKA
2019 ◽  
Vol 959 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Simon Glöser-Chahoud ◽  
Frank Schultmann

Higher efficiency in raw material recycling is discussed as a key strategy to decrease the environmental impact of resource consumption and to improve materials’ availability in order to mitigate supply risks. However, particularly in the case of technology metals, demand is driven by specific emerging technologies from which recycling will not be possible before the end of their useful lifetimes. Hence, the availability of secondary materials is limited by the amount of obsolete products as well as their collection, separation and treatment during waste management and recycling. In this paper, we present the results of a dynamic material flow model for cobalt as a key raw material for lithium-ion batteries at an European level (EU28). This model aims at quantifying the current state of recycling and future recycling potentials from end-of-life (EoL) product flows. While it is expectable that obsolete large battery packs from (hybrid) electric vehicles will be efficiently collected in future, EoL Li-ion battery flows will remain dominated by smaller electronic equipment (smartphones, laptops etc.) in the coming years and the model results show a significant potential for improvements in collection and material recovery from EoL batteries in Europe. A major challenge will be the collection of smaller batteries and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in general from which a significant share of total European cobalt demand could be recovered in the coming years.


Author(s):  
Л.М. Титова ◽  
Ю.А. Максименко ◽  
Д.В. Ерес ◽  
Э.Р. Теличкина

Современная ситуация, связанная с производством серы из природного газа и накоплением большого количества попутной элементарной серы, приводит к усложнению экологической обстановки. Эта проблема требует немедленного решения, необходим поиск новых путей производства из элементарной серы ценных материалов. Сера – крупнотоннажный вид химического сырья, имеющая множество аллотропных модификаций и кристаллических форм, свойства которых зависят от способа получения, наличия примесей и условий хранения. Полимерная сера представляет собой нерастворимую модификацию серы. Полимерная сера применяется в производстве высококачественных шин, резины, серобетона и в других областях промышленности. Целью данной статьи является научно-аналитический обзор текущих технических достижений в области производства полимерной серы из природного и попутного сырья. Использованы материалы мировой периодической научной, научно-технической и патентной литературы. Статья раскрывает особенности промышленных методов производства полимерной серы, применяемых в настоящее время в мировой практике. В объем обзора входит обсуждение путей получения нерастворимых форм серы и направление их применения. Описаны способы производства полимерной серы, технологические, эксплуатационные трудности при применении конкретного метода. Рассмотрены ключевые этапы методов производства и получения полимерной серы, отражены их преимущества и недостатки, а так же проведен анализ основных проблем производства серы. Наибольшее внимание уделено термическим методам получения нерастворимой серы, таким как газификация и метод охлаждения расплава, в виду их наибольшей распространенности и более глубокой технической проработки. Показано, что в настоящее время нет серьезных изменений в конструкциях производственного оборудования, технологических линий и параметров процессов. Существуют общие проблемы, такие как низкое содержание продукта, низкая термическая стабильность, плохая диспергирумость, накопление статического электричества во время производственного процесса, небезопасное производство и высокий расход CS2. The production of sulfur from gas the accumulation of a large amount of elemental sulfur. This complicates the environmental situation. The problem requires immediate resolution. It is necessary to find new ways to produce valuable materials from elemental sulfur. Sulfur is a large-tonnage type of chemical raw material that has many allotropic modifications and crystalline forms. The properties of allotropes depend on the production method, the presence of impurities and storage conditions. Polymeric sulfur is an insoluble modification of sulfur. Polymeric sulfur is used in the production of high-quality tires, rubber, sulfur concrete and in other areas of industry. The purpose of this article is a scientific and analytical review of the current technical achievements in the field of polymer sulfur production from natural and associated raw materials. The review is made on the basis of materials of world periodic scientific, scientific and technical and patent literature. The article reveals the peculiarities of industrial methods of polymer sulfur production currently used in world practice. The scope of the review includes discussion of ways to produce insoluble forms of sulphur and the direction of their application. Described are methods of producing polymer sulfur, technological and operational difficulties when using a specific method. Key stages of methods of production and production of polymer sulfur are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are reflected, as well as analysis of main problems of sulfur production is carried out. The greatest attention is paid to thermal methods for the production of insoluble sulfur, such as gasification and melt cooling method, in view of their greatest prevalence and deeper technical development. It is shown that at present there are no major changes in the structures of production equipment, process lines and process parameters. There are common problems such as low product content, low thermal stability, poor dispersibility, accumulation of static electricity during the production process, unsafe production and high CS2consumption.


2018 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 03012
Author(s):  
Terezie Vondráčková ◽  
Luboš Podolka ◽  
Věra Voštová

Some building defects lead to their demolition. What about construction and demolition waste? According to the Waste Act 185/2001 Coll. and its amendment 223/2015 Coll., which comes into force on January 1, 2017, the production of waste has to be reduced because, as already stated in the amendment to Act No. 229/2014 Coll., the ban on landfilling of waste will apply from 2024 onwards. The main goals of waste management can thus be considered: Preventing or minimizing waste; Waste handling to be used as a secondary raw material - recycling, composting, combustion and the remaining waste to be dumped. Company AZS 98 s. r. o. was established, among other activities, also for the purpose of recycling construction and demolition waste. It operates 12 recycling centers throughout the Czech Republic and therefore we have selected it for a demonstration of the handling of construction and demolition waste in addressing the defects of the buildings.


Author(s):  
Mario Pagliaro

Sharing the same raw material, recycling and composting are in direct conflict with incineration of municipal solid waste in combined heath and power plants. Indeed, waste-to-energy plants in regions with high recycling rates import urban waste from other countries to use otherwise unused capacity, and raise revenues. Using the case of Italy’s second largest and economically most developed region, I discuss the economic viability of municipal solid waste incineration to produce electricity and heath in the context of the increasing role of electricity production from renewable energy sources as well as of the emerging mass-scale uptake of bioplastics. Four lessons and three guidelines aimed to local authorities and policy makers emerge from the present study.


Author(s):  
S. Maślanka ◽  
J. Juszczyński ◽  
T. Kraszewski ◽  
W. Oleksy

Purpose: This publication provides a description of RDC Glokor’s own research into the effectiveness of the lactic fermentation process of lactose, lactic acid concentration and polylactide (PLA) production by ring-opening polymerization obtained from the condensation of two molecules of lactic acid. Furthermore, this publication sets out to determine potential applications of the PLA as a commercial material with a selection of thermal properties. Design/methodology/approach: In the described research works, a lactic fermentation process was used in which lactose is converted to lactic acid with the participation of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Polylactide was obtained indirectly by Ring Opening Polymerization and by direct polymerization, straight from lactic acid, omitting the intermediate stages. Next, the obtained lactide and polylactide were examined by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR) to determine their purity. Thermal methods (TG, DSC) to determine thermoplastic properties, i.e. softening point, decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature. Findings: Obtained from waste whey, PLA and its copolymers are excellent biodegradable polymers that have the potential to be used in medicine as resorbable surgical strands, biopolymers for implant production, as well as in many industries including for the production of biodegradable bottles and disposable packaging, 3D printer cartridges. Research limitations/implications: The research on lactic acid and lactide polymerization described in this article is still a new issue that requires further research to optimize PLA processes with industry-specific thermoplastic and physicochemical properties. Originality/value: In the basic waste processing of milk, there is a large volume of whey sour, which is ecologically dangerous for waste treating. Due to the high content of lactose (up to 6%) this waste can be used as a raw material in the lactic fermentation process in which lactose is converted to lactic acid with the participation of lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid can be concentrated and subjected to a dehydration process to lactide, which in the final stage is subjected to the process of ring-opening polymerization in order to produce biodegradable polylactide. The described process of carrying out the lactose contained in PLA whey is an innovative way to obtain a biodegradable usable polymer, which can be used to replace plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene.


Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Julia S. Nikulski ◽  
Michael Ritthoff ◽  
Nadja von Gries

Supply risks and environmental concerns drive the interest in critical raw material recycling in the European Union. Globally, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is projected to increase by almost 40% until 2030. This waste stream can be a source of secondary raw materials. The determination of the economic feasibility of recycling and recovering specific materials is a data-intensive, time-consuming, and case-specific task. This study introduced a two-part evaluation scheme consisting of upper continental crust concentrations and raw material prices as a simple tool to indicate the potential and limitations of critical raw material recycling. It was applied to the case of light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps in the EU. A material flow analysis was conducted, and the projected waste amounts were analyzed using the new scheme. Indium, gallium, and the rare earth elements appeared in low concentrations and low absolute masses and showed only a small revenue potential. Precious metals represented the largest revenue share. Future research should confirm the validity and usefulness of the evaluation scheme.


2021 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 03040
Author(s):  
Anatoly Bardovsky ◽  
Ilnur Basyrov ◽  
Liliya Valeeva

The paper considers a system for optimizing the recycling process of mineral raw material waste in terms of the target function, which takes into account economic, technological, and environmental criteria. We have suggested a structural model of the production process of mineral raw material recycling using cost flows. Based on the analysis of this model, we concluded on the need to develop new methods for assessing and choosing the parameters of the equipment used, including specific performance criteria to assess the degree of sophistication of the systems under study.


2020 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Claudio Oggeri ◽  
Raffaele Vinai

Reusing bulk volumes of waste material is a requirement often encountered in mining and construction activities involving excavations. Spoils produced from these activities typically show high variability in terms of properties and behaviour, due to the local geology, adopted excavation method and further spoil treatments. A procedure for classifying the spoil from tunnelling was proposed in order to correlate ground type, possible muck destination and treatment type. With a similar approach in industrial and related sectors, the reuse of non-conventional materials (i.e. wooden chips, fragments, granulates, micronized glass, residual out of shape from manufacturing processes or coming from selection of other waste) has a great relevance as it is accompanied by savings in disposal costs and in the sourcing of raw materials. Characterisation tests derived from geotechnical engineering can support the assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of non-conventional materials, creating a feedback loop encompassing raw material description, required treatments, and possible utilisations as engineered materials. This paper describes the possible screening tests and treatment options for material recycling in the framework of a modified spoil classification system.


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