scholarly journals Endothelial function status in hypogonadal men

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 440-447
Author(s):  
I. A. Khripun ◽  
S. V. Vorobyev
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Vasomotor Function ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypogonadism are mutually aggravating diseases associated with the development and progression of cardiovascular pathology. The status of endothelial function in men with T2DM and hypogonadism hasn’t been studied.Aims: To assess the effect of hypogonadism on endothelial function in men with T2DM.Materials and methods: Patients underwent clinical studies, assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the content of sex hormones (total testosterone (T), sex hormones binding globulin, free T, luteinizing hormone) and markers of endothelial function (nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase type 3 (eNOS3), endothelin, adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, p- and e-selectins, cadherin), ultrasound examinations of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDVD) of the brachial artery (BA) and carotid arteries with an assessment of the thickness of intima-media complex (TIM) were performed.Results: The study included 276 men with T2DM (age 54.0[49;60] years), who were divided into 2 groups: 1–124 patients with hypogonadism; 2–152 eugonadal patients. Reduction of the endothelial vasomotor function was detected in 32.4% of patients in the 2st group and in 55.3% of the 1nd group (χ2=6.1; p=0.01), which was associated with a decrease in EDVD by 29.8 % (p<0.001) and an increase in the time of development of maximal BA vasodilation by 30 seconds in patients with hypogonadism (p<0.001). The TIM of the carotid arteries was 10% more in group 1 compared with group 2 (p=0.03). The ­level of NO in the 1st group was reduced by 1.6 times (p=0.001), eNOS3–by 1.5 times (p=0.038) compared with the 2nd group. The concentrations of adhesion molecules were higher in group 1 compared to group 2: VCAM-1 by 32.5% (p<0.001), ICAM-1 by 43.5% (p<0.001), p-selectin–by 19.3% (p=0.004), cadherin–6 times (p<0.001).Conclusion: Hypogonadism in men with T2DM is associated with the development of endothelial dysfunction, which manifests in a weakening of the EDVD and a slowdown in its development, as well as disturbances of the secretory activity of endothelium–a decrease in NO synthesis and activation of the adhesion molecules expression, which can be regarded as an universal pathogenetic mechanism of the development of cardiovascular diseases in combination of T deficiency and T2DM.

scholarly journals Vliyanie sulodeksida na funktsional'noe sostoyanie endoteliya u bol'nykh s sakharnym diabetom i diabeticheskoyretinopatiey

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Natalya Alexandrovna Gavrilova ◽  
Olga Evgen'evna Tishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Vasoactive Factors ◽  
Endothelial Factors ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To study effect of sulodexide (Vessel Due F) on the functional state of endothelium in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Materials and methods. A total of 37 patients with DR were divided in 2 groups and treated with sulodexide. Group 1 comprised 16 patients withnon-proliferative DR, group 2 included 21 patients with preproliferative DR. The functional state of endothelium was estimated from the plasma andserum levels of endothelial factors (sVCAM, endothelin, nitric oxide, t-PA, Willebrand factor). Results. The measurement of the initial levels of endothelial factors in both groups revealed significant changes in endothelin, nitric oxide, and sVCAMsuggesting disturbances of endothelial function due to DR. Sulodexide therapy normalized it regardless of DR stage and thereby improved functionalactivity of retina. Conclusion. This study has demonstrated beneficial effect of sulodexide on endothelial function in patients with DR due to correction of the productionof vasoactive factors (endothelin, nitric oxide) and stimulation of fibrinolytic activity of the vascular wall (t-PA).

The impact of different supervised exercise regimens on endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication

Vascular ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L Delaney ◽  
Michelle D Miller ◽  
Richard B Allan ◽  
J Ian Spark
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Reactive Hyperaemia ◽  
Supervised Exercise ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Background and objectives The impact of supervised exercise training on endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication is unclear. This study assesses the impact of treadmill-based supervised exercise training alone or in combination with resistance training on pain free walking distance, flow-mediated dilatation, reactive hyperaemia index, nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine. Methods Thirty-five patients with intermittent claudication were randomised to 12 weeks of treadmill-only supervised exercise training (Group 1) or a combination of treadmill and lower-limb resistance supervised exercise training (Group 2). Pain free walking distance was assessed by six-minute walk test. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, reactive hyperaemia index and serum analysis of asymmetric dimethylarginine and nitric oxide. Results Pain free walking distance improved within Group 1 (160 m to 204 m, p = 0.03) but not Group 2 (181 m to 188 m, p = 0.82), no between group difference. No significant change in flow-mediated dilatation or reactive hyperaemia index in either group. Nitric oxide decreased in Group 1 (15.0 µmol/L to 8.3 µmol/L, p = 0.003) but not Group 2 (11.2 µmol/L to 9.1 µmol/L, p = 0.14), p = 0.07 between groups. Asymmetric dimethylarginine decreased in Group 2 (0.61 µmol/L to 0.56 µmol/L, p = 0.03) but not Group 1 (0.58 µmol/l to 0.58 µmol/L, p = 0.776), no between group difference. Conclusion Supervised exercise training does not improve endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilatation, reactive hyperaemia index and nitric oxide bioavailability.

Vascular effects of LPS in mice deficient in expression of the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. H416-H421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Gunnett ◽  
Yi Chu ◽  
Donald D. Heistad ◽  
Angela Loihl ◽  
Frank M. Faraci
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Contractile Responses ◽  
Vasomotor Function ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Deficient Mice

The inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The importance of expression of iNOS in blood vessels is poorly defined. Because nitric oxide from iNOS may alter vasomotor function, we examined effects of LPS on vasomotor function in carotid arteries from iNOS-deficient mice. We studied contraction of the carotid artery from wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice in vitro 12 h after injection of LPS (20 mg/kg ip). Contractile responses to PGF2α (3–30 μM) and thromboxane A2 analog (U-46619; 3–100 nM) were evaluated using vascular rings from mice treated with vehicle or LPS. Maximum force of contraction generated by rings in response to PGF2α was 0.39 ± 0.02 and 0.25 ± 0.01 (SE) g ( n = 14) in vehicle and LPS-treated wild-type mice, respectively ( P < 0.001 vs. vehicle). Thus LPS reduced constrictor responses in wild-type mice. Thiocitrulline and aminoguanidine (inhibitors of iNOS) improved contractile responses from LPS-treated wild-type vessels. Indomethacin also improved constrictor responses in arteries from wild-type mice injected with LPS. In contrast, contraction of the carotid arteries in response to PGF2α and U-46619 was not impaired in LPS-treated iNOS-deficient mice, and contraction was not altered by inhibitors of iNOS. Expression of iNOS mRNA was confirmed using RT-PCR in carotid arteries from wild-type mice after injection of LPS but not vehicle. PCR products for iNOS were not observed in iNOS-deficient mice. These findings provide the first direct evidence that iNOS mediates impairment of vascular contraction after treatment with LPS.

The Majority of Myeloma Patients Are Hypogonadal but This Is Not Associated with High Risk Cytogenetics

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 5329-5329
Author(s):  
Beau Snoad ◽  
Samantha Hudzik ◽  
Douglas W Sborov ◽  
Nita Williams ◽  
Desiree Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction: Hypogonadism, i.e. low total testosterone, is present in approximately a quarter of men older than 70 years (Harman SM et al, J. Clin Endo & Met, 2001, PMID 11158037 and Wu FCW et al, J Clin Endo & M et, 2008, PMID 18270261). Myeloma patients are known to suffer from fatigue and decreased functional performance, mood disturbances, and anemia; similar trends have been found in people with hypogonadism. Cytogenetically high risk myeloma characterized by the amplification of 1q21 is associated with increased serum levels of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) (Stephens OW, Blood, 2012, PMID 22072558). We hypothesized that total testosterone levels will be associated with overall survival from the time of diagnosis, presence of 1q21 amplification by CD138-selected FISH, anemia, and anti-depressant use. Methods: The Buckeye Myeloma Registry (OSU 10115) opened in 2011 to enroll any patient with a plasma cell dyscrasia. Serum total testosterone was measured at the time of the initial clinic visit to the myeloma group at Ohio State. Less than 325 ng/dL was defined as the hypogonadal range, and testosterone was divided into <100 (group 1), 100-240 (group 2), 240-325 (group 3), and greater than 325 ng/dL (group 4), although normal testosterone decreases with age. Female patient testosterone levels were also analyzed and divided into <10 (group 1), 10-60 ng/dL (group 2), and >60 ng/dL (group 3). A retrospective chart review was initiated to review all myeloma patients with a serum testosterone drawn at the time of their initial clinic visit to OSU. Results: Among 418 male MM patients, median age was 65 y.o. (range 24-95), 86% were Caucasian and 14% African-American, and the distribution of ISS stage was 32% stage 1, 22% stage 2, and 19% stage 3 with 28% missing staging data. Cytogenetic data was missing from 28% of patients. Out of 418 male MM patients, 29 (7%) had serum testosterone <100, 202 (48%) with testosterone 100-240, 79 (19%) with testosterone 241-325, and 108 (26%) > 325 ng/dL. Out of 172 female MM patients, 44 (26%) had an undetectable serum testosterone, 120 (70%) with testosterone 10-60, and 8 (5%) with testosterone > 60. Among male MM patients, log-rank [Mantel-Cox] analysis of overall survival with serum testosterone including all 4 groups demonstrated no significant differences (p=0.917) with only 80 events. Among 275 male MM patients with cytogenetic information available, there was no correlation between presence of 1q21 trisomies or tetrasomies and overall survival (r=0.0714, p=0.238). There was a strong and expected correlation between testosterone and BMI (r=0.14, p=0.00468). Among 161 total female MM patients, log-rank analysis with serum testosterone including all 3 groups also demonstrated no differences (p=0.416) with only 29 events in total. Among 101 females with cytogenetic information, there was also no correlation with 1q21 amplification (r=0.0895, p=0.373). Conclusion: The majority of male MM patients (74%) have secondary hypogonadism and approximately half have total testosterone levels <240 ng/dL. Cox proportional hazards analyses of survival adjusted for significant univariate covariates will be presented at the meeting. Correlations with anemia and medication use (specifically opiates and anti-depressants) will also be presented at the meeting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Does Varicocelectomy Improve Gonadal Function in Men with Hypogonadism and Infertility? Analysis of a Prospective Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasan Sathya Srini ◽  
Srinivas Belur Veerachari
Keyword(s):  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Testosterone Level ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Group 1

Varicocele in infertile males is associated with Leydig cell dysfunction and hypogonadism. The effect of varicocelectomy on serum testosterone level is not yet established. We analysed 200 heterosexual infertile men diagnosed to have clinical varicocele they were divided into two groups: group 1 (100 men) had microsurgical varicocelectomy, and group 2 (100 patients) underwent assisted reproduction procedures. All participants had semen analysis, serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and total testosterone (TT), measured both at recruitment time and 6 months later. In group 1, the mean TT level increased significantly after varicocelectomy (1.644±0.029to2.461±0.0198 ng/dL,P<0.0001) and testicular size correlated with the mean change in TT (P=0.001). No similar change was found in group 2. Out of the 100 patients in group 1, 78 had postoperative normalization of TT unlike only 16 men in group 2.

scholarly journals Endothelial function in men with type 2 diabetes without clinical signs of cardiovascular disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Alexandrovna Khripun ◽  
Sergey Vladislavovich Vorobyev ◽  
Maxim Nikolaevich Morgunov ◽  
Michail Iosifovich Kogan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease that is based on endothelial dysfunction (ED). Currently, conventional diagnostic methods are unreliable, especially at early stages of disease.Aims. The aim of this work was to assess endothelial function in men with T2DM without clinical signs of cardiovascular disease.Materials and methods. The study included 100 patients (mean age, 54.3 ± 5.3 years) with a T2DM duration of less than 10 years and without signs of cardiovascular disease. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 60 patients with a T2DM duration of less than five years. Group 2 included 40 men with a history of diabetes between 5 and 10 years. Endothelial function was assessed by the levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelial NO synthase type 3 (eNOS3), ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, resistin and C-reactive protein and the arterial vasoreactivity of the brachial artery (BA) using the D. Celermajer method.Results. Results revealed decreases in levels of both eNOS3 by 2.5 fold (P = 0.0005) and NO by 1.9 fold (P = 0.043) in group 2 patients, compared to those in group 1 patients. When the duration of diabetes was greater than five years, levels of VCAM-1, resistin and C-reactive protein increased by 12.1% (P = 0.048), 62% (P = 0.01) and 45.6%, respectively. Additionally, the time until maximal BA vasodilatation during reactive hyperemia was observed to be higher in group 2 [105 (90; 180) seconds] than those in group 1 [90 (60; 120) seconds].Conclusions. Biochemical and imaging signs of ED begin to appear in the first five years of T2DM, long before clinical manifestations. The earliest symptoms are decreases in eNOS3 and NO levels, increases in VCAM-1 and resistin concentrations and increased time until maximal BA vasodilatation during reactive hyperemia.

scholarly journals L-Citrulline Supplementation Enhances Reproductive Functions of Lead Acetate Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Sprague Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Tolunigba Abisola Kolawole ◽  
Beatrice Olatundun Oluwatayo ◽  
Ogadinma Ilochi ◽  
Elizabeth Umoren ◽  
Datonye Victor Dapper
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Serum Hormone ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a transition metal and a known male reproductive toxicant that induces its effects mainly through oxidative stress. This study investigated the effects of L-Citrulline (Cit) supplement on reproductive functions and antioxidant activities in Lead acetate treated male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty  male rats (180-200 g) were grouped into four  and treated as follows; Group 1 (Control), given distilled water, Group 2 was given Pb acetate (2.25mg/kg), Group 3 was co-treated with Pb acetate (2.25mg/kg) and Cit (900mg/kg) and Group 4 was given Cit (900mg/kg) only. All administrations were done orally for thirty days. Caudal sperm, serum hormone levels and testicular antioxidant activities and Nitric oxide levels were evaluated at the end administrations. Results: Results showed decrease (p<0.05) in sperm morphology, count, viability, motility, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Catalase, Nitric Oxide and Super oxide dismutase in Group 2(Pb treated rats), when compared to Group 1(Control).However, in Group 3 (Pb acetate co-administered with Cit) the effect was significantly reversed (p<0.05) compared with Group 2 and significant increase was observed in Group 4 (Cit only group) compared with Group 2. There was an increase (p<0.05) in Malondialdehyde level in Group 2 compared with (Group 1) Control while a significant decrease (p<0.05) was observed in Groups 3 and 4 compared with Group 2. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that L- Citrulline supplement has ameliorating capacity on the toxic effect of Lead acetate on sperm parameters.

Long-term health outcomes of germ cell tumor survivors.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
Trent James Miller ◽  
Lawrence H. Einhorn ◽  
Nasser H. Hanna ◽  
Victoria Champion ◽  
Patrick Monahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
General Health ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

135 Background: Survivors of germ cell tumors (GCT) may face long-term health risks We have previously reported the high incidence of hypogonadism (HG) in survivors of GCT. These patients also may be at risk for other chronic health and psychosocial problems. Methods: Patients treated with chemotherapy (Group 1) or with orchiectomy and/or other surgery or radiotherapy for GCT (Group 2), were 18-50 yrs of age, and not receiving supplemental testosterone at baseline were eligible. Total testosterone was measured at baseline. For patients receiving supplemental testosterone while on study, total testosterone was also measured at 3 and 6 months. Cancer diagnosis and treatment variables were obtained from medical records. Patients completed a validated quality of life (QOL) questionnaire at baseline, 3, and 6 mos. Measures included the Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) scale and NIH Patient Reported Outcome Management Information Systems (PROMIS) measures. Results: The rate of HG ( < 300 testosterone) at baseline did not differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.45). Compared to non-HG, patients with HG measured at baseline were significantly more likely to have a BMI in the obese ( > 30; 57% vs 19%) range (p < 0.001). Improvements in testosterone during treatment from baseline to follow-up were strongly correlated with improvements in AMS (r = 0.51, p = 0.001) and moderately correlated with improvements in general health (r = 0.32, p = .049). Multivariable models using baseline variables demonstrated that baseline HG was significantly associated with worse baseline quality of life in the areas of general health, sleep quality, and fatigue. BMI in the obesity range was significantly associated with worse general health. Conclusions: Patients who were treated for GCT are at higher risk of HG. This subsequently increases the risk of having a BMI in the obese range, which in turn is associated with worse QOL. Treating HG is associated with improvements in AMS scale.

scholarly journals Investigation of the effect of body mass index (BMI) on semen parameters and male reproductive system hormones

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Zeynel Keskin ◽  
Salih Budak ◽  
Evrim Emre Aksoy ◽  
Cem Yücel ◽  
Serkan Karamazak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: To evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) ratio on semen parameters and serum reproductive hormones. Materials and methods: The data of 454 patients who prsented to male infertility clinics in our hospital between 2014 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Weight, height, serum hormone levels and semen analysis results of the patients were obtained. BMI values were calculated by using the weight and height values of the patients and they were classified as group 1 for BMI values ≤ 25 kg/m2, as group 2 for BMI values 25-30 kg/m2 and as group 3 for BMI values ≥ 30 kg/m2. Results: The mean values of BMI, semen volume, concentration, total motility, progressive motility, total progressive motile sperm count (TPMSC), normal morphology according to Kruger, head abnormality, neck abnormality, tail abnormality, FSH, LH, prolactin, T/E2, total testosterone and estradiol parameters of the patients were considered. Patients were divided according to BMI values in Group 1 (n = 165), Group 2 (n = 222) and Group 3 (n = 56). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of all variables between the groups. Conclusions: We analyzed the relationship between BMI level and semen parameters and reproductive hormones, demonstrating no relationship between BMI and semen parameters. In our study, BMI does not affect semen parameters although it shows negative correlation with prolactin and testosterone levels.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide, but not vasodilating prostaglandins, contributes to the improvement of exercise hyperemia via ascorbic acid in healthy older adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (5) ◽  
pp. H1633-H1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne R. Crecelius ◽  
Brett S. Kirby ◽  
Wyatt F. Voyles ◽  
Frank A. Dinenno
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Acute ascorbic acid (AA) administration increases muscle blood flow during dynamic exercise in older adults, and this is associated with improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation. We directly tested the hypothesis that increase in muscle blood flow during AA administration is mediated via endothelium-derived vasodilators nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs). In 14 healthy older adults (64 ± 3 yr), we measured forearm blood flow (FBF; Doppler ultrasound) during rhythmic handgrip exercise at 10% maximum voluntary contraction. After 5-min steady-state exercise with saline, AA was infused via brachial artery catheter for 10 min during continued exercise, and this increased FBF ∼25% from 132 ± 16 to 165 ± 20 ml/min ( P < 0.05). AA was infused for the remainder of the study. Next, subjects performed a 15-min exercise bout in which AA + saline was infused for 5 min, followed by 5 min of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) and then 5 min of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac ( group 1). The order of inhibition was reversed in eight subjects ( group 2). In group 1, independent NOS inhibition reduced steady-state FBF by ∼20% ( P < 0.05), and subsequent PG inhibition had no impact on FBF (Δ 3 ± 5%). Similarly, in group 2, independent PG inhibition had little effect on FBF (Δ −4 ± 4%), whereas subsequent NO inhibition significantly decreased FBF by ∼20% ( P < 0.05). In a subgroup of five subjects, we inhibited NO and PG synthesis before AA administration. In these subjects, there was a minimal nonsignificant improvement in FBF with AA infusion (Δ 7 ± 3%; P = nonsignificant vs. zero). Together, our data indicate that the increase in muscle blood flow during dynamic exercise with acute AA administration in older adults is mediated primarily via an increase in the bioavailability of NO derived from the NOS pathway.

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