scholarly journals Adjuvants plus phytosanitary products and the effects on the physical-chemical properties of the spray liquids

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli Heros Teodoro de Assunção ◽  
Saulo Felipe Brockes Campos ◽  
Luciana Alves Sousa ◽  
Ernane Miranda Lemes ◽  
Cesar Henrique Souza Zandonadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dynamic Viscosity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Phytosanitary Products

The frequent tank mixing of phytosanitary products, adjuvants, and foliar fertilizers highlights the lack of information which sustains decisions about what products can be mixed for spray application. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in combination with some adjuvants on the Brazilian market. The experimental design was completely randomized and spray mixes of the phytosanitary products: fungicide (azoxystrobin+benzovindiflupir), herbicide (diamônio salt of N-(phosponomethyl)) or insecticide (fenpropathrin) were evaluated in combination with adjuvants (mineral oil base, foliar fertilizer or lecithin + propionic acid), and in two application rates (95 and 52 L ha-1); all with four replications. Surface tension, electrical conductivity, pH, dynamic viscosity and density of spray mixes were evaluated. The adjuvants presented characteristics capable of significantly altering the physicochemical properties of the phytosanitary spray mixes, and thus, alter the biological effectiveness and efficiency of the spray applications. However, its effects are also dependent on the phytosanitary product added to the spray mix, which makes general recommendations a difficult task. The greatest pH reduction, as well as the greatest increase in electrical conductivity, were caused by the adjuvant lecithin + propionic acid. All phytosanitary products and adjuvants studied, associated or not, resulted in a reduction in the surface tension of the spray mix in relation to water. The magnitude of change of density and dynamic viscosity promoted by adjuvants was lower than the other characteristics evaluated.

scholarly journals Impact of Organic Wastes on Physical and Chemical Properties of Sandy and Loamy Soils in Egypt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Atef Abdelaziz Ali Sweed ◽  
Osama Ebrahim Negim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mud Cake ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Filter Mud ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two organic wastes used as soil amendments i.e. filter mud cake (FMC) and vinasse (V) on some physical and chemical properties of sandy and loamy sandy soils. Applications of organic were incubated with the soils for a three periods of 15, 30 and 60 days at four application rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%). This study was carried out in a two way randomized completely block design with three replications. After incubation periods, bulk density, porosity, water retention, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter were determined. Results showed that the values of soil bulk density and soil pH were decreased with increasing the application rates of filter cake or vinasse compared with the control in two soils. In addition, application of different filter mud cake and vinasse rates to the study soils increased soil porosity, field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), available water (AW), electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter contents (OM) as compared to control at different period incubation time. The data of this study concluded that, organic wastes or byproducts of sugar industries could be applied to improve some soil properties.

Investigations on condensation phenomena in mercury vapour

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224
Author(s):  
P. C. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mercury Vapour ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Critical Supersaturation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Owing to its physical and chemical properties being greatly different from those of any of the liquids which have hitherto been used in the Wilson cloud chamber, mercury has been used in the experiments described in this paper and the condensation phenomena of its vapour at different temperatures observed. Before constructing the apparatus it was considered necessary to get from theoretical considerations some idea about the magnitude of the critical supersaturation for mercury vapour in equilibrium with a drop carrying unit charge. Assuming that J. J. Thomson's formula.where s is the supersaturation of mercury vapour in equilibrium with a drop of mercury of radius a, charge e, density σ and surface tension T, the value of which is assumed here to be independent of the radius of the drop, K the specific inductive capacity of the dielectric surrounding the drop, and R the gas constant for one gramme of weight, all at temperature θ, can be applied to the present problem, this critical supersaturation sm is given by the formula

scholarly journals Effect of zinc nutrition on yield of rice-wheat cropping system and soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
PEPAKAYALA VARALAKSHMI ◽  
POLAGANI NAGARJUNA ◽  
MOHAN BABU Y. N. ◽  
ADI LAKSHMI G. ◽  
ARADHNA KUMARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Zinc Application ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A study was conducted in an ongoing experiment under AICRP on micronutrients at nursery jhilli of RPCAU, research farm. The experiment consisted of thirteen treatments, of which twelve combinations were of four doses of zinc (Zn) (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kg ha-1), three frequencies (only once, alternate year and every year) of application along with control with the no-zinc application. Rice and wheat crops were grown in succession with the recommended dosages of fertiliser viz. 120:60:40 of N: P2O5: K2O applied as Urea, DAP, and Potash, respectively. Surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected after the harvest of the wheat crop in the year 2018, i.e. after completion of six years of the experiment, and analysed for soil physical and chemical properties. The availability of nitrogen, sulphur, organic carbon content and aggregate stability increased, and the bulk density, phosphorous availability decreased with increasing doses and zinc application rates. No effect on soil availability of potassium, pH and EC. The treatment T7 i.e., application of zinc @ 7.5 kg Zn ha-1 in alternate year application was the best treatment with regards to yield of rice-wheat cropping (982.9 q ha-1) and also for good physical and chemical properties of the soil.

scholarly journals Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ehsan Zare ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Tibet Khongnawang ◽  
Mohammad Farzamian ◽  
John Triantafilis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Supply Channel ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of soil physical and chemical characterisations are required to map the supply channels used to move water on farms. Herein, we collect apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from a DUALEM-421 along a 4-km section of a supply channel. We invert ECa to generate electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) using EM4Soil software and evaluate two-dimensional models of estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ—mS m−1) against physical (i.e., clay and sand—%) and chemical properties (i.e., electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract (ECe—dS m−1) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+) kg−1). Using a support vector machine (SVM), we predict these properties from the σ and depth. Leave-one-site-out cross-validation shows strong 1:1 agreement (Lin’s) between the σ and clay (0.85), sand (0.81), ECe (0.86) and CEC (0.83). Our interpretation of predicted properties suggests the approach can identify leakage areas (i.e., prior stream channels). We suggest that, with this calibration, the approach can be used to predict soil physical and chemical properties beneath supply channels across the rest of the valley. Future research should also explore whether similar calibrations can be developed to enable characterisations in other cotton-growing areas of Australia.

scholarly journals Electrolytes and its additives used in aluminum reduction cell: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Krishna Padamata ◽  
Andrey S. Yasinskiy ◽  
Petr V. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Aluminum Reduction Cell ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aluminum Reduction ◽  
Reduction Cell ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The electrolyte is considered to play the role of blood in an aluminum reduction cell and performs several vital functions as the charge transfer, the mass dissolution and transfer, the electrode products separation and the electrical work dissipation. The proper performance of listed functions is completely determined by the physical and chemical properties, which namely are the electrical conductivity, the viscosity, the vapor pressure, the liquidus and solidus temperatures, the density, the surface tension, the solubility and the dissolution rate of oxides, aluminum, carbon and the various connections and by operating conditions, which namely are the temperature, the current density, the anode-cathode distance, etc. The electrolyte affects the current efficiency and the cell voltage, which determines the specific energy consumption and the total cost of aluminum. This is the reason why different electrolytes and additives have been in the spotlight of the researchers and the enterprises for decades. This article presents the brief information about the influence of additives in the cell utilizing traditionally used sodium cryolite and different low-temperature electrolytes on physical-chemical properties and concentrates on the latest works which have not been included in widely known textbooks. The article also contains new experimental results obtained by the authors and devoted to the effective electrical conductivity of suspended unconventional electrolytes.

Composting winery wastes with clinoptilolite. Suitability for land application.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chronis Kolovos ◽  
Maria Doula ◽  
Stamatios Kavasilis ◽  
Georgios Zagklis ◽  
Gerasimos Tsitselis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Winery Waste ◽  
And Chemical Properties

<p>Soil application of raw winery wastes is a procedure of doubtful appropriateness, mainly because of waste properties, i.e. very acidic pH; high electrical conductivity; and high content of polyphenols. The disposal of winery waste on soils may cause various environmental and health hazards as for example soil overloading with polyphenols and salts, phytotoxicity to plants, odor nuisance etc. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material could spread plants and soil diseases, while waste piles attract insects, pests, domestic rodents and wildlife which may threaten public and animal health. Despite these facts, many wine producers discharge winery waste to the nearby agricultural or forest ecosystems, without treatment although this type of agricultural waste could be a significant source of organic matter and nutrients.</p><p> </p><p>In general, degradation of winery waste is a slow procedure which becomes even slower under the xerothermic climatic conditions in Greece, which may slow down the microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter and nutrients cycling; degradation of winery waste piles takes more than 5 years to be completed naturally. However, the final products are of doubtful appropriateness for fertilization use, mainly because of low quality organic matter and low nutrients content (lost mainly due to the exposure of piles to uncontrolled environmental conditions for years).</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to highlight the advantages of composting winery wastes by using also other agricultural wastes and additives as feedstock to produce a safe and environment friendly compost, appropriate for application to agricultural ecosystems. For this a 41 hectares vineyard in North Greece of about 400 tn grapes yield annually and generation of approximately 100 tn of waste was selected. Winery waste was collected after harvesting and wine-making period of 2018 and composted with cow manure, wheat straw and clinoptilolite up to 5%.</p><p> </p><p>Composting phase lasted 5 months, and during this period the pile was monitored as regard temperature, moisture and oxygen content. After composting completion, the final product was fully characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties, considering national legislation organic materials reuse on soils. The outcomes of this study show a great potential for managing such waste types by composting using clinoptilolite in the feedstock materials since the final product has suitable physical and chemical properties for many crops, i.e. slight alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity, low polyphenol content and high content of available nutrient, therefore can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer.</p>

The Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Four Cross-Linked Sodium Hyaluronate Gels with Different Cross-Linking Agents

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1506-1512
Author(s):  
Yu Jia Cui ◽  
Wei Guo Wang ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Yong Liang Zhao ◽  
Ya Nan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Viscosity ◽  
Sodium Hyaluronate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Abstract：PurposeThe physicochemical properties of four Cross-linked sodium hyaluronate gels(CHA) with different cross-linking agents were conpared.In order to research out the different stability and Enzyme-resistant properties of these CHA.Methods The CHA hydrogels were prepared with different cross-linking agents, such as PEG20000, PDE, BDDE and ADH. The optimal reaction conditions were determined by single factor experiment. Dynamic viscosity was tested by Stabinger method. Intrinsic viscosity was tested by Uzziah's viscosity method. The in vitro Enzyme-resistant properties of CHA-gels were analysed by carbazole and spectrophotometry. Results The concentrations of NaOH/HCl, concentrations of HA and the ratio of cross-linking agent to HA were significant conditions which influenced the physicochemical properties of CHA gels. PDE-CHA and PEG20000 gels have best Dynamic viscosity, PDE-CHA gel has best Intrinsic viscosity, ADH-CHA and BDDE-CHA gels have better Enzyme-resistant properties than PEG20000-CHA and PDE-CHA gels.Conclusion The CHA-gel prepared under optimal reaction conditions have different physical and chemical properties, which set foundation for developing double cross-linked gel with both excellent stability and Enzyme-resistant properties.

scholarly journals ALTERAÇÕES FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS EM TRÊS SOLOS TRATADOS COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE MANDIOCA

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralini Ferreira de Melo ◽  
Paulo Afonso Ferreira ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Antonio Teixeira de Matos ◽  
Lindomário Barros de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Cassava Wastewater ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ALTERAÇÕES FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS EM TRÊS SOLOS TRATADOS COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE MANDIOCA  Ralini Ferreira de Mélo1; Paulo Afonso Ferreira2; Hugo Alberto Ruiz3; Antônio Teixeira de Matos2; Lindomário Barros de Oliveira41Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, [email protected] de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG,3Departamento de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa,  MG, 4Ministério da Agricultura- Esplanada dos Ministérios, Brasília, DF  1 RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da aplicação de manipueira nas propriedades físicas e químicas em amostras de Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico espódico (RQo), Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico (LAd) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd) do Estado de Minas Gerais. O ensaio foi realizado em laboratório. Para tanto, incubaram-se por 21 dias amostras de 1 kg de solo. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco doses: 0, 85, 170, 340 e 510 m3 ha-1 de manipueira. A dose inicial (85 m3 ha-1) foi calculada de forma a acrescentar 50 kg ha-1 de potássio, quantidade próxima daquela indicada para a cultura de milho em solo de fertilidade média. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, sendo três solos e cinco taxas de aplicação de água residuária. Os materiais de solos foram colocados para secar ao ar, passados em peneira de 2 mm e, posteriormente, analisados. No ensaio, observou-se um aumento linear no Na+ e Mg2+ trocáveis e pH para os solos RQo, LAd e LVAd, no Ca2+ trocável para RQo e LVAd, no P disponível dos solos RQo e LVAd; houve diminuição no Al3+ trocável do solo LVAd e aumento na condutividade elétrica dos solos LAd e LVAd. Ao ajustar o modelo exponencial, observou-se também um aumento no K+ dos solos RQo e LAd e, no fósforo do solo LAd. Observou-se aumento no K+ para o solo LVAd e um decréscimo no Al3+ para o solo RQo com ajuste do modelo quadrático. Houve aumento na condutividade elétrica para o solo RQo e diminuição no Al3+ trocável com ajuste do modelo hiperbólico 2. Não houve ajustes de modelos para o Ca2+ para o solo LAd e também para o grau de floculação e equivalente de umidade para os três solos. Unitermos: fertirrigação  MÉLO, R. F. de.; FERREIRA, P. A.; RUIZ, H. A.; MATOS, A. T. de.; OLIVEIRA, L. B. de.; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE SOILS TREATED WITH CASSAVA WASTEWATER  2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the cassava wastewater application on the physical and chemical properties in samples of the following soils: Spodic Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol (RQo), Typic Dystrophic Yellow Latosol (LAd), and Typic Dystrophic Yellowish Red Latosol (LVAd), in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. One assay was carried out under laboratory conditions. The treatments consisted of five doses of cassava wastewater: 0, 85, 170, 340and 510 m3 ha-1. The initial dose (85 m3 ha-1) was calculated in such a way to increase 50 kg ha-1 potassium, and that is an amount close to the one that is indicated for maize cropping in a medium-fertility soil. The treatments were arranged on an entirely randomized design with three replications, in a factorial scheme of 3 x 5, in which three was the soils and five, the application rates of the cassava wastewater. In the experiment, soil materials were air-dried, passed through a 2mm sieve, then analyzed. A linear increase was observed in the exchangeable Na+, Mg2+ and pH of RQo, LAd and LVAd soils, exchangeable Ca2+ of RQo and LVAd soils, available phosphorus of RQo and LVAd soils, as well as a decrease in the exchangeable Al3+ of the LVAd soil and an increase in CE of LAd and LVAd soils. With exponencial adjustment, it was also observed that the K+ of RQo and LAd soils in the available phosphorus of the  Lad soil increased. There was also an increase of K+ of LVAd soil and decrease in the exchangeable Al3+ of the RQo soil with adjustement of the quadratic model. CE of the soil RQo increased and exchangeable Al3+  decreased with adjustment of the hiperbolic 2 model. There was not adjustment of models for Ca2+ of the LAd  soil neither for the flocculation index and  equivalent humidity in the three soils. Keywords: fertigation.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Physical and Chemical Properties in Northern Himalayas of Kashmir Province

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
Ayman Javed ◽  
Shaista Nazir Bhat ◽  
Rajnish Yadav ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Due to geological and pedological soil-forming factors, spatial variability of soil physical and chemical properties across the agricultural fields is intrinsic by its nature, however variability may arise from tillage and other soil management practices. The main aim of this survey was to investigate the spatial variability of soil physical along with chemical properties and the preparation of thematic maps across the study area. The physico-chemical properties determined were Particle size distribution, Bulk density, Particle density, total porosity, soil resistance, soil pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Organic carbon (OC), Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium(K). Soil samples were collected from 45 sites using Geographical Positioning System (GPS) under different land-use systems. The results showed normal distribution for Sand, silt, particle density, electrical conductivity, and soil pH. Organic carbon recorded the maximum coefficient of variation (82.2%) and soil particle density (5.66%) the minimum. Soil macronutrients were medium in range excluding phosphorus which was found inadequate in the watershed. Employing such analytic work, it is feasible to devise accurate soil management practices and an unerring soil sampling system for taking efficient management judgments that result in sustainable agricultural production.

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