Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine

The clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of soil physical and chemical characterisations are required to map the supply channels used to move water on farms. Herein, we collect apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from a DUALEM-421 along a 4-km section of a supply channel. We invert ECa to generate electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) using EM4Soil software and evaluate two-dimensional models of estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ—mS m−1) against physical (i.e., clay and sand—%) and chemical properties (i.e., electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract (ECe—dS m−1) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+) kg−1). Using a support vector machine (SVM), we predict these properties from the σ and depth. Leave-one-site-out cross-validation shows strong 1:1 agreement (Lin’s) between the σ and clay (0.85), sand (0.81), ECe (0.86) and CEC (0.83). Our interpretation of predicted properties suggests the approach can identify leakage areas (i.e., prior stream channels). We suggest that, with this calibration, the approach can be used to predict soil physical and chemical properties beneath supply channels across the rest of the valley. Future research should also explore whether similar calibrations can be developed to enable characterisations in other cotton-growing areas of Australia.

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Sugarcane Biochar for Agricultural Use Produced in Different Conditions of Pyrolysis

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v38i430307 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Juliany Barbosa de Pinho ◽

Aloisio Bianchini ◽

Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽

Letycia Cunha Nunes ◽

Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Oxidizing Atmosphere ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Agricultural Use ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

From the pyrolysis process, biochar is a carbon rich and recalcitrant organic material with potential for long term carbon sequestration because of its aromatic structure. However, the physical and chemical properties of the biochar vary due to the diversity of raw material and the conditions of production. The present study aimed to evaluate the biochar from the sugarcane bagasse at different temperatures and under two conditions of pyrolysis. The biochar was produced at two final temperatures 200°C (1 hour); 250°C (1h) and 250°C (2h), with pyrolysis of an oxidizing and non-oxidizing atmosphere for both. PH, cation exchange capacity (CTC), carbon content (C), Nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), H:C, C:N and ash ratios were evaluated. The contents of C, H, N and the atomic ratios H:C and C:N were higher in Biochar produced in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (BNO). However, the content of ash, pH and CTC were higher in Biochar produced in oxidizing atmospheres (BO). One can conclude the direct influence of the pyrolysis condition.

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Composting winery wastes with clinoptilolite. Suitability for land application.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13496 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chronis Kolovos ◽

Maria Doula ◽

Stamatios Kavasilis ◽

Georgios Zagklis ◽

Gerasimos Tsitselis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Land Application ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Winery Waste ◽

And Chemical Properties

Soil application of raw winery wastes is a procedure of doubtful appropriateness, mainly because of waste properties, i.e. very acidic pH; high electrical conductivity; and high content of polyphenols. The disposal of winery waste on soils may cause various environmental and health hazards as for example soil overloading with polyphenols and salts, phytotoxicity to plants, odor nuisance etc. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material could spread plants and soil diseases, while waste piles attract insects, pests, domestic rodents and wildlife which may threaten public and animal health. Despite these facts, many wine producers discharge winery waste to the nearby agricultural or forest ecosystems, without treatment although this type of agricultural waste could be a significant source of organic matter and nutrients.&#160;In general, degradation of winery waste is a slow procedure which becomes even slower under the xerothermic climatic conditions in Greece, which may slow down the microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter and nutrients cycling; degradation of winery waste piles takes more than 5 years to be completed naturally. However, the final products are of doubtful appropriateness for fertilization use, mainly because of low quality organic matter and low nutrients content (lost mainly due to the exposure of piles to uncontrolled environmental conditions for years).&#160;This study aims to highlight the advantages of composting winery wastes by using also other agricultural wastes and additives as feedstock to produce a safe and environment friendly compost, appropriate for application to agricultural ecosystems. For this a 41 hectares vineyard in North Greece of about 400 tn grapes yield annually and generation of approximately 100 tn of waste was selected. Winery waste was collected after harvesting and wine-making period of 2018 and composted with cow manure, wheat straw and clinoptilolite up to 5%.&#160;Composting phase lasted 5 months, and during this period the pile was monitored as regard temperature, moisture and oxygen content. After composting completion, the final product was fully characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties, considering national legislation organic materials reuse on soils. The outcomes of this study show a great potential for managing such waste types by composting using clinoptilolite in the feedstock materials since the final product has suitable physical and chemical properties for many crops, i.e. slight alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity, low polyphenol content and high content of available nutrient, therefore can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer.

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Status of the utilization of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana) in the pulp and paper industry

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x94-266 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 2078-2084 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Kwei-Nam Law ◽

Jacques L. Valade

Keyword(s):

Paper Industry ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Chemical Processes ◽

Future Research ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Potential Use ◽

And Chemical Properties

Although jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), which represents 20% of the total softwood volume, is one of the most abundant commercial softwood species in Canada, its rate of utilization in pulping is surprisingly low. This paper reviews the literature concerning the physical and chemical properties as well as the pulping characteristics of this species by mechanical, thermomechanical, chemithermomechanical, chemimechanical, and chemical processes to better understand its potential use in papermaking. The objective is to identify the problems related to the use of jack pine so that solutions might be sought to promote its usage. Some recommendations are put forth concerning future research.

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Pronamide Phytotoxicity in Ten Wisconsin Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055600 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 429-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. E. Dutt ◽

R. G. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Mg Content ◽

The Relationship ◽

And Chemical Properties

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-(N-1, 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] phytotoxicity was compared in 10 Wisconsin soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Twelve soil properties were measured and correlated with pronamide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values using oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Portal’) as the indicator plant in bioassays conducted under greenhouse conditions. Organic matter was the soil variable most inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity. Cation exchange capacity, field moisture capacity, and Mg content were also inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity, but probably reflect changes in soil organic matter levels. Clay content did not significantly affect pronamide phytotoxicity.

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The influence of heating temperature on the physical and chemical properties of soils with different parent materials and anthropogenic uses

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2015.v5.n3.03 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Sacchi ◽

Paola Campitelli ◽

Patricia Soria ◽

Silvia Ceppi

Keyword(s):

Heating Temperature ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical Property ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Parent Materials ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Although natural and controlled fires are common in natural environments of the Province of Córdoba (Argentina), the effects on the physical and chemical soil properties are not well known. Warming effects were studied in two representative soil parent materials located in the piedmont of the Sierra Chica, Córdoba, Argentina. The aim of this study was to quantify the changes caused by different heating temperatures (100 °C and 500 °C), under laboratory conditions, on physical and chemical properties of two soils with different granulometric compositions and anthropic uses. The soils were classified as Udic Haplustoll, fine loamy (alluvial soils) and Udic Argiustoll, fine silty (loessoides soils). The depth analyzed corresponded to the upper 5 cm of the surface horizon. The physical property was granulometric composition (clay, silt and sand content) and the chemical properties: pH, oxidizable carbon (Cox), total nitrogen (Nt), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+), extractable phosphorus (Pe) and electrical conductivity (EC). These analyses included both unheated samples (control) and those heated at different temperatures. Cox, pH, EC and CEC showed similar behavior at the different heating temperatures, despite the parent materials and the soil use conditions. Cox, pH, Nt and CEC could statistically explain the differences in edaphic properties at the temperatures analyzed. At 300 °C statistically significant differences were recorded for the analyzed soil parameters, and at 500 °C changes difficult to reverse due to the inorganic colloidal fraction collapse and the decrease (90%) of the organic fraction were found.

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EFFET DU DRAINAGE SOUTERRAIN SUR QUELQUES PROPRIETES DE SOLS ARGILEUX DU QUEBEC

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss80-009 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 83-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. R. DE KIMPE ◽

M. R. LAVERDIÈRE

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Soils ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Internal Drainage ◽

Sols Argileux ◽

Aeration Conditions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Extractable Iron ◽

And Chemical Properties

Four series of agricultural soils of Quebec were sampled in the Lowlands on drained and undrained sites in order to investigate the effect of long-term internal drainage on the physical and chemical properties of the profiles. Change in structure was observed in the Ste-Rosalie soils. A massive layer found below 18 cm in the undrained profile was replaced by a more structured layer at greater depth in the drained profiles. Occurrence of mottles down to the Cg horizon reflected the better aeration conditions in the drained sites. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values were sometimes higher and sometimes lower than those measured in the undrained profiles. Below the plow layer, the two profiles drained for more than 50 yr had a cation exchange capacity 12–15% higher than the undrained profiles. Oxalate-extractable iron represented a high percentage of the dithionite-extractable iron and indicated a low rate of formation of crystalline pedogenic oxides. Mn accumulations were found in the more compact layers. The improvement of internal drainage requires a soil management that will enhance soil structure.

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Outlook and overview of microplastics pollution in ecological environment

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202014302027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 143 ◽

pp. 02027

Author(s):

Zhao Bin ◽

Cheng Yongqiang ◽

Guo Cuilian ◽

Liu Maoke ◽

Yao Puyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Research Progress ◽

Ecological Environment ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

New Type ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Microplastics are attracting more and more attention as a new type of pollutant in the ecological environment. Microplastics are difficult to degrade because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Some microplastics adsorbed toxic chemicals (e.g. heavy metals or organic pollutants) will cause a series of toxicological effects in organisms. This paper summarized the research progress in microplastics from the aspects of the types, distribution, detection and the toxicological effects. In addition, future research directions were also proposed and discussed.

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Establishment of homogeneous zones in a soil of alluvial origin

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-7054201943026318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Camilo Ignacio Jaramillo-Barrios ◽

Andrés Felipe Ortiz-Rico ◽

Gustavo Alfonso Araujo Carrillo ◽

Viviana Marcela Varón-Ramírez

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Chemical Degradation ◽

Acid Sulfate Soils ◽

Al Content ◽

Neutralizing Capacity ◽

Homogeneous Chemical ◽

Sulfate Soils ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACT Soils have the ability to maintain plant growth and biological activity due to their physical and chemical properties. The aim of this study was to observe the spatial distribution of some chemical properties of the soil, such as pH, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), sulfur (S) and aluminum (Al) content and to establish zones with homogeneous chemical characteristics using the MULTISPATI-PCA technique and the fuzzy c-means algorithm. The study area was located in the Tundama and Sugamuxi Valleys (Boyacá, Colombia) with an area of 8,017 ha. Chemical properties such as pH, OM, EC, S, Al, and ECEC were indicators of the chemical degradation of these soils. Four homogeneous zones were identified. The first zone represents areas with acidity and excessive sulfur, with a pH of 4.54, 15.88% OM, 3.19 dS m-1 EC, 2.47 meq 100 g-1 Al and 365.59 meq 100 g-1 S. In contrast, the second zone represents areas with a high self-neutralizing capacity, with a pH of 5.98, 4.22% OM, 0.75 dS m-1 EC, 0.20 meq 100 g-1 Al and 44.64 meq 100 g-1 S. Zone three showed a high similarity with the first two, except for its EC and S contents. Finally, zone four showed similarity with the first, except in OM, EC and S contents. These data show that S and EC influenced the homogeneous zones because the soils in this area are called acid sulfate soils.

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Characterization and classification of soils of Northern hills Zone of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.15740/has/ijas/17-aaebssd/147-149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽

pp. 147-149

Author(s):

P.N. Tripathi ◽

U.S. Mishra ◽

Pawan Sirothia ◽

R.P. Singh

Keyword(s):

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Three representative soil pedonsof northern hills of Chhattisgarh, M.P were morphologically studied, characterized and classified. The soils are very deep, colour ranges from brown (10YR5/3) to dark brown (10YR3/3) and very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) in different horizons. Fe and calcretes are observed in sub surface horizons. The texture in surface soils varied from clay loam to clay while in pedon 2, the texture was observed sandy clay loam throughout the profile. The soils are calcareous and pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.5. The organic carbon content in these soils were (4.4 g kg-1), low to medium (6.1 g kg-1) in surface and decreased with depth. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) were found high in horizons where clay content was more. Based on morphological, physical and chemical properties P1 and P3 were classified as VerticHaplustalfs and pedon (P2) was placed under Typic Haplustepts.

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