scholarly journals O que são conceitos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Botti
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Abstract Entities

Este artigo aborda o problema da existência de objetos abstratos. O que são objetos tais como números? Eles existem, de fato? Uma terceira questão que surge a partir da lógica moderna é sobre a relação entre quantificação e existência. São apresentadas duas teorias historicamente importantes sobre a ontologia de objetos abstratos e o status ontológico do quantificador, a saber, a concepção quantificacional de existência predominante na filosofia analítica do século 20, e o meinongianismo, a qual ela pretendia responder. Em seguida, apresento as críticas de Branquinho (2015) as duas teorias, bem como o resultado da avaliação de ambas. Por fim, a concepção ficcionista de Mario Bunge (1981; 2010a; 2010b) é proposta como uma alternativa plausível, que concilia aspectos das teorias quantificacional e meinongiana que sobrevivem à crítica de Branquinho com uma visão de mundo materialista e informada pela ciência.   What are concepts? The nature and existence of abstract entities from a materialist point of view Abstract: This article deals with the problem of the existence of abstract objects. What are objects such as numbers? Do they actually exist? A third question that arises from modern logic is about the relation between quantification and existence. Two historically important theories concerning the ontology of abstract objects and the ontological status of the quantifier are presented: first, the quantificational conception of existence, that was predominant in twentieth century analytical philosophy; second, the Meinongian conception, that analytical philosophers stood against. Then, Branquinho’s critical evaluation of both theories is presented, as well as the upshot of it (BRANQUINHO, 2015). Finally, Mario Bunge’s ficcionist conception is proposed as a plausible alternative, which conciliates the aspects of both already mentioned theories that survive Branquinho’s critique with a materialistic and scientifically informed worldview (1981; 2010a; 2010b).

The Children’s Novel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary System

This chapter explores the development of the children’s novel throughout the twentieth century. This period represents a change from the protection of childhood to the commodification of childhood, and from essentially gentleman-amateur publishing to highly professional production and marketing. But for all its successes, the idea that the children’s novel is necessary inferior to its adult counterpart dies hard. This is the more illogical because novels for children do not have exact counterparts in the adult literary ‘system’. From an adult point of view, all children’s literature is necessarily ‘popular’ or ‘lowbrow’, or at its ‘best’ merely ‘middlebrow’. Equally, the term ‘literature’ is not useful or relevant in the criticism of children’s novels, and the most valued texts in children’s literature may be precisely those that have the least to offer the adult.

scholarly journals The Road to Modern Logic—An Interpretation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ferreirós
Keyword(s):  
Order Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Order Logic ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Core System ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Road

AbstractThis paper aims to outline an analysis and interpretation of the process that led to First-Order Logic and its consolidation as a core system of modern logic. We begin with an historical overview of landmarks along the road to modern logic, and proceed to a philosophical discussion casting doubt on the possibility of a purely rational justification of the actual delimitation of First-Order Logic. On this basis, we advance the thesis that a certain historical tradition was essential to the emergence of modern logic; this traditional context is analyzed as consisting in some guiding principles and, particularly, a set of exemplars (i.e., paradigmatic instances). Then, we proceed to interpret the historical course of development reviewed in section 1, which can broadly be described as a two-phased movement of expansion and then restriction of the scope of logical theory. We shall try to pinpoint ambivalencies in the process, and the main motives for subsequent changes. Among the latter, one may emphasize the spirit of modern axiomatics, the situation of foundational insecurity in the 1920s, the resulting desire to find systems well-behaved from a proof-theoretical point of view, and the metatheoretical results of the 1930s. Not surprisingly, the mathematical and, more specifically, the foundational context in which First-Order Logic matured will be seen to have played a primary role in its shaping.Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today. (Jean van Heijenoort)

Sir Lionel Carden's Proposed Agreement on Central America, 1912

1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
Walter V. Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central America ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Central American ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Office

As American economic interests expanded in Central America in the early twentieth century, many British representatives concluded that the Foreign Office would have to devise some method to protect existing British investments against American encroachment. When Secretary of State Knox visited Central America in 1912, he and Sir Lionel E. G. Carden, the British Minister to Central America, discussed Central American affairs when they met in Guatemala on March 16. Knox could scarcely have been very sympathetic as Carden expounded the British point of view, for the Department of State believed that the greatest obstacle to the success of its policy in Central America was none other than the British Minister. As early as April, 1910, Knox had unsuccessfully tried to have Carden transferred from his post; the attempt failed because Sir Edward Grey backed up his Minister.

scholarly journals Consideraciones sobre una semiología de la ciencia

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (51) ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Javier Echeverría
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Theory Of Science ◽  
Logical Atomism

One of the main deficiencies of the twentieth century philosophy of science, in spite of evident achievements in the logical analysis and reconstruction of scientific theories, is the separation between formal sciences and those sciences with empirical contents. This distinction derives from Carnap and it was generally admitted by the Vienna Circle since the publication of “Formalwissenschaft und Realwissenschaft” in Erkenntnis in 1935. Later philosophy of science, in spite of other criticism of the neopositivist programme, has maintained this separation. It can be claimed that Realwissenschaften, physics in particular, have determined the development of later philosophy of science. Analyses of scientific theories most of the time refer to physical theories, and occasionally to biological ones. There is still a lot to be done in the field of mathematics and logic, in order to analyse and reconstruct their theories. But even if this task is undertaken, and some progress has been done lately, there is still a lot of work to do before a general theory of science can be proposed which transcends such a division between formal and empirical sciences, let alone the human or social sciences. This paper is intended as a contribution to supersede the first dichotomy between formal and physical sciences. One of the main problems in order to make some progress along these lines is that since its origins logical positivism had a deficient theory of knowledge, and the same happened with analytical philosophy developed immediately afterwards. This paper thus criticises examples of such a type of theory of knowledge, as expressed in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, and Russell’s Philosophy of Logical Atomism. The core argument is as follows: these theorizations are inadequate for scientific knowledge; this type of knowledge, particularly the notion of ‘sign’ cannot be adapted to the simple scheme proposed in those works. The criticism here undertaken is developed from a rationalist point of view, in a sense which is closer to Leibniz and Saussure, than to recent philosophers fascinated with the word ‘reason’. Some new proposals are put forward, necessarily provisional, which justify the term, which in turn could be perfectly substituted by another, of Semiology of Science.

scholarly journals MYSTERY AS A META-GENRE IN THE DRAMA OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
K. Oliinyk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Order ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dramatic Works ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
General Feeling ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Definition Of

The article examines the specificity of existence of the renewed mystery genre as a meta genre in the twentieth century. The main literary study views on the definition of ancient and medieval / Christian ritual mystery are analyzed. The beginning of the twentieth century was full of a general feeling of catastrophe and tragic hopelessness. In artistic terms, the consequence of this was the activation of Christian issues, motives, plots, religious genres (miracles, morality and mystery). The most universal from the point of view of the ideological message and content for the writers of the twentieth century. was the matrix of the medieval mystery, which retained the ritual basis in its primary structure. This made it possible for the multilevel organization of the action and the space for it. The genre of medieval mystery is being modified, it ceases to be a purely form of religious action and acquires the quality of a meta genre. There is a transition from the religious sphere to the secular one, and the aesthetic one is replacing the didactic load. Mystery begins to exist on the edge of genres as a synthetic formation, showing intentions to “help” other genres. A large number of dramatic works of the twentieth century. ("Forest Song" by Lesia Ukrainka, "Iconostasis of Ukraine" by Vіra Vovk) comes close to the mystery, using its archetypal components: the ideas of faith in the absolute beginning, governing the eternal rotation of life and death, world order and harmony, death and rebirth, transformations of the human soul, chosenness and initiation associated with trials, sacrifice, deepening into mysticism. Such works are a certain imitation with elements of mythological or religious subjects. So, the twentieth century, actualizes a certain involvement of the semantic content of dramas to the mysteries, bringing the mystery to the level of the meta genre.

scholarly journals Liturgical renovation of modern churches in Rome (Italy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Daniela Concas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Liturgical Movement ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Architectural Language ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The Church

At the beginning of the first half of the twentieth century the bond between ars-venustas and cultus-pietas has produced many churches of Roman Catholic cult.It’s between the 20s and 60s of the twentieth century that the experiments of the Liturgical Movement in Germany lead to the evolution of the liturgical space, which, even today, we see engraving in modern churches in Rome (Italy).The Council of Trent (1545-1563) constitutes the precedent historical moment, in which the Church recognised the need for major liturgical renovation of its churches. In comparison with this, the Second Vatican Council (1959-65) introduced some radical changes within the church architectural spaces.The observations come from the direct reading of the present architectural space and the interventions already realised in modern churches in Rome. The most significant churches from an historical-artistic point of view were selected (1924-1965). Significantly, although every single architecture is unique for dimensions, architectural language and used materials, a comparison, in order to gather the discovered characteristics and to compare the restrictions regarding the different operations, would extremely effective, as demonstrated below.Since the matter is considerably vast, in this work, only some brief notes regarding the liturgical renovation of the Presbytery area will be outlined.

scholarly journals Una aproximación a la complejidad social e ideológica en Baja California Sur / Social and Ideological Complexity in Baja California Sur: an Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Rossana Almada Alatorre ◽  
Rosa Elba Rodríguez Tomp
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Complex Thought ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Society Today

ABSTRACTUnderstanding sudcalifornian society today requires the adoption of a perspective that is anchored in the complex thought, given the fact that during the last two decades of the twentieth century it has been the recipient of multiple elements that have served as catalysts for changes and setbacks in the construction of subjectivity. We witness the emergence of advances in terms of what is understood as “development” from an economic point of view, based on the opening to domestic and foreign investment; politically and ideologically we lurch from side to side, with the citizens' vote alternating between personalities deeply entrenched in the community more than being based on concrete political proposals. “Values” in terms of morality and traditions emphasise, on one side, the respect and tolerance which have characterised Sudcalifornia at least for the second half of the twentieth century; but, on the other hand, are skewed towards shaping a society that could be called neoconservative, for it adopts positions and values already vindicated by other societies in the heart of the countryRESUMENComprender en la actualidad a la sociedad sudcaliforniana requiere de una perspectiva anclada en el pensamiento complejo pues a partir de las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX ha sido receptora de una multiplicidad de elementos que han servido como impulsores de cambios y retrocesos en la construcción de la subjetividad. Asistimos a la emergencia de avances en términos de lo que se entiende por “desarrollo” desde la visión económica, con base en la apertura a la inversión nacional y extranjera; política e ideológicamente damos tumbos de un lado a otro, alternando el voto ciudadano más entre personalidades arraigadas en la entidad que con base en propuestas políticas concretas; los “valores” en términos de la moral y las costumbres, por un lado acentúan el respeto y la tolerancia que ha caracterizado a Sudcalifornia al menos durante la última mitad del siglo XX y, por otro, se sesgan hacia la configuración de una sociedad que podríamos denominar neoconservadora, pues adopta posturas y valores reivindicados por las sociedades del centro del país.

scholarly journals The Reception of Egyptian Modernism in Indonesia: Harun Nasution on Theology of Muhammad Abduh

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
D. V. Mukhetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Human Race ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Interpretive Model

In the present article we are going look at the interpretation of the theology of Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) undertaken by the Indonesian scholar Harun Nasution (1919–1998). Nasution compares Abduh’s position to neo- Mutazilism, relying on the treatise “Risālah al- Tawḥid”. Nasution carries out a step-by-step interpretation of the most popular “exoteric” work of the Egyptian thinker, proving the rationalist character of his theological system. From the point of view of Nasution, the division of the human race into the elect and commoners characteristic of Abduh is intended to confi rm the special ontological status of people endowed with high culture and advanced intellectual abilities. The elect are able to comprehend the entire area of intelligible being, which includes both God with his attributes and the created world. From this follows the limited, confi rmatory character of Revelation. It does not so much reveal to people a hitherto unfamiliar truth as confi rms (legitimizes) the knowledge already available to the Elect. Nasution believes that Abduh’s views on human freedom and divine justice are in confl ict with Asharism. Man is the source of his own actions, he is given the freedom to independently determine his own destiny. Allah Almighty rules the world through the eternal laws of nature, sunan, and prefers not to interfere in the aff airs of people directly, although he is interested in their welfare. The article concludes with critical remarks challenging the interpretive model proposed by Nasution and other neoMutazilite scholars of Abduh.

Native American Religions in the Twentieth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Tarango
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native American ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Traditionally White ◽  
American Indian Movement ◽  
Native American Church ◽  
Native American Religions ◽  
Indian New Deal ◽  
Sacred Land

This chapter discusses Native American religions in the twentieth century and major figures and themes including: the Pueblo Dance Controversy, the Indian New Deal, John Collier and the restructuring of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Native American Church, Native American Pentecostalism, the American Indian Movement, the work of Vine Deloria Jr., the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act, issues surrounding sacred land, and the court case of Employment Division v. Smith. In recent years, the study of native religions shifted from being understood in white “Western” terms to something now studied from the native point of view. Scholarship has shifted toward privileging native understandings of sovereignty, political engagement, sexuality, space, land, time, and religious belief. Despite the fact that their religious freedoms were rarely protected, native peoples found new ways to defend against white encroachment on their sacred traditions and made their voices heard within traditionally white institutions of power.

Transpacific Displacement: Ethnography, Translation, and Intertextual Travel in Twentieth-Century American Literature. By Huang Yunte. [Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press, 2002. xv+209 pp. $ 24.95. ISBN 0-520-23223-2.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 214-251
Author(s):  
Cosima Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Key Words ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Twentieth Century American Literature

The key words provided in the title – “ethnography,” “translation” and “intertextual travel” – as well as various combinations of these terms, explain the contents of this book, which sets out two main aims: to give an exposition of Orientalist cultural work in 20th-century American letters; and to consider this cultural work from a textual point of view.

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