Progress, challenges and opportunities for HIV prevention and control among high risk groups: a public health perspective

COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease and public health hazard that has been wreaking havoc around the world; thus, assessing and simulating the risk of the current pandemic is crucial to its management and prevention. The severe situation of COVID-19 around the world cannot be ignored, and there are signs of a second outbreak; therefore, the accurate assessment and prediction of COVID-19 risks, as well as the prevention and control of COVID-19, will remain the top priority of major public health agencies for the foreseeable future. In this study, the risk of the epidemic in Guangzhou was first assessed through logistic regression (LR) on the basis of Tencent-migration data and urban point of interest (POI) data, and then the regional distribution of high- and low-risk epidemic outbreaks in Guangzhou in February 2021 was predicted. The main factors affecting the distribution of the epidemic were also analyzed by using geographical detectors. The results show that the number of cases mainly exhibited a declining and then increasing trend in 2020, and the high-risk areas were concentrated in areas with resident populations and floating populations. In addition, in February 2021, the “Spring Festival travel rush” in China was predicted to be the peak period of population movement. The epidemic risk value was also predicted to reach its highest level at external transportation stations, such as Baiyun Airport and Guangzhou South Railway Station. The accuracy verification showed that the prediction accuracy exceeded 99%. Finally, the interaction between the resident population and floating population could explain the risk of COVID-19 to the highest degree, which indicates that the effective control of population agglomeration and interaction is conducive to the prevention and control of COVID-19. This study identifies and predicts high-risk areas of the epidemic, which has important practical value for urban public health prevention and control and containment of the second outbreak of COVID-19.

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Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: A Framework for Action

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00387.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (S1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Judith A. Monroe ◽

Janet L. Collins ◽

Pamela S. Maier ◽

Thomas Merrill ◽

Georges C. Benjamin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Obesity Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

The Public ◽

Legal Perspective ◽

Core Elements ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Control

The Proceedings of the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control is based on a two-part conceptual framework composed of public health and legal perspectives. The public health perspective comprises the six target areas and intervention settings that are the focus of the obesity prevention and control efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).This paper presents the legal perspective. Legal preparedness in public health is the underpinning of the framework for the four “assessment” papers and the four “action” papers that are integral to the application of public health law to any particular health issue. In addition, this paper gives real-world grounding to the legal framework through examples that illustrate the four core elements of legal preparedness in public health that are at work in obesity prevention and control.

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Study on the mechanism of public service emergency response to public health emergency. Take Wuhan as example

Proceedings of the 56th ISOCARP World Planning Congress ◽

10.47472/btuz6610 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hong Geng ◽

◽

Zaiyu Fan ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

High Risk ◽

Emergency Response ◽

Public Service ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Service System ◽

Response Mechanism ◽

The Public ◽

Public Health Emergencies ◽

And Control

With the frequent occurrence of epidemic diseases such as “SARS”, “H1N1”, “MERS”and“COVID19”, public health emergencies, which are characterized by large-scale, high risk, strong persistence and high risk, have become more and more obvious threats to the life and health of urban residents and put forward a huge test to the urban public service system. As the first city of COVID-19 human infection, the core of the epidemic spread and the worst-hit area, Wuhan is an ideal case study. Based on the analysis of the epidemic prevention and control actions in the first three months of the outbreak in Wuhan, this paper evaluates the vulnerability of the public service system and facilities in Wuhan. The results show that Wuhan is faced with many problems, such as the failure of community-level public service facilities, the imbalance of public service allocation in the central city, and the significant gap of graded service supply, when dealing with public health emergencies. Further studies found that due to the lack of dynamic early warning mechanism, the decoupling of public service construction from the urbanization process, the difficulty of service turnover and subsidence and other factors, the public service response was delayed. Based on these practical difficulties, this paper puts forward the construction path of the emergency response mechanism for the city level public service system, specifically including the following six key contents: (1) Improving the emergency plan path of the public service system; (2) Establishing the organizational structure of the emergency management system according to the administrative divisions; (3) Building a community-based mobilization system; (4) Establishing the regional joint defense and control interaction mechanism in public health emergencies; (5) Reserving appropriate strategic construction space; (6) Strengthening the emergency infrastructure construction. Finally, based on the path of emergency response mechanism, this paper proposes the corresponding city wide spatio-temporal prevention and control network strategy, so as to provide a reference for the realization of city health and order.

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The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12010067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily A. Eshraghian ◽

Sepideh N. Ferdos ◽

Sanjay R. Mehta

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Hiv Prevention ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Human Mobility ◽

Control Methods ◽

And Migration ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

HIV prevention and control methods are implemented on different scales to reduce the spread of the virus amongst populations. However, despite such efforts, HIV continues to persist in populations with a global incidence rate of 1.8 million in 2017 alone. The introduction of new infections into susceptible regional populations promotes the spread of HIV, indicating a crucial need to study the impact of migration and mobility on regional and global efforts to prevent HIV transmission. Here we reviewed studies that assess the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission and spread. We found an important role for both travel and migration in driving the spread of HIV across regional and national borders. Combined, our results indicate that even in the presence of control and preventive efforts, if migration and travel are occurring, public health efforts will need to remain persistent to ensure that new infections do not grow into outbreaks.

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Prevention and control of legionellosis: A public health perspective

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.4103/1755-6783.196627 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1370

Author(s):

SaurabhR Shrivastava ◽

PrateekS Shrivastava ◽

Jegadeesh Ramasamy

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

And Control

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Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: The Public Health Framework for Action

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00386.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (S1) ◽

pp. 9-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

William H. Dietz ◽

Alicia S. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Obesity Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Care Delivery ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Public Health Approach ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

The Public ◽

And Control

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has focused its obesity prevention and control efforts on improving population-level health. A recent Institute of Medicine report identified systems that affect population health, to include health care delivery systems, schools, businesses and employers, communities, and governmental public health infrastructure. CDC uses the public health model to engage these systems, and this process coordinates multiple settings, sectors, and jurisdictions to develop an integrated approach to identify, prevent, and control obesity. The public health approach goes beyond medical care to prioritize policy and environmental strategies that can be implemented across jurisdictional levels, in collaboration with traditional and nontraditional partners. The process ultimately produces tools, guidelines, and interventions that can be used to prevent and control obesity. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the public health perspective on obesity, outline the public health framework for addressing obesity, and discuss the rationale for leveraging law-based efforts as a tool to accomplish the public health mission.

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Barriers and facilitators of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) intention among Chinese men who have sex with men

10.21203/rs.2.21052/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoyou Su ◽

Mingyu Si ◽

Li Yan ◽

Yu Jiang ◽

Yuanli Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

High Risk ◽

Hiv Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Sexual Partners ◽

Intention To Use ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

And Control ◽

Oral Prep

Abstract BackgroundDespite strengthened efforts on HIV prevention and control, new HIV infections continue to increase among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a highly effective HIV prevention tool, has recently been included in China’s Action Plan of HIV Prevention and Control. To inform future PrEP implementation, this study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators of PrEP intention among MSM in China. MethodsIn 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 MSM in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Questions on demographics, sexual behavior (including a 7-item high-risk behavior index), PrEP use intention, PrEP-related awareness and accessibility, and a 7-item public HIV stigma scale were included in the questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with PrEP intention. ResultsOverall, 44.67% had more than 2 male sexual partners and 5.56% had HIV-positive sexual partners. Just 57.00% had heard of PrEP and only 4 (1.33%) participants had used PrEP. However, 75.34% expressed a willingness to use oral PrEP if its efficacy was assured. Beliefs that ‘PrEP can prevent HIV if taken as prescribed’ (aOR=4.84, p<0.001), and ‘PrEP can be scaled up in the community’ (aOR=3.24, p<0.001), were positively associated with oral PrEP intention. Concerns of side effects were negatively associated with oral PrEP intention (aOR=0.32, p =0.006). Respectively 77.00% of the participants would choose injectable or implanted PrEP instead of oral PrEP. One of the PrEP stigma items, ‘Not certain if doctors can prescribe PrEP if I go to the clinic’ was positively associated with the intention to use injectable or implanted PrEP (aOR=3.03). Individuals who had heard of PrEP (aOR=2.74) and believed ‘PrEP can prevent HIV if taken as prescribed’ (aOR=2.65) were also positively related to the intention to use injectable or implanted PrEP. The most common concerns regarding PrEP use were efficacy (44.67%) and side effects (38.67%). The most common reasons for using injectable and implanted PrEP were adherence (81.94% and 77.86%, respectively) and privacy concerns (56.48% and 55.00%, respectively). Affordable price and coverage of health insurance are the driving factors for using PrEP. ConclusionsGiven the relatively low awareness of PrEP-related information in China, interventions on awareness and knowledge targeting high risk individuals and communities are needed. Furthermore, additional alternatives to prevent HIV, such as long-acting injectable or implanted PrEP, should be investigated to reduce the risk of HIV infection in at-risk MSM. Particularly, it is necessary to develop a more supportive social environment for MSM when implementing PrEP programs that are approved by China’s FDA.

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Sexually transmitted infections

10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0070 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 187-196

Author(s):

Noah Kojima ◽

J.D. Klausner

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Intervention ◽

Sti Prevention ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Broad Array ◽

And Control

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) refer to a broad array of pathogens that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. While STI case rates are highest in adolescents and young adults, the most serious health outcomes occur later in life and are disproportionately borne by women and infants. For these reasons, STI prevention and control is an important public health investment for every country. This chapter summarizes the global epidemiology of STIs and their associated health consequences, and reports on factors affecting STI spread in the community. It also discusses STI prevention and control as a public health intervention, relying on many interrelated interventions working together to reduce STI incidence and prevalence in the community. Finally, it considers some of the most likely challenges and opportunities in STI prevention anticipated over the next few decades.

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National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00384.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (S1) ◽

pp. 5-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donald E. Benken ◽

Meredith S. Reynolds ◽

Alicia S. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Disease Control ◽

Obesity Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Legal Issues ◽

Current Status ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Control

The National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control was conceived by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a strategic conference to review the current status of legal preparedness for obesity prevention and control, identify potential gaps, and develop specific action options for improving the contribution law can make to reduce the health threat posed by obesity. Working with the collaborating partners and planning committe, the host committe planned and modeled after the Summit CDC’s 2007 conference on public health emergency legal preparedness that resulted in the National Action Agenda for Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness. The summit was a working meeting that offered invited participants a structured opportunity to deliberate about the laws and legal issues that impact obesity prevention and control from a public health perspective.

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