scholarly journals Educomunicação como política pública de promoção ao trabalho autoral na escola

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia Pavão Siluk ◽  
Lilian Roberta Ilha Saccol ◽  
Angela Balbina Neves Picada
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
School Students ◽  
Student Work ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Student Authorship ◽  
Research Action ◽  
Study Participants

The Mais Educação Program is a public policy with a main objective to improve the environment of Brazilian public schools. This policy has 10 macro fields; one of them is the Educomunicação, defined as the education of communication, so as to strengthen student’s ability to express themselves. From this perspective, the general research objective was to investigate the challenges and possibilities of Educomunicação in maximizing the development of the authorial work of Elementary School students using school radio media. Specifically, the study aimed to identify the challenges of planning educational practices at school, specifically related to the processes of student authorship and co-authorship based on the principles of Educomunicação, and to point to the contributions of school radio media to student work. The research employed an exploratory and descriptive methodology, and the delineation adopted was Research Action. Conducted at a public school in southern Brazil, the study participants included 19 fourth grade students engaging in Educomunicação practices with school radio media. The study emphasizes how the Mais Educação Program and its macro field Educomunicação enhances the processes of student authorship and co-authorship and greater facilitates contextualized and socially embedded teaching and learning.

scholarly journals O ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - UMA EXPERIÊNCIA TEÓRICO-PRÁTICA COM ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO DE ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Alexsandra Martins Da Silva ◽  
Camila Zanesco ◽  
Angélica Ribolli Cazarotto ◽  
Felipe Tecchio Borsoi ◽  
Camila Dervanoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
School Students ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
The University

Resumo: Este trabalho foi uma iniciativa do projeto “Ciências Biológicas – Uma Forma de Integrar e Construir a Prática Experimental”, cuja ação de destaque foi o incentivo ao ensino de Ciências Biológicas para alunos de ensino médio de dois municípios. Foram oferecidas aulas teóricas e práticas em laboratórios da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), promovendo o contato de alunos e professores de escolas públicas com a universidade. Neste contexto, foi possível aproximá-los de atividades, materiais e equipamentos de prática científica e de ensino nas áreas de Ciências Biológicas, visando melhorias das condições de aprendizagem e estimulando os jovens dessas escolas para a participação no meio acadêmico-científico, aumentando a interação universidade/escola pública. Foram atendidas 15 turmas, totalizando cerca de 320 estudantes, que presenciaram as aulas de “Microscopia, células e tecidos”, “Tipagem sanguínea” e “Biodecomposição de alimentos orgânicos”. Esse trabalho possibilitou que os alunos tivessem contato prévio com o mundo das ciências e os incentivou para ingressar na universidade. Já os professores que acompanharam os alunos se sentiram instigados a manter a criatividade em sala de aula. Para os acadêmicos envolvidos, o projeto possibilitou o crescimento pessoal, instigando os mesmos a desenvolver aptidões, além do que lhes é ensinado em sala de aula. Palavras-chave: Práticas laboratoriais, ensino-aprendizagem, escola pública, extensão universitária.   The teaching of Biological Sciences - a theoretical and practical experience with students of high public schools Abstract: This article promotes the project ‘Ciências Biológicas – Uma Forma de Integrar e Construir a Prática Experimental’ (Biological Sciences – a way to integrate and to build experimental practices).  This initiative encouraged the teaching of biological sciences to high school students of two municipalities. Theoretical and practical classes were offered in the university labs of Universidade Federal Fronteira Sul –UFFS (Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil) in order to promote the contact of students and teachers of public schools with the university. In this context, it was possible to put the students in contact with procedures, equipments scientific and teaching practices in the areas of Biological Sciences. These activities aimed at improving learning and stimulating the students from the schools in which were part of the academic and scientific community, and as a result, to promote the interaction between university and public schools. Fifteen student groups took part in the project, which totaled around 320 students who had lessons on microscopy, cells and tissues, blood typing and biological decomposition of organic food. This project encouraged students that had a previous contact with the world of science to enter university. In addition, the teachers who accompanied the students were encouraged to continue being creative in their classes. For the undergraduate students involved, the project enabled personal growth and encouraged them to develop skills beyond what they were taught in the classroom. Key-words: Laboratory Practices, Teaching and Learning, Public School, University Extension.   La enseñanza de Ciencias Biológicas - una experiencia teórica y práctica con los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria en escuelas públicas Resumen: En este artículo, se hace un relato de un trabajo que tuvo una iniciativa del proyecto ‘Ciências Biológicas – Uma Forma de Integrar e Construir a Prática Experimental’ (Ciencias Biológicas – Una Forma de Integrar y Construir la Práctica Experimental), cuya acción principal fue el incentivo a la enseñanza de Ciencias Biológicas para alumnos de enseñanza media de dos municipios. Se les ofreció clases teóricas y prácticas en los laboratorios de la Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul – UFFS (Santa Catarina, sur de Brasil) promoviendo el contacto de alumnos y profesores de escuelas públicas con la universidad. En este espacio, fue posible aproximarlos a actividades, materiales y equipamientos de la práctica científica y de la enseñanza en las áreas de Ciencias Biológicas, buscando mejorías en las condiciones de aprendizaje y estimular los jóvenes de esas escuelas a la participación en el medio académico-científico, aumentando la interacción universidad/escuela pública. Han sido atendidos 15 grupos y cerca de 320 estudiantes, que fueron testigos de las lecciones de “Microscopía, células y tejidos”, “Tipo sanguíneo”, y “Biodescomposición de alimentos orgánicos”. Ese trabajo ha posibilitado que los alumnos tuvieran un contacto previo con el mundo de las ciencias y los ha incentivado a ingresar a la universidad. Por otro lado, los docentes que han acompañado a los alumnos se han sentido instigados a mantener la creatividad en las clases. Para los académicos involucrados, el proyecto ha posibilitado el crecimiento personal, instigándolos a crear aptitudes, más allá de lo que les es enseñado en el salón de clase. Palabras-clave: Extensión Universitaria, Popularización de la Ciencia, Escuela Secundaria, Enseñanza Científica.

scholarly journals DEVELOPING TEACHING MEDIA OF KANGAROO SMART FRIEZE TO ENRICH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Sakilah Bewafa ◽  
Ana Utami Fatoni ◽  
Yuliana Fatima Dayana ◽  
Puthut Joko Buntolo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
School Students ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Limited Testing

The implementation of the newest curriculum (Curriculum 2013) leads some elementary schools to finally exclude English from the schools subjects. However, some elementary schools that keep teaching English as a subject still cannot provide appropriate English teaching media, especially to teach vocabulary. In this study, the researchers aimed to know the problems faced by the English teacher and the fourth grade students of SD N 2 Sekaran in the vocabulary teaching and learning, and also to know how to develop teaching media of Kangaroo Smart Frieze. The Research and Development (R & D) approach was adopted by conducting the preliminary survey, designing and developing the prototype of the product, conducting limited testing and product validation, having a revision process and describing the research result. The subjects of the study were the fourth grade students of SDN 2 Sekaran in the academic year of 2013/2014. The instruments used were questionnaires, interview guideline and test. According to the interview to the English teacher and students, it can be concluded that the vocabulary teaching media of Kangaroo Smart frieze needs to be developed with the focus on the quality of the media and also the variety of games played. The development of Kangaroo Smart Frieze was started by observing and interviewing the English teacher and students. After doing that, the process was continued by planning the data collecting instrument of vocabulary teaching media. The main consideration was based on the English curriculum (syllabus) of the fourth grade students of elementary school and also some related theories. Moreover, the data collecting instrument was arranged into two main parts which included the need analysis of the students and English teacher. The further step was designing the prototype. The development process was then followed by other steps; product validation, try-out (limited testing) and revision of Kangaroo Smart Frieze. The results of the students’ test by using Kangaroo Smart Frieze as the vocabulary teaching media, and also the assessment from the experts were very good. Therefore, it could be concluded that Kangaroo Smart Frieze has a good prospect to be used in the vocabulary teaching and learning process. As suggestion, the teachers should always try to choose appropriate vocabulary teaching media, and the future researchers should conduct better research and development to develop better vocabulary teaching media for elementary school students.

scholarly journals KEPATUHAN ETIKA MELALUI AKTIVITI LAKONAN DALAM PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN MORAL DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH [ETHICS THROUGH ACTING ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MORAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS]

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
VASANTHAN GURUSAMY ◽  
SHARMINI SIVA VIKARAMAN ◽  
MARSHAL BRIEWIN MASILAMANI
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Short Film ◽  
School Students ◽  
Education Class ◽  
Moral Ethics ◽  
Observation Protocol ◽  
Study Participants

Understanding and adherence to an ethic can help a person in performing moral actions. Thus, this article discusses the potential of short film acting activities as a teaching method in improving students' understanding of the ethical elements as school students. A total of 18 female and male students (three focused groups) from the form four Moral Education class were used for the purpose of data collection. Sampling techniques were used to select study participants. This qualitative study was conducted using observation protocol instruments, interview protocols and journal writing guides aimed at collecting data. Data analysis shows that acting activities in the teaching and learning of Moral Education can help students to understand and implement moral actions by adhering to moral ethics.

scholarly journals Experiências educativas no Centro Juvenil de Ciência e Cultura: um espaço não formal de aprendizagem

2017 ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Alexsandro Ferreira de Souza Silva ◽  
Adson dos Santos Bastos ◽  
Fabrício Oliveira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
School Students ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
La Red ◽  
Youth Centre

A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as concepções de estudantes do Ensino Médio da rede pública sobre as estratégias metodológicas do Centro Juvenil de Ciência e Cultura de Senhor do Bonfim, BA, compreendido como espaço não formal de ensino e aprendizagem em Ciências. Utilizamos uma metodologia de caráter exploratório e cunho qualitativo, que teve como instrumento de produção e de coleta dados um questionário fechado, que aplicado após a realização de uma oficina na área de Ciências. As oficinas integraram as ações metodológicas para poder compreender como aquele espaço se configura na ótica dos estudantes como um lócus não formal de aprendizagem, em se tratando das questões relativas à área do ensino de Ciências. Como resultados preliminares percebemos a importância que o referido Centro Juvenil logra no processo educacional dos sujeitos envolvidos.Palavras-chave: Estratégias Didáticas. Espaço não formal. Educação em Ciências.Educational experience in Youth Center of Science and Culture: a space of non – formal learningABSTRACTThe research aimed to analyze the concepts of high school students from public schools on the methodological strategies of the Youth Center of Science and Culture of Senhor do Bonfim, BA, understood as non - formal teaching and learning of Science. We use used an exploratory methodology and qualitative approach that had as an instrument of production and data collection A questionnaire, which was applied after conducting a workshop in the area of Sciences. The workshops integrated methodological actions to be able to understand how the space is configured in the view of students as a non-formal locus of learning, in the case of matters relating to the science of education. As preliminary results we realize the importance that that achieves Youth Centre in the educational process of the subjects involved.Keywords: Teaching Strategies. Non formal space. Science Education.Experiencias educativa en el Centro Juvenil Ciencia y Cultura: um espacio no formal de aprendizajeRESUMENLa investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las concepciones de estudiantes de la Enseñanza Media de la red pública sobre las estrategias metodológicas del Centro Juvenil de Ciencia y Cultura de Señor del Bonfim, BA, comprendido como espacio no formal de enseñanza y aprendizaje en Ciencias. Utilizamos una metodología de carácter exploratorio y cuño cualitativo, que tuvo como instrumento de producción y de recolección de datos un cuestionario cerrado, que se aplicó tras la realización de un taller práctico en el área de Ciencias. Los talleres prácticos integraron las acciones metodológicas para poder comprender cómo aquel espacio se confi gura en la óptica de los estudiantes como un locus no formal de aprendizaje, en lo que se refiere de las cuestiones relativas a la enseñanza de Ciencias. Como resultados preliminares percibimos la importancia que el referido Centro Juvenil logra en el proceso educativo de los sujetos involucrados.Palabras clave: Estrategias Didácticas. Espacio no formal. Educación en Ciencias

scholarly journals Grade Level Differences in the Cognitive, Behavioral, and Physiological Components of Test Anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utkun Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
School Students ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Elementary Grade ◽  
Grade Level Differences ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Task Behaviors

The capacity to cope with test anxiety that contain high concentrations of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological manifestations, is becoming increasingly important in educational contexts as well as evaluative settings. The developing ability to deal with test anxiety relative to the increasingly strict evaluative practices students encounter points that students’ test anxiety may decline as they move through school years. This study examined three test anxiety components (thoughts, off-task behaviors, and autonomic reactions) with students from 3 public schools in İstanbul, Turkey. Using a diverse sample of elementary (Grade 4; N = 414) and middle (Grade 6; N = 201) school students, grade level differences in these components were investigated. Applying a multivariate approach, significant differences were found in the overall test anxiety, favoring fourth grade students. The results also revealed Grade 4 advantage for off-task behaviors and autonomic reactions, = .014 and = .011, but no grade level differences in the thoughts. Educational implications of the findings are discussed.

Internet usage and the problems about the commute to school in Japanese adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sato ◽  
T Isomura ◽  
K Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
School Students ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
School Absence ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Excessive Internet Use ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Introduction As inappropriate Internet usage has been increasing, various problems were observed, particularly in adolescence. For example, excessive Internet use might lead to absenteeism for high school students. This study aimed to examine the association between Internet usage and some difficulties of commute, such as tardy and absence for school in 4th to 9th-grade students. Methods Study participants were all students of the 4th-9th grade in Japanese rural public schools and their parents. In 2018 a self-reported survey was conducted. The questionnaire contained items about Internet usage, such as duration and family rules, and the current situation about commuting to school. The parents answered the same questions about their children and also responded to their own Internet usage time. The answers about their commute to school “tardy more than once a week”, “sometimes absent” and “have experience of school absenteeism” were categorized as “school absence”. The duration of Internet use was categorized every 2 hours as “never”, “0-2hrs (reference) ”, “2-4hrs” and “over 6hrs”. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the duration of Internet use and the absence of school adjusting by covariates. Results Study participants were 6,031 students and 5,525 guardians participated, and response rates were 87.8%, and 80.5%, respectively. The number of “school absence” case was 429 (7.2%). The “school absence” was significantly associated with the duration of Internet use, and these relationships grew stronger as the period got longer. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of “over 6hrs” were 4.1 and 2.9-5.6, respectively. The parents’ own Internet usage time was also associated with their children’s school absence. Conclusions The longer students used the Internet, the higher the risk of school absence. Own Internet usage time of parents was also associated with children's commuting to school. Key messages Excessive Internet use might induce absenteeism in younger adolescents as well as older adolescents. Few studies have examined the association between Internet use and absenteeism.

SAUDI STUDENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ STRATEGIES AND BELIEFS IN LEARNING AND TEACHING ENGLISH IN SAUDI ARABIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 664-672
Author(s):  
Eiman Nather
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Public High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Learning And Teaching

This preliminary study investigates the Saudi public high school student deficiencies in speaking English and seeks ways to improve the curriculum opportunities for students in English-speaking classrooms. Saudi public schools aim to educate students to use English in real-life communication. However, the majority of Saudi high school students graduate with low levels of understanding and competence in communicating in English. This pilot study examines the strategies that Saudi high school teachers and students have followed to teach and learn English in public schools and investigates their beliefs about effective teaching and learning strategies. The study is based on a questionnaire. Ninety female students of years seven, eight, and nine and their six teachers were drawn from two public schools in Riyadh. The findings of this study reflect the importance of collaborative work between stakeholders including supervisors, teachers, parents, and students. In addition, they emphasize that besides the teachers’ beliefs, learners’ needs and expectations should be taken into account, to increase the likelihood of a more productive and successful learning environment. The consensus was that the best results are achieved when interesting activities and interactive teaching strategies are used to support the mandatory course-book.

scholarly journals A Escola da Escolha no Rio Grande do Norte: Apontamentos Acerca do Papel do Professor

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-336
Author(s):  
João Kaio Cavalcante de Morais ◽  
Lúcia de Fátima Monteiro ◽  
Ana Lúcia Sarmento Henrique
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Full Time ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private Organizations

ResumoNas últimas décadas se observa que entidades privadas vêm ganhando espaço nas escolas do país, sobretudo, naquelas de tempo integral. Essas organizações, ligadas ao grande capital, exercem pressão nas Instituições de Ensino e, consequentemente, no trabalho do professor. O objetivo do artigo é analisar o entendimento acerca da docência nos Cadernos de Formação do Instituto de Corresponsabilidade da Educação (ICE), entidade responsável pela formação de professores que atuam nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio em tempo integral vinculadas à Secretaria de Educação e Cultura (SEEC) do Rio Grande do Norte. Além dos cadernos foram consultados estudos recentes que discorrem a respeito da formação de estudantes nas escolas de tempo integral, o que caracteriza o estudo como documental e bibliográfico. O método que fundamenta o texto é o materialismo histórico-dialético, proposto inicialmente por Marx e Engels (2019). No entendimento do ICE, o professor é um facilitador e mediador do projeto de vida dos estudantes. O docente deve conduzir os alunos ao domínio das suas próprias emoções, posto que assim podem ser sujeitos felizes, autônomos e solidários, prontos para conviver em uma sociedade em constante transformação. Com isso, percebe-se uma preocupação da entidade com o perfil esperado de professor alinhado aos pressupostos da lógica mercadológica e não com a formação humana integral dos sujeitos. Palavras-chave: Ensino Médio. Tempo Integral. Formação Docente. AbstractIn the past few years, it has been noticed that private organizations have gained space in public schools in Brazil. These entities changed the way of thinking about school education in the country, as they inserted the capitalism logic. These associations, associated with major capital, exert pressure on schools and consequently on the teacher's work. The objective of the article is to analyze the understanding about teaching in the Training Notebooks of Instituto de Corresponsabilidade pela Educação (ICE). This entity is responsible for training teachers in high schools in Rio Grande do Norte state – Brazil. ICE Training Notebooks and studies were consulted which explain the full time school students’ formation, fact which makes this study bibliographic and documentary. The research method is the historical-dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels (2019). According to ICE, the teacher is a facilitator of the teaching and learning process. In this case, the teacher must take the students to learn to control their emotions, so they can live happily in a capitalist society. With that, a concern of the entity is perceived with the professor’s expected profile aligned with the professores market logic assumption. Keywords: High School. Full Time. Teacher Training.

scholarly journals Matematika dengan Menerapkan Metode Pemberian Balikan Pada Siswa Kelas VI SD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Suratman Suratman
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Research Action ◽  
Giving Feedback ◽  
Year 2013

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap keffektifan pembelajaran dengan pemberian balikan terhadap hasil belajar Matematika tehadap siswa  kelas IV SDN 2 Penjangka tahun 2013/2014 menggunakan penelitian tindakan (action research) tiga siklus. Metode Pengumpulan Data tes formatif, observasi kegiatan belajar mengajar, dan dokumentasi. Didapatkan bahwa prestasi belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I sampai siklus III yaitu, siklus I (69,44%), siklus II (80,56%), siklus III (88,89%). Disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan pemberian balikan efektif meningkatkan prestasi belajar Siswa SDN 2 Penjangka tahun 2013/2014, sehingga model pembelajaran ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pembelajaran matematika.Abstract:  The purpose of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of learning by giving feedback to learning outcomes Mathematics to fourth grade students SDN 2 Penjangka year 2013/2014 using action research (action research) three cycles. Methods Data Collection formative tests, observation of teaching and learning activities, and documentation. It was found that students' learning achievement improved from cycle I to cycle III that is, cycle I (69,44%), cycle II (80,56%), cycle III (88,89%). It was concluded that learning with effective reversal improves student achievement of SDN 2 Penjangka year 2013/2014, so this learning model can be used as an alternative to mathematics learning.

scholarly journals Primary school students’ argumentation skills: expression of arguments

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaiva Schoroškienė
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Study Participants

This study was conducted to analyze the fourth grade students’ linguistic abilities allowing them to express their arguments in oral and written texts: to determine both the number of presented arguments as well as the level of their elaboration, to characterize the expression of the arguments. The recorded number of participants was 117 fourth-graders from 15 Lithuanian schools. Oral and written texts created by the students were explored in the study. The obtained results revealed that the fourth grade students were able to voice their opinion on at least one argument when they cre-ated an oral or written text on a familiar topic and context. Approximately one-quarter of the study participants were able to present more than three arguments. No significant differences were found between oral and written argumentations with regard to quantity of the arguments. A qualitative analysis of the spoken and written texts indicates that the fourth grade students can use generalized statements (unelaborated secondary statements), they rely on examples and sources. It has also been observed that the study participants’ abilities to develop arguments differ considerably. Their very diverse, even contrasting abilities demonstrate the necessity for developing/updating the curriculum content that would focus more on argumentation.

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