scholarly journals Mata Rantai Perdagangan Lada di Kalimantan Bagian Tenggara Pada Abad ke-17-18

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Endang Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Port City ◽  
Important Link ◽  
The Relationship

In the period of 17th  century up to 18th century, pepper was one of the important commodities of Southeastern Kalimantan. Pepper was produced by Dayak tribes in rural areas of Southeastern Kalimantan, transported through the rivers and traded in Banjarmasin, which was the most important port in the region.  Merchants from all around the globe visited Banjarmasin to trade for this commodity. This article aims to study the linkage of the pepper trade in Banjarmasin which involved pepper farmers in rural areas, Chinese and Banjar merchants as the middlemen, Sultan and court officials as the holders of privileges in pepper trade, and foreign traders (Chinese, Dutch, and the British) as the buyer of pepper in the port city of Banjarmasin. By discussing the role of each part of the link, the relationship between these parts can be seen clearly. The results of this study indicate that pepper farmers are the most disadvantaged party in this trade link, they hardly benefit from the growing trade of the pepper they produced. Meanwhile the middlemen, Sultan and court officials had enjoyed huge profits. The Sultan even used pepper as a political tool to gain the support of Dutch authorities (Dutch East-India Company) in dealing with their enemies. Another important link was the Chinese, Dutch and British merchants who competed for the pepper supplies. The Chinese traders who charged the pepper for a higher price had easier way to obtain the pepper supplies than the Dutch and British traders who were supported by their trading authorities.

Conversations with the Malabar Pagans (according to the Documents of the Danish Royal Tranquebar Mission)

2021 ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Kseniia D. Nikolskaia
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Hindu Religion ◽  
The University ◽  
Local Languages ◽  
Coromandel Coast

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Danish East India company (Dansk Østindisk Kompagni) was established in Europe. In particular, Tranquebar (Dansborg fortress) became the stronghold of the Danes in India. In another hundred years, at the very beginning of the 18th century, the first Lutheran missionaries appeared on the Coromandel coast. At this time the Danish Royal mission was established in Tranquebar, funded by king Frederick IV. It consisted mainly of Germans who graduated from the University of the Saxon city of Halle. Those missionaries not only actively preached among the local population, but also studied languages of the region, translated Gospels into local languages and then published it in the printing house they created. They also trained neophytes from among the local children. One of the first missionaries in Tranquebar was pastor Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, who lived in India from 1706 to 1719. Information about Pastor's activities in the Royal Danish mission has been preserved in his letters and records. These letters and papers were regularly printed in Halle in the reports of the Royal Danish Mission («Ausführliche Berichte an, die von der königlichen dänischen Missionaren aus Ost-Indien»). However, besides letters and reports, this edition constantly published texts of a special kind, called «conversations» (das Gespräch). They looked like dialogues between pastor Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and local religious authorities. Those brahmans explained the basic principles of the Hindu religion, and their opponent showed them the absurdity of their creed by comparing it with the main tenets of Christianity. The following is a translation of one of these dialogues.

From Research on the Literary Hermeneutics

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-84
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Demin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
The Aesthetic

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.

Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55
Author(s):  
José Poças Rascão
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Important Link ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between the academic fields of entrepreneurship and strategic management, based on the bibliographical references existing in these two fields. The structure of the article synthesizes the academic works existing in the two fields, seeking to generate new knowledge. The result can be used to increase the integration of these two areas of knowledge. First, it identifies apparent relationships and then focuses more in detail on some of the most important intersections, including strategic management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups, recognizing the central role of the entrepreneur. The content and the process of strategic management are discussed, as well as its important link to the business plan. To conclude, clues are indicated for future investigations.

scholarly journals Like Mother, like Son: Physical Activity, Commuting, and Associated Demographic Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Brand ◽  
Cézane Priscila Reuter ◽  
Arieli Fernandes Dias ◽  
Jorge Mota ◽  
Michael Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Living Area

A mother’s healthy conduct may lead to the healthy conduct of their children. Thus, this study aimed to verify the role of demographic factors in the relationship between mothers’ physical activity (PA) and commuting to work with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. This cross-sectional study comprised 1421 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years and 1421 mothers, from Brazil. PA, commuting, socioeconomic status (SES), skin color/ethnicity, and living area were evaluated by questionnaire. Logistic binary regression models were used. Results indicated that mothers’ PA and commuting were associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school in crude and adjusted models. Considering the role of the demographic factors, an association was only observed for girls in the relationship between mother’s PA with children’s PA. In adolescents, an association was observed in both high/low SES, boys/girls, and rural/urban areas. Regarding children and adolescent active commuting to school, there was an association with mothers commuting. All demographic factors were strongly associated, except for rural areas. Therefore, mothers’ PA as well as commuting to work are associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. Sex, living area, and SES are the related demographic factors.

Culture and Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1795

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Groenewald
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Male Population ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Settler Population

In 1652 the Dutch East India Company founded a “refreshment station” in Table Bay on the southwestern coast of Africa for its fleets to and from the East Indies. Within a few years, this outpost developed into a fully-fledged settler colony with a “free-burgher” population who made an existence as grain, wine, and livestock farmers in the interior, or engaged in entrepreneurial activities in Cape Town, the largest settlement in the colony. The corollary of this development was the subjugation of the indigenous Khoikhoi and San inhabitants of the region, and the importation and use of a relatively large slave labor force in the agrarian and urban economies. The colony continued to expand throughout the 18th century due to continued immigration from Europe and the rapid growth of the settler population through natural increase. During that century, about one-third of the colony’s population lived in Cape Town, a cosmopolitan harbor city with a large transient, and overwhelmingly male, population which remained connected with both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. The unique society and culture that developed at the Cape was influenced by both these worlds. Although in many ways, the managerial superstructure of the Cape was similar to that of a Dutch city, the cosmopolitan and diverse nature of its population meant that a variety of identities and cultures co-existed alongside each other and found expression in a variety of public forms.

Who We Live With and How We Are Feeling: A Study of Household Living Arrangements and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 016402752096154
Author(s):  
Wen-Jui Han ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Cliff Whetung
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Using a sample of Chinese adults over the age of 50 from wave 1 of the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (n = 13,367), we investigated the relationship between living arrangements and subjective well-being (SWB) in regard to life satisfaction, happiness, and control. We also looked at the moderating role of resources, proxied by income and hukou status. Multivariate regression results indicate that living only with a spouse was significantly associated with better SWB. Multigenerational living arrangements may not always promote SWB, particularly when resources are constrained. Yet, results also underscore the importance of daughters and daughters-in-law in promoting SWB among older adults. Older adults in rural areas had better SWB, including greater life satisfaction if living with grandchildren only, compared to their urban peers living with a spouse only. Findings suggest that context matters in the association between living arrangements and older adults’ SWB.

scholarly journals Hubungan Tingkat Keterdedahan dengan Tingkat Kepuasan Pendengar Radio Komunitas Remaja FM di Kecamatan Sliyeg Kabupaten Indramayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Reisha Widia Anggiany ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Community Radio ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Youth Community ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Disability Level

This research is motivated by the importance of the role of community radio which is considered quite strategic, inexpensive and simple in providing agricultural information to residents, especially in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of listeners and their relationship with the level of the listenership of the Community Radio Youth, to analyze the relationship between the broadcasts of community radio broadcasts and the level of satisfaction of the Youth Community Radio listeners. The study used a survey research method of 50 listeners to the FM Youth community radio using accidental sampling techniques, using the Chi-Square statistical test and Spearman Rank. The results of the study showed that the characteristics of respondents who had a negative and significant relationship were age with disability level, namely the frequency of listening, while the frequency and duration of listening to the level of listener satisfaction had a relationship but were not too significant.Keywords: community radio, level of involvement, level of satisfactionABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi pentingnya peranan radio komunitas yang dinilai cukup strategis, murah dan sederhana dalam memberikan informasi pertanian untuk penduduk khususnya di pedesaan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis karakteristik pendengar dan hubungannya dengan tingkat keterdedahan pendengar Radio Komunitas Remaja FM,  menganalisis hubungan keterdedahan siaran radio komunitas dengan tingkat kepuasan pendengar Radio Komunitas Remaja FM. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian survei kepada 50 orang pendengar radio komunitas Remaja FM dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling, menggunakan uji statistik Chi Square dan Rank Spearman. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik responden yang memiliki hubungan yang negatif dan signifikan adalah umur dengan tingkat keterdedahan yaitu frekuensi mendengarkan, sedangkan frekuensi dan durasi mendengarkan dengan tingkat kepuasan pendengar memiliki hubungan tetapi tidak signifikan.Kata kunci: radio komunitas, tingkat keterdedahan, tingkat kepuasan.

scholarly journals The role of health surveillance in the management of water quality in rural properties in seven municipalities of the Region of Paraná

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Vinicius Silva Athaydes ◽  
Jefferson de Queiroz Crispim ◽  
Mauro Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Main Partner ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Sanitation in rural areas in Brazil is still very precarious, with deficits greater than in urban areas. In this sense, the central objective of this research is to evaluate the role of the Municipal Surveillance in the management of water quality in rural properties in the Midwestern region of Paraná, covering the beginning of the monitoring of water quality, the relationship of the Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 of 2017 of the Ministry of Health regarding the choices of parameters on potability indices in relation to the parameters analyzed in the Surveillance, the presence of outbreaks due to diseases arising from the consumption of contaminated water, the demand by residents and the partners who contribute to the realization of these activities. The data were obtained through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire, through the 11th Health Regional Office of Campo Mourão. It was presented that the municipalities have acted in the monitoring of water quality in an uneven way at the beginning of the activities, following the parameters of the Ordinance. The municipalities had demands and demands from residents and counted on the 11th Health Regional Office as the main partner in the monitoring support. Only Iretama presented an outbreak due to the consumption of contaminated water.

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