scholarly journals Geopolitical dimensions to build the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Nabucco gas pipeline to Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aziz Abdel-Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Oil Exports

Baku-Tbilisi Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline carries oil from the Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli (ACG) field and condensate from Shah Deniz across Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. It links Sangachal terminal on the shores of the Caspian Sea to Ceyhan marine terminal on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. In addition, crude oil from Turkmenistan continues to be transported via the pipeline. Starting in October 2013, we have also resumed transportation of some volumes of Tengiz crude oil from Kazakhstan through the BTC pipeline. The pipeline that became operational in June 2006 was built by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline company (BTC Co) operated by BP. The pipeline buried along its entire length is 1768km in total length: 443km in Azerbaijan, 249km in Georgia, and 1,076km in Turkey The Azerbaijan and Georgia sections of the pipeline are operated by BP on behalf of its shareholders in BTC Co. while the Turkish section is operated by BOTAS International Limited (BIL). The diameter of the pipeline is 42 inches throughout most of Azerbaijan and Turkey. In Georgia the pipeline diameter is 46 inches. The pipeline diameter reduces to 34-inches for the last downhill section to the Ceyhan Marine Terminal in Turkey. Throughput capacity-one million barrels per day from March 2006 to March 2009. Since March 2009 it has been expanded to 1.2 million barrels per day by using drag reducing agents (DRAs). The hypothesis of our research stems from the following questions Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and Nabucco gas pipeline "to Western Europe: Is it a re-engineering of drawing lines of power in the Caucasus or is it a step that could contribute to obstructing energy corridors between East and West? The Caucasus Energy Department begins in the oil-and-gas-rich countries of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Azerbaijan, located to the west of the Caspian basin, is the source of any power lines emanating from the basin. In the north, Russia wants to be the only buyer from these sources, so that it can capture sales to Western markets. However, Azerbaijan has, to date, worked with the West and Turkey to build pipelines instead of working with Russia. "Turkey, which lies to the west, is shutting down the energy department as the last stop for pipelines. On the other hand, energy experts believe that the improvement of TurkishArmenian relations should not be at the expense of the East-West energy corridor, in other words, cooperation with regard to pipelines extending from Azerbaijan to Turkey. This corridor is a critical strategic tool for Washington to reduce the Western dependence on oil and gas from the Middle East. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline amounted to 14.9 million tons in the first half of this year, up 2.8 percent from the same period in 2015, according to a report by Reuters. Oil exports through the pipeline, which passes through Georgia and Turkey, rose 1.5 percent in 2015 to 28.84 million tonnes. Azerbaijan exports oil through the pipeline from the oil fields of Shiraj and Jonsheli, operated by British company BP. Crude is also exported through Russia through the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline, through the Georgian territory by rail and through the Baku-Supsa pipeline. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are also exporting oil via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. These rates are expected to rise during 2016/2017.

EVALUATION OF DISPERSANTS FOR USE IN THE AZERBAIJAN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afag Abbasova ◽  
Khabiba Bagirova ◽  
Gary Campbell ◽  
James Clark ◽  
Ronnie Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Test Organisms

ABSTRACT Open marine water (salinity 30–35°/00) is the environment where dispersants are used most frequently in oil spill response. In the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, offshore oil and gas reserves are being developed in areas where salinity ranges from 10 to 12 °loo. Because salinity can affect dispersant efficacy and toxicity, the effectiveness and aquatic toxicity of six commercially available dispersants were tested using Azerbaijan crude oil, Caspian species and 12°/oo seawater. Effectiveness for the dispersants tested with Chirag crude oil and Caspian seawater ranged from 72% to 86%, using USEPA's baffled flask method. Dispersant toxicities were in the ranges: diatom (Chaetoceros tenuissimus) 72 hr EC50 (effective concentrations inhibiting growth rate by 50%) 18 to > 100 mg/l; copepod (Calanipeda aquae dulcis) 48 hr LC50 (effective concentration for immobilizing 50% test organisms) 12 to 49 mg/l; amphipod (Pontogammarus maeoticus) 48 hr LC50 (concentration lethal to 50% test organisms) 50 to > 100 mg/l. For dispersant use, the key toxicity concern is that of dispersed oil, not dispersant. Aquatic toxicity was determined for water—accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Chirag crude in Caspian seawater. Toxicity results for the WAFs were: diatom 72 hr EC50 > 10,000 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 3.9 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 >15 mg/l. Chirag crude was mixed with dispersant at 20:1 oil: dispersant ratio and resulting WAFs were tested for toxicity. Results were: diatom 72 hr EC50 < 18 to 208 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 2.1 to 37 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 20 to 89 mg/l. Dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity for Caspian species are similar to published toxicity data for marine species tested at typical ocean salinity. Prolonged exposure (24 to 96hrs.) to constant concentrations of dispersant or dispersed oil used in laboratory tests may overestimate potential field toxicity, where dilution and mixing can decrease concentrations to low ppm's within hours of application. Dispersant use decisions for any Caspian Sea oil spills will focus on net environmental benefits of moving oil into the water column where it can be quickly diluted compared to potentially greater impacts from oil reaching nearshore environments.

scholarly journals Preparedness and Mitigation Measures for Oil and Gas Pipeline Vandalization in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
V. O. Emelu ◽  
O. S. Eludoyin ◽  
C. U. Oyegun
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Anova Model

Owing to poor preparedness and mitigation measures for oil and gas pipeline vandalization in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, there have been series of spills that have now reached life threatening levels. This study set out to investigate factors that affect preparedness and mitigation measures for crude oil pipeline vandalism in the study area. The thrust of the study was to unravel the spatial variation in the preparedness and mitigation measures for crude oil pipeline in the region. The study used the survey research method and primary data was sort using questionnaire. The target population were heads of household and workers of multinational companies working in the area. Analysis of variance was used for hypotheses testing at the 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the companies’ preparedness options were, use of hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment (76%). Both the community (42%) and companies (76%) respondents averred that the preparedness measure adopted in the area were less effective for combating the menace of pipeline vandalism. The mitigation practices against pipeline vandalization adopted included awareness creation, promoting community participation, community policing, community-based pipeline surveillance, community by laws, right of way, punishment for offenders, and excommunication. Majority of the respondent whether community respondents (48%) or companies respondents (84%) suggested that, the adopted mitigation measures were not effective. The ANOVA model was significant at p<0.05 (F, 14 sig 0.000) meaning that there is statistical significant variation in the level of preparedness for oil and gas pipeline vandalization in the study area. Similarly, the ANOVA model that measured the spatial variation in mitigation measures showed that the model is significant at p<0.05(F, 16.83, sig 0.000), meaning there is statistical significant spatial variation in the level of disaster mitigation for oil and gas pipeline vandalization in the study area. The study recommends improvement in surveillance technology, creation of awareness of the dangers of pipeline vandalism to the locals, amongst others.

A PROMETHEE-GDSS for oil and gas pipeline planning in the Caspian Sea basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 716-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madjid Tavana ◽  
Majid Behzadian ◽  
Mohsen Pirdashti ◽  
Hasan Pirdashti
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Caspian Sea

Applying the Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) to Improve Safety Management of Oil and Gas Pipeline Stations in China

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxing Feng ◽  
Xiaoqiang Xiang ◽  
Guangming Jia ◽  
Lianshuang Dai ◽  
Yulei Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Oil Pipeline

The oil and gas pipeline companies in China are facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges because of China’s increasing demand for oil and gas energy that is attributed to rapid economic and social development. Limitation of land resource and the fast urbanization lead to a determinate result that many pipelines have to go through or be adjacent to highly populated areas such as cities or towns. The increasing Chinese government regulation, and public concerns about industrial safety and environmental protection push the pipeline companies to enhance the safety, health and environmental protection management. In recent years, PetroChina Pipeline Company (PPC) pays a lot of attention and effort to improve employees and public safety around the pipeline facilities. A comprehensive, integrated HSE management system is continuously improved and effectively implemented in PPC. PPC conducts hazard identification, risk assessment, risk control and mitigation, risk monitoring. For the oil and gas stations in highly populated area or with numerous employees, PPC carries out quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to evaluate and manage the population risk. To make the assessment, “Guidelines for quantitative risk assessments” (purple book) published by Committee for the Prevention of Disasters of Netherlands is used along with a software package. The basic principles, process, and methods of QRA technology are introduced in this article. The process is to identify the station hazards, determinate the failure scenarios of the facilities, estimate the possibilities of leakage failures, calculate the consequences of failures and damages to population, demonstrate the individual risk and social risk, and evaluate whether the risk is acceptable. The process may involve the mathematical modeling of fluid and gas spill, dispersion, fire and explosion. One QRA case in an oil pipeline station is described in this article to illustrate the application process and discuss several key issues in the assessment. Using QRA technique, about 20 stations have been evaluated in PPC. On the basis of the results, managers have taken prevention and mitigation plans to control the risk. QRAs in the pipeline station can provide a quantitative basis and valuable reference for the company’s decision-making and land use planning. Also, QRA can play a role to make a better relationship between the pipeline companies and the local regulator and public. Finally, this article delivers limitations of QRA in Chinese pipeline stations and discusses issues of the solutions.

Life conditions of Turkish prisoners on nargin island during the first world war

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (08) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Джамиля Яшар гызы Рустамова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
First World

The article is dedicated to the matter of Turkish prisoners on the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea during the First World War. According to approximate computations, there were about 50-60 thousand people of Turkish captives in Russia. Some of them were sent to Baku because of the close location to the Caucasus Front and from there they were sent to the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea. As time showed it was not the right choise. The Island had no decent conditions for living and turned the life of prisoners into the hell camp. Hastily built barracks contravene meet elementary standards, were poorly heated and by the end of the war they were not heated at all, water supply was unsatisfactory, sometimes water was not brought to the prisoner's several days. Bread was given in 100 grams per person per day, and then this rate redused by half. Knowing the plight of the prisoners, many citizens of Baku as well as the Baku Muslim Charitable Society and other charitable societies provided moral and material support to prisoners, they often went to the camp, brought food, clothes, medicines Key words: World War I, prisoners of war, Nargin Island, refugees, incarceration conditions, starvation, charity

scholarly journals Analisis Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan untuk prediksi volume ekspor dan impor migas di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Yuli Andriani ◽  
Hotmalina Silitonga ◽  
Anjar Wanto
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

Analisis pada penelitian penting dilakukan untuk tujuan mengetahui ketepatan dan keakuratan dari penelitian itu sendiri. Begitu juga dalam prediksi volume ekspor dan impor migas di Indonesia. Dilakukannya penelitian ini untuk mengetahui seberapa besar perkembangan ekspor dan impor Indonesia di bidang migas di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST) atau Artificial Neural Network (ANN) dengan algoritma Backpropagation. Data penelitian ini bersumber dari dokumen kepabeanan Ditjen Bea dan Cukai yaitu Pemberitahuan Ekspor Barang (PEB) dan Pemberitahuan Impor Barang (PIB). Berdasarkan data ini, variabel yang digunakan ada 7, antara lain: Tahun, ekspor minyak mentah, impor minyak mentah, ekspor hasil minyak, impor hasil minyak, ekspor gas dan impor gas. Ada 5 model arsitektur yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, 12-5-1, 12-7-1, 12-8-1, 12-10-1 dan 12-14-1. Dari ke 5 model yang digunakan, yang terbaik adalah 12-5-1 dengan menghasilkan tingkat akurasi 83%, MSE 0,0281641257 dengan tingkat error yang digunakan 0,001-0,05. Sehingga model ini bagus untuk memprediksi volume ekspor dan impor migas di Indonesia, karena akurasianya antara 80% hingga 90%.   Analysis of the research is Imporant used to know precision and accuracy of the research itself. It is also in the prediction of Volume Exports and Impors of Oil and Gas in Indonesia. This research is conducted to find out how much the development of Indonesia's exports and Impors in the field of oil and gas in the future. This research used Artificial Neural Network with Backpropagation algorithm. The data of this research have as a source from custom documents of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (Declaration Form/PEB and Impor Export Declaration/PIB). Based on this data, there are 7 variables used, among others: Year, Crude oil exports, Crude oil Impors, Exports of oil products, Impored oil products, Gas exports and Gas Impors. There are 5 architectural models used in this study, 12-5-1, 12-7-1, 12-8-1, 12-10-1 and 12-14-1. Of the 5 models has used, the best models is 12-5-1 with an accuracy 83%, MSE 0.0281641257 with error rate 0.001-0.05. So this model is good to predict the Volume of Exports and Impors of Oil and Gas in Indonesia, because its accuracy between 80% to 90%.

New Stage in the Geopolitical Struggle around the Caspian Sea after 1991

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Stanislav Aleksandrovich Pritchin
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Complete Work ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Military

For almost three centuries, starting with the campaign of Peter the Great in 1721-1722, Russia has traditionally played a key role in the Caspian Sea. The situation changed dramatically with the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the emergence of three new regional players-Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. For Russia, this meant a significant reduction in influence in the region and the loss of control over most of the water area and the sea and its resources. In the historiography devoted to the region, the emphasis is placed on assessing the new round of geopolitical struggle, the position and interests of Western and regional powers. The author of this article provides a critical analysis of changes in Russian policy towards the Caspian Sea over the past 30 years and assesses the effectiveness of these changes. The difficult transition from the role of a dominant player in a region closed to external competitors to an open geopolitical confrontation over resources, their transportation routes, and political influence at the first stage was not in favor of Russia. Russia could not defend the principle of a condominium for joint development of hydrocarbon resources of the sea. With the active assistance of Western competitors, Russia lost its status as a monopoly transit country for oil and gas from the region. At the same time, thanks to diplomatic efforts and increased political dialogue with its neighbors in the region, Russia managed to resolve all territorial issues at sea by 2003, maintain the closed status of the sea for the military forces of third countries, and by 2018 complete work on the Convention on the international legal status of the sea, which established the principles of cooperation in the region that are important for the Russian Federation. Thus, official Moscow managed to achieve the strategic goals adapted after the collapse of the USSR by using the traditional strengths of its foreign policy and consolidate its status as the most influential player in the region.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR WATERS OF THE CASPIAN SEA DEPOSITS

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
NABIEVA VICTORIA V. ◽  
◽  
SEREBRYAKOV ANDREY O. ◽  
SEREBRYAKOV OLEG I. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Recovery Coefficient ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics

Hydrogeological conditions of reservoir waters of oil and gas fields in the northern water area of the Caspian Sea characterize the geological features of the structure of the Northern Caspian shelf, as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the exploitation of productive deposits, production and transportation of oil and gas. Reservoir waters contain water-soluble gases. According to the size of mineralization, the ratio of the main components of the salt composition, as well as the presence of iodine and bromine, reservoir waters can be attributed to a relatively "young" genetic age, subject to secondary geochemical processes of changing the salt composition in interaction with "secondary" migrated hydrocarbons. The physical and chemical properties of reservoir waters are determined by PVT analysis technologies. Hydrogeological and geochemical studies of compatibility with reservoir waters of marine waters injected to maintain reservoir pressures (PPD) during the development of offshore fields in order to increase the oil recovery coefficient (KIN) indicate the absence of colmating secondary sedimentation in mixtures of natural and man-made waters.

A Holistic Approach to Achieve Excellence in Pipeline Security Using "SOLIDS"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rais
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Detection Technology

Indonesian oil and gas transporter, PT Pertamina Gas (Pertagas), has a special task to operate the Tempino to Plaju Crude Oil Pipeline (TPCOP) to deliver 15,000 barrel-oil per day (BOPD) crude oil. Pertagas faced a big challenge and concern in the operation due to the frequent illegal tapping activities and risk of pipeline product theft. In 2012, 748 illegal taps cases or equal to a daily average of 2 cases were reported. The loss from crude oil transportation was approximately 40% per day and loss revenue was more than $20 million a year. Moreover, illegal tapping by cutting into pipelines can cause pipeline ruptures and explosions, leading to human casualties, destruction of property, and damage to the environment. Pertagas reported that illegal taps have increased to 400% from year 2010 to the year 2013. Efforts were taken to minimize the illegal tapping frequency by developing an integrated system that includes supervision and security of assets along the pipeline called “Security and Oil Losses Management with Integrated Detection System (SOLIDS)”. This system consists of Asset Management System (AMS), Liquid Management System (LMS), Leak Detection System (LDS), security patrol, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and is supported by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs. The implementation of SOLIDS proved to be an effective oil loss detection technology and pipeline security control that detects product thefts quickly and locates illegal tapping points accurately, so protective measures could be applied immediately. The implementation showed a good result. Pertagas has been succeeded in reducing losses from illegal taps from 748 cases in 2012 to zero cases in 2018. Consistent implementation of this system will provide a solution in reducing losses and illegal tapping under all operational conditions.

Gas Pipeline “Nabucco”: Project of Construction

2010 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
I. Pashkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
World Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Power Centers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Development Perspective

The Caspian Sea region is a place of competing energy interests and a focus of the world power centers' energy policies. In June 2006 in Wien, the Energy Ministers of Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and the European Commissioner for Energy agreed in principle to set up the project of the Transcaspian gas pipeline "Nabucco" construction. This article presents the analysis of the project development perspective, and the stance on it of different parties concerned.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document