Gas Pipeline “Nabucco”: Project of Construction

2010 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
I. Pashkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
World Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Power Centers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Development Perspective

The Caspian Sea region is a place of competing energy interests and a focus of the world power centers' energy policies. In June 2006 in Wien, the Energy Ministers of Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and the European Commissioner for Energy agreed in principle to set up the project of the Transcaspian gas pipeline "Nabucco" construction. This article presents the analysis of the project development perspective, and the stance on it of different parties concerned.

The Soviet-Iranian Treaty of 1921: History and Modernity (to the Centenary of Conclusion)

2021 ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Zaven A. Arabadzhyan
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Property Transfer ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All

After a century since the Soviet-Iranian Treaty was signed in 1921 authors of the article consider its significance from a new viewpoint – as the backing of the sovereignty of Iran and Russia that supported development of their relations. Authors examine the way it complied with the interests of Russia and Iran, and its impact on the bilateral relations in the 20th century. The signing of the Treaty secured the sovereignty of Iran, served as the base for the development of equal relations between the two neighboring states and opened up Iran for relations with foreign states. For the Russia, this document was a step towards breaking its diplomatic isolation. The authors emphasize that Russia had granted almost all its property to Iran which contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in Iran and served as a base for the development of mutually beneficial economic relations between the two countries. The authors mention that the property transfer clause was connected with the security of the Soviet Russia. This fact was reflected in the Article 6 of the Treaty. The Treaty set up the basement for the legal status of the Caspian Sea as a closed sea in the states' joint usage. The Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, signed in 2018, to some extent retained the special regime of the sea and reflected the spirit of the Treaty of 1921. Although in IRI there are different views about the Treaty some experts consider that it generally complied with Iran's national interests.

The Politics of Natural Resources in the Caspian Sea

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-254
Author(s):  
Abbas Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Full Transformation ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

This chapter examines the politics of the natural resources of the Caspian Sea as littoral states vie for dominance on energy resources and its routes to the world markets against a background of climate change, region-wide sustainability challenges, and local pollution. The Caspian is in full transformation and solving these problems will require a shift in regional politics towards environmental cooperation and political integration. However, the inherent challenges of such a new approach are compounded by the landlocked position of Caspian countries, uncertainty among littoral states as to each other’s intentions and a decaying infrastructure, last updated in the Soviet era.

Mapping the Realm

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-70
Author(s):  
Marijn S. Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
First Generation ◽  
River System ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
The Prestige

The chapter considers the geographical literature of early Seleucid writers. It is argued that the first generation of Seleucid geographers appropriated the eastern regions of the Seleucid Empire with their works, often prioritizing useful political narratives over geographical accuracy. As literature, these works seem inexorably linked to the ambition of the early Seleucid court, especially its desire to assert its dominance over vast and previously unchartered territories. Patrocles, for instance, wrote a description of the coastal regions of the Caspian Sea and the Asian river system, parts of which appear to be pure invention. However, his puzzling claims evoked the image of a world empire stretching as far as the edge of the Ocean, bolstering the prestige of the Seleucids. Another work on the north-eastern regions of the empire, by Demodamas, establishes an image of transcendental rule, an image which he anchors in a specifically Hellenistic view of the succession of empires. Thirdly, Megasthenes used his Indica to convey the idea of imperial domination through knowledge, expressed in a colonial key and backed up by targeted cultural reimaginations and precise measurements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenge to Seleucid geography from Alexandria in the form of Eratosthenes, who overturned the Seleucid knowledge of Asia and India while reflecting a distinctly Ptolemaic view of the world.

Past and Current Changes in the Largest Lake of the World: The Caspian Sea

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne A. G. Leroy ◽  
Hamid A. K. Lahijani ◽  
Jean-Francois Crétaux ◽  
Nikolai V. Aladin ◽  
Igor S. Plotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The World

Studies in support of the regulation of dispersant use in the Kazakhstan Sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh. A. Kulekeyev ◽  
G.Kh. Nurtayeva ◽  
E.S. Mustafin ◽  
A. M. Pudov ◽  
Gani Zharikessov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
State University ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Spill Dispersants ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACT The use of oil spill dispersants is often regulated by national authorities to ensure that products approved for use as dispersants on spilled oil in national waters are of reasonable effectiveness and of low inherent toxicity. KING (Kazakh Institute of Oil & Gas) undertook a study to assess the use of oil spill dispersants on spilled oils in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS) to support decision-making for such regulations in the RoK (Republic of Kazakhstan). The KSCS has some characteristics that are unlike open ocean conditions in other parts of the world; the salinity is much lower than in the open sea. The shallow waters of the northern Caspian Sea have very low salinity (9 psu (practical salinity units) or less) due to the inflow of freshwater from the River Volga, and are frozen in winter. The deeper water in the southern part of the KSCS has a salinity of up to 14 psu. The effectiveness of oil spill dispersants is known to be affected by water salinity. Different countries around the world have developed different test methods to assess dispersant effectiveness. The project examined the options and decided to modify the WSL (Warren Spring Laboratory) LR 448 dispersant effectiveness test method, as used in the UK. The method was adapted by KING and testing was conducted by Karaganda State University (KSU) to test a variety of dispersants under Caspian Sea conditions. Dispersant effectiveness testing should be conducted with a test oil that is representative of oils that might be spilled in the area being considered. Kashagan crude oil was distilled to 200°C to simulate the evaporative loss that would occur shortly after the oil was spilled at sea and the residue used as the test oil in the dispersant effectiveness testing. Several commercially-available dispersants were tested using the modified LR 448 method with the 200°C+ Kashagan test oil under a variety of conditions with salinities ranging from 0 psu to 35 psu and at temperatures of 5°C and 25°C. The results indicate that some internationally recognized dispersants could be suitable for use in the KSCS.

scholarly journals Ecological design of the coast of the Caspian sea at the Baku bay

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Janna Andreyeva ◽  
◽  
Lidiya Safronova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

This article considers the ecological approach in design as one of the directions of the world ecological movement, which allows for a positive impact on the dynamics of the development of the infrastructure of the aquatic environment, flora and fauna of the Caspian Sea, and also expands the possibilities for building a perfect ecosystem at the Baku Bay, including social and cultural factors.

The future decline in lake levels puts an evolutionary giant at risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Prange ◽  
Sri Nandini-Weiss ◽  
Thomas Wilke ◽  
Frank Wesselingh
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
First Century ◽  
Lake Levels ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Future Global Warming ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century

<p>Continental drying in response to global warming will entail declining lake levels all over the world. Falling lake levels will have many far-reaching consequences that are underappreciated, but affect the livelihoods and economies of millions of people. A massive warning signal is the projected twenty-first century water level drop of up to 18 m in high emissions scenarios for the Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world, which could hit stakeholders unprepared. Such a catastrophic drop in the Caspian Sea level would lead to a surface area decrease of 34% including the loss of the highly productive northern Caspian shelf and important wetlands such as the Volga Delta and other Ramsar sites. The disappearance of the vast shallow shelves, which are major food suppliers for fish and birds, will devastate native and endemic fish species, the Caspian seal and a richness of molluscs and crustacean species unique to the lake. The falling water level will not only threaten the unique ecosystem, but will also have severe impacts on regional economies and geopolitical stability.</p><p>In the first part of this presentation, we discuss the extent of twenty-first century projected continental drying on a global scale and its potential effect on worldwide lake levels. In the second part, we focus on the Caspian Sea and discuss the potential impacts of water level fall on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Finally, we address the question to which extent paleoclimates can be used as analogs for future global warming scenarios with respect to changes in the Caspian Sea level.</p>

scholarly journals Geopolitical dimensions to build the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Nabucco gas pipeline to Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aziz Abdel-Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Oil Exports

Baku-Tbilisi Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline carries oil from the Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli (ACG) field and condensate from Shah Deniz across Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. It links Sangachal terminal on the shores of the Caspian Sea to Ceyhan marine terminal on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. In addition, crude oil from Turkmenistan continues to be transported via the pipeline. Starting in October 2013, we have also resumed transportation of some volumes of Tengiz crude oil from Kazakhstan through the BTC pipeline. The pipeline that became operational in June 2006 was built by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline company (BTC Co) operated by BP. The pipeline buried along its entire length is 1768km in total length: 443km in Azerbaijan, 249km in Georgia, and 1,076km in Turkey The Azerbaijan and Georgia sections of the pipeline are operated by BP on behalf of its shareholders in BTC Co. while the Turkish section is operated by BOTAS International Limited (BIL). The diameter of the pipeline is 42 inches throughout most of Azerbaijan and Turkey. In Georgia the pipeline diameter is 46 inches. The pipeline diameter reduces to 34-inches for the last downhill section to the Ceyhan Marine Terminal in Turkey. Throughput capacity-one million barrels per day from March 2006 to March 2009. Since March 2009 it has been expanded to 1.2 million barrels per day by using drag reducing agents (DRAs). The hypothesis of our research stems from the following questions Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and Nabucco gas pipeline "to Western Europe: Is it a re-engineering of drawing lines of power in the Caucasus or is it a step that could contribute to obstructing energy corridors between East and West? The Caucasus Energy Department begins in the oil-and-gas-rich countries of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Azerbaijan, located to the west of the Caspian basin, is the source of any power lines emanating from the basin. In the north, Russia wants to be the only buyer from these sources, so that it can capture sales to Western markets. However, Azerbaijan has, to date, worked with the West and Turkey to build pipelines instead of working with Russia. "Turkey, which lies to the west, is shutting down the energy department as the last stop for pipelines. On the other hand, energy experts believe that the improvement of TurkishArmenian relations should not be at the expense of the East-West energy corridor, in other words, cooperation with regard to pipelines extending from Azerbaijan to Turkey. This corridor is a critical strategic tool for Washington to reduce the Western dependence on oil and gas from the Middle East. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline amounted to 14.9 million tons in the first half of this year, up 2.8 percent from the same period in 2015, according to a report by Reuters. Oil exports through the pipeline, which passes through Georgia and Turkey, rose 1.5 percent in 2015 to 28.84 million tonnes. Azerbaijan exports oil through the pipeline from the oil fields of Shiraj and Jonsheli, operated by British company BP. Crude is also exported through Russia through the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline, through the Georgian territory by rail and through the Baku-Supsa pipeline. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are also exporting oil via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. These rates are expected to rise during 2016/2017.

ЎZBEKISTONNING TARIKHY HARITALARI

Infolib ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Shamsiddin Kamoliddin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Cartography ◽  
Made In

Recent studies in the field of historical cartography show that on political maps of the world made in Western Europe in the 16th-18th centuries, the region of Central Asia was called by such names as Usbek, Usbekia, Özbegistan. This article discusses two of such maps. The first is the «Map of the Caspian Sea and the Uzbek Country» compiled in 1735 by the Danish mapmaker Abraham Maas, and the second is the «Map of the Caspian and Aral Seas» compiled by the Greek traveler Vasilio Vatatsi and published in 1732 in London. The place-name «Uzbekistan» is also found in textual sources of the XVI – XVIII centuries. These data show that the place-name «Uzbekistan» was not entered to use in 1924 by the Russians, but was widely used in the political and historical-geographical literature of Europe in the 16th – 18th centuries. At that time, the toponyms Usbek, Usbekia, Özbegistan were used in relation to the entire Central Asia, and meant the state of the Sheibanids and Ashtarkhanids.

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