Patents, Technology Adaptation, and Exports to Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1850251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper conducts a disaggregated analysis of high technology trade to determine which high technology goods, if any, developed countries export in the presence of stronger developing country patent rights. One argument for implementing strong patent rights in developing countries is that doing so will attract high technology exports from industrialized countries, which should consequently lead to economic growth. However, the impact of patent rights on high technology exports is not identical across all industries. This paper postulates that the role of developing country patent rights in increasing high technology imports depends on the production and adaptation costs of foreign innovating firms, and the usefulness of the high technology good in developing country production processes. When the cost of adapting a foreign innovation for use in developing countries is relatively low, and when the innovation is highly useful in the domestic production processes of developing countries, strengthening patent protection has little impact on attracting foreign innovations. However, when the cost of adapting the good for use in developing countries is relatively high, patent protection can be used as a policy tool to limit competition, raise the price received by innovating firms, and, ultimately, attract foreign high technology goods from abroad.

scholarly journals Migration and Its Impact on Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Muslih Faozanudin ◽  
Shainima Islam
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
The Impact

People’s mobility and international migration are quite interesting phenomena to discuss. Until now, there are still differences in views between industrialized countries and developing countries regarding the contribution of migration to development for both sending and receiving countries. This paper aims to analyze based on existing secondary data the linkage between migration and sustainable development. For analysis, this study uses a descriptive approach, with secondary data as the primary source. The analysis found that both sending and receiving countries - benefited from population mobility and international migration. The least developed countries in the economy and overall infrastructure are supplying countries for this migration process, and increasing remittances and skilled workers to help other countries. Although it is realized that this condition is the impact of the weak economic system of developing countries on the one hand and the demographic that occur in advanced industrialized countries on the other. To maintain the stability of the supply chain for economic development, international migration is included as one of the sustainable development programs that apply more humane values. Therefore, migrants should be seen as potential contributors to the growth of sending and receiving countries, and some even claim that they are heroes of foreign exchange. Keywords:  migration, remmitance, sustainable development Mobilitas masyarakat dan migrasi internasional merupakan fenomena yang cukup menarik untuk dibahas. sampai saat ini masih terdapat perbedaan pandangan antara negara industri dan negara berkembang, tentang  kontribusi migrasi terhadap  pembangunan, baik  bagi negara yang asal migrant maupun bagi negara penerima. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berdasarkan data sekunder yang ada mengenai keterkaitan antara migrasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Untuk analisis, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif, dengan data sekunder sebagai sumber primer. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa kedua negara-negara pengirim dan penerima - mendapat manfaat dari mobilitas penduduk dan migrasi internasional. Negara-negara kurang berkembang dalam ekonomi dan infrastruktur secara keseluruhan menjadi negara pemasok untuk proses migrasi ini, dan meningkatkan pengiriman uang dan pekerja terampil untuk membantu negara lain. Meskipun disadari bahwa kondisi ini merupakan dampak dari lemahnya sistem perekonomian negara berkembang di satu sisi dan faktor demografi dan kesuburan yang terjadi di negara industri maju di sisi lain. Untuk menjaga stabilitas rantai pasokan pembangunan ekonomi, migrasi internasional dimasukkan sebagai salah satu program pembangunan berkelanjutan yang menerapkan nilai-nilai yang lebih manusiawi. Oleh karena itu, para migran harus dilihat sebagai kontributor potensial bagi pertumbuhan negara pengirim dan penerima,  bahkan ada yang mengklaim bahwa mereka adalah sebagai pahlawan devisa. Kata kunci:  migrasi, pembangunan berkelanjutan, remiten

Technology Leapfrogging for Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 3707-3713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle W.L. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Technological Opportunities ◽  
Ict Revolution ◽  
Realistic Goal

Developing countries are generally latecomers to the ICT revolution, but if they can emulate industrialized countries in their adoption of ICTs, they will be afforded the same technological opportunities. Successful exploitation of such opportunities by developing countries can significantly narrow the economic gap between them and developed countries as they catch up in economic development. In ICT’s advancement trajectory, the opportunities offered by a newly emerged ICT tend to be superior to those of prior versions of technology. If a developing country leapfrogged to a newly emerged ICT, it would then be exposed to unprecedented potential in alleviating poverty and securing economic growth, as well as the possibility of surpassing developed and industrialized countries in economic development. Thus, technology leapfrogging is an attractive notion to developing countries, but is it a realistic goal?

scholarly journals Unilateral Trade Preferences in the EU: An Empirical Assessment for the Case of Mozambican Exports

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xavier Cirera ◽  
Andrea Alfieri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Export Margins ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Unilateral trade preferences are one of the most important instruments offered by developed countries to foster developing country exports. This paper analyzes the impact of unilateral trade preferences on developing countries by focusing on the experience of Mozambique. In this paper, we analyze whether unilateral preferences offered by the EU are “valuable” for Mozambican exporters based on the impact on preferential margins, utilization rates, and export prices. We use a detailed dataset with cif unit values at HS8-digits level covering the period 2000–2007. Our findings indicate that (i) for a large number of product lines, export margins are zero; (ii) utilization rates are generally high; however, (iii) this does not translate into a positive price margins captured by Mozambican exporters compared to MFN competitors. These findings cast doubts on the “value” of preferences and their potential impact on developing country exports.

scholarly journals WATER RESISTANCE OF RECYCLED PAPER PANEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Alexander Rani Suryandono ◽  
Dimas Wihardyanto
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Paper Recycling ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
The Impact

Recycled paper has many benefits, from saving woods to reducing carbon footprints. Industrialized recycled paper were mainly made in developed countries. These processes are using high technology and utilize chemical reactions and materials that can only be done in large factories. Meanwhile, paper are also used in developing countries. Newspaper is one of the mass medias that use a high number of paper. Printed newspaper are still used by the majority of people which they prefer rather than the digital newspaper version. This paper focuses in newspaper recycling that can be done in a home industry without high technology involved so that the people of developing countries could easily do it. The paper is broken into cellulose and then glued using tapioca starch. The recycled paper is formed as a panel for partition in a house. The recycled panel paper is put into the water to measure the resistance level. This experiment will help to understand the recycled panel paper strength against water. Recycling process in a home industry can be a part of green solution, especially in paper use. Through this experiment method research, it can be seen that recycled paper panel has a certain resistance level from water and may be used for partition panel. Keywords: recycled paper, panel, partition, environmental friendly, building materials  KETAHANAN AIR PANEL KERTAS DAUR ULANGKertas daur ulang memiliki banyak manfaat, mulai dari mengurangi penggunaan kayu sampai karbon. Industri kertas daur ulang banyak terdapat di Negara maju. Proses ini membutuhkan teknologi tinggi dan menggunakan reaksi dan bahan kimia yang hanya mungkin dilakukan di pabrik besar. Sementara itu, kertas juga digunakan di Negara berkembang. Koran adalah satu dari media massa yang menggunakan banyak kertas. Koran cetak masih lebih banyak digunakan daripada media online. Paper ini membahas daur ulang kertas koran yang dapat dilakukan pada skala rumah tangga tanpa teknologu tinggi sehingga dapat dilakukan oleh orang awam di negara berkembang. Kertas koran dihancurkan menjadi selulosa dan menggunakan tepung tapioca sebagai perekat. Kertas daur ulang dibentuk menjadi panel untuk digunakan sebagai dinding partisi. Panel kertas daur ulang ini dimasukkan kedalam air untuk mengetahui ketahan terhadap air. Percobaan ini memperlihatkan tingkat ketahanan panel kertas daur ulang terhadap air. Proses daur ulang yang dapat dilakukan pada rumah tangga dapat menjadi bagian dari solusi hijau, khususnya pada penggunaan kertas. Melalui riset berbasis eksperimen ini, dapat dilihat bahwa panel kertas daur ulang memiliki ketahanan terhadap air dan dapat digunakan sebagai dinding partisi. Kata-kata kunci: kertas daur ulang, panel, partisi, ramah lingkungan, bahan bangunan REFERENCESAlice Wisler (2015) Facts about Recycling Paper. http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Facts_About_Recycling_Paper. Accessed 2 April 2016 Clay Miller (2011) 5 Benefits of Recycling Paper. http://www.ways2gogreenblog.com/2011/09/28/5-benefits-of-recycling-paper/. Accessed 10 May 2016 Hari Goyal (2015) Grades of Paper. http://www.paperonweb.com/grade.htm. Accessed 2 April 2016 Hari Goyal (2015) Properties of Paper. http://www.paperonweb.com/paperpro.htm. Accessed 2 April 2016 Kathryn Sukalich (2016) Everything You Need to Know about Paper Recycling. http://earth911.com/business-policy/business/paper-recycling-details-basics/. Accessed 15 July 2016 [U1] Larry West (2015) Why Recycle Paper. http://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/The-Benefits-Of-Paper-Recycling-Why-Recycle-Paper.htm. Accesed 15 June 2016 Marie-Luise Blue (2008) The Advantages of Recycling Paper. http://education.seattlepi.com/advantages-recycling-paper-3440.html. Accessed 15 June 2016 Nina Spitzer (2009) http://www.sheknows.com/home-and-gardening/articles/810025/the-impact-of-disposable-coffee-cups-on-the-environment. Accessed 15 June 2016 Radio New Zealand (2010) Iwi not Giving Up Fight against Tasman Mill Discharges. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/regional/64521/iwi-not-giving-up-fight-against-tasman-mill-discharges. Accessed 15 July 2016 Rick LeBlanc (2016) Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources. https://www.thebalance.com/paper-recycling-facts-figures-and-information-sources-2877868?_ga=1.192832942.544061388.1477446686. Accesed 2 April 2016 Robinson Meyer (2016) Will More Newspapers Go Nonprofit? http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/newspapers-philadelphia-inquirer-daily-news-nonprofit-lol-taxes/423960/. Accessed 3 August 2016 School of Engineering at Darthmouth (2010) Forest and Paper Industry. http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/courses/engs171/Paper.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2016 T. Subramani, V. Angappan. (2015). Experimental Investigation of Papercrete Concrete. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management. Volume 4 Issue 5 page 134-143

Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy in International Environmental Management Standards: The Impact of the Participation Gap

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Summers Raines
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Iso 14001 ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Management Standard ◽  
Iso 14000 ◽  
The Impact

What is the impact on perceptions of legitimacy and efficacy when key stake-holders are absent during the creation of international standards? Can these international standards setting bodies adequately address the needs of all countries when often working in the absence of developing countries? This study examines the process through which one international environmental management standard (ISO 14001) was created and analyzes its perceived legitimacy and efficacy among developing country stakeholders relative to those from developed countries. Data for this project come from interviews with 42 delegates to the ISO 14000 standards-drafting sessions in Malaysia and 133 surveys of ISO 14001 certified firms in 16 countries. The article concludes that stakeholder absence impacts both legitimacy and efficacy of ISO 14001 in interesting and unexpected ways.

The cost implication of primary prevention in the HOPE 3 trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-271
Author(s):  
Andre Lamy ◽  
Eva Lonn ◽  
Wesley Tong ◽  
Balakumar Swaminathan ◽  
Hyejung Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract Aims The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 (HOPE-3) found that rosuvastatin alone or with candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (in a subgroup with hypertension) significantly lowered cardiovascular events compared with placebo in 12 705 individuals from 21 countries at intermediate risk and without cardiovascular disease. We assessed the costs implications of implementation in primary prevention in countries at different economic levels. Methods and results Hospitalizations, procedures, study and non-study medications were documented. We applied country-specific costs to the healthcare resources consumed for each patient. We calculated the average cost per patient in US dollars for the duration of the study (5.6 years). Sensitivity analyses were also performed with cheapest equivalent substitutes. The combination of rosuvastatin with candesartan/HCT reduced total costs and was a cost-saving strategy in United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. In contrast, the treatments were more expensive in developing countries even when cheapest equivalent substitutes were used. After adjustment for gross domestic product (GDP), the costs of cheapest equivalent substitutes in proportion to the health care costs were higher in developing countries in comparison to developed countries. Conclusion Rosuvastatin and candesartan/HCT in primary prevention is a cost-saving approach in developed countries, but not in developing countries as both drugs and their cheapest equivalent substitutes are relatively more expensive despite adjustment by GDP. Reductions in costs of these drugs in developing countries are essential to make statins and blood pressure lowering drugs affordable and ensure their use. Clinical trial registration HOPE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.

scholarly journals Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Justine Kyove ◽  
Katerina Streltsova ◽  
Ufuoma Odibo ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5882
Author(s):  
Rita Yi Man Li ◽  
Yi Lut Li ◽  
M. James C. Crabbe ◽  
Otilia Manta ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
The Impact

We argue that environmental legislation and regulation of more developed countries reflects significantly their moral values, but in less developed countries it differs significantly from their moral values. We examined this topic by using the keywords “sustainability” and “sustainable development”, studying web pages and articles published between 1974 to 2018 in Web of Science, Scopus and Google. Australia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda were ranked as the top three countries in the number of Google searches for sustainability. The top five cities that appeared in sustainability searches through Google are all from Africa. In terms of academic publications, China, India, and Brazil record among the largest numbers of sustainability and sustainable development articles in Scopus. Six out of the ten top productive institutions publishing sustainable development articles indexed in Scopus were located in developing countries, indicating that developing countries are well aware of the issues surrounding sustainable development. Our results show that when environmental law reflects moral values for betterment, legal adoption is more likely to be successful, which usually happens in well-developed regions. In less-developed states, environmental law differs significantly from moral values, such that changes in moral values are necessary for successful legal implementation. Our study has important implications for the development of policies and cultures, together with the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations in all countries.

scholarly journals Taxing impact of terrorism on global economic openness of developed and developing countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-335
Author(s):  
Abubakr Saeed ◽  
Yuhua Ding ◽  
Shawkat Hammoudeh ◽  
Ishtiaq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between terrorism and economic openness that takes into account both the number and intensity of terrorist incidents and the impact of government military expenditures on trade-GDP and foreign direct investment-GDP ratios for both developed and developing countries. It uses the dynamic GMM method to account for endogeneity in the variables. Deaths caused by terrorism have a significant negative impact on FDI flows, and the number of terrorist attacks is also found to be significant in hampering the countries’ ability to trade with other nations. The study also demonstrates that the developing countries exhibit almost similar results to our main analysis. The developed countries exhibit a negative impact of terrorism, but the regression results are not significant.

scholarly journals Stroke in Young in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjari Tripathi ◽  
Deepti Vibha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Stroke In Young

Stroke in young has special significance in developing countries. This is so because some etiologies like cardioembolic infections are more common than in developed countries, and the affection of economically productive group adds further to the overall disease burden. The paper discusses the burden of stroke in young and its implications in a developing country like India along with an approach to identifying different causes that are known to occur in this age group.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document