scholarly journals Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by Red Earthworm (Lumbricus Rubellus) Meal on Broilers’ Performance and Health / Uticaj Supstitucije Ribljeg Brašna Brašnom Kalifornijske Gliste (Lumbricus Rubellus) Na Proizvodne Rezultate I Zdravstveno Stanje Brojlera

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Janković ◽  
Brana Radenković-Damnjanović ◽  
Marijana Vučinić ◽  
Dragan Šefer ◽  
Radislava Teodorović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Meal Replacement ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract The research was performed to determine the nutritive value of raw earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) and dried earthworm powder, or earthworm meal (EM). In addition, the effects of a diet in which fish meal was substituted with EM or fresh earthworms on the health and productive performance of broilers were monitored. The experiment, which lasted 42 days, was conducted on one hundred Hybro G broilers divided into four equal groups. The control group was fed a standard feed, whereas, the first and the second one were given diets in which 50% or 100% of fish meal had been substituted with EM. The third experimental group received no fish meal but was given fresh earthworms ad libitum. The results of chemical analyses showed that earthworm meal contained 41.42% proteins (in dry matter) and satisfactory amounts of amino acids. Microbiological examination and tests for heavy metals suggest that earthworm meal and fresh earthworms did not contain heavy metals and harmful bacteria. Therefore, these feeds may be considered suitable for chickens. In the experiment as a whole no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the productive performance between the experimental groups of broiler chickens. These results suggest that dehydrated earthworm meal can be an adequate substitute for fish meal in the broilers’ feed.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding of chelated zinc form on security, productivity and slaughter parameters of broilers

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Tetiana Fotina ◽  
Hanna Fotina ◽  
Svitlana Nazarenko ◽  
Roman Tymoshenko ◽  
Oleksii Fotin
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Veterinary Faculty ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The results of the effect of feeding the chelated form of Zinc on the safety, productivity and slaughter parameters of broiler chickens are presented. The aim of this study was to determine the safety, productivity and slaughter parameters of broilers on the background of feeding chelated form of Zinc. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted during 2020 on broiler chickens cross Cobb-500 in the vivarium of the Veterinary Faculty of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine), divided into two groups on the principle of analogues (control and experimental) of 50 broilers each. The source of zinc for chickens in the control group was their sulfates. Chelated forms of Zinc were used for broiler chickens of the experimental group. All groups of broiler chickens were administered the compound with compound feed in a dose that corresponded to the daily requirement of the bird in this trace element. The duration of the experiment is 42 days. The growth and development of broilers were evaluated on the basis of determining the relevant zootechnical indicators. Live weight of birds was determined by individual weighing on scales of the VNC type with an accuracy of ±1 g at the age of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days. Both scientific and economic experiments also determined the preservation of livestock - daily by the number of culled and dead birds. Feed consumption was recorded daily, for each week of cultivation and for the entire period of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the cost of feed per 1 kg of live gained weight was calculated. Results. According to the results of the conducted researches, it was established that feeding of the chelated form of Zinc probably increased both the average daily gain and the total live weight of broiler chickens at different age periods of rearing. The live weight of chickens at the beginning of the experiment was almost the same, but at 7 days of age it tended to increase in chickens of the experimental group, although a significant difference between groups in this indicator was not found. It was found that the weight of uneviscerated, semi-eviscerated and eviscerated chicken in poultry of the experimental group was greater than similar indicators in the young animals of the control group by 9.3, 9.2, and 9.8 %, and this difference was significant (p<0.01). The yield of semi-eviscerated carcasses was higher in ones of the experimental group (84.19 %), and the difference was significant (p<0.05). Conclusions. It was found that the live weight of chickens of the experimental group (consumption of feed with a chelated form of Zinc) prevailed at 7 days of age by 1.1 g; on the 14th day – on 22.1 g (p<0.01); at 21 days – 35.4 g (p<0.01); at 28 days – 94.5 g (p<0.05); at 35 days – 133.6 g (p<0.01); at 42 days – at 218.9 g (p<0.05). Preservation of young animals in the experimental group, which used chelated compounds of Zinc, was higher and amounted to 96 %, compared with the control – 92 %. By age, feed costs per unit weight gain were lower in the experiment, respectively: 0.05; 0.08; 0.12; 0.06; 0.07 and 0.05 kg, compared to the control group. Growing broiler chickens on compound feed with a chelated form of Zinc by 9.8 % (p<0.01) increases the weight of the eviscerated carcass.

FORMATION OF QUALITY AND FOOD VALUE OF POULTRY PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.В. КАЗАРЯН ◽  
А.С. БОРОДИХИН ◽  
А.Д. АЧМИЗ ◽  
М.В. ЛУКЬЯНЕНКО ◽  
П.В. МИРОШНИЧЕНКО
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Minced Meat ◽  
Experimental Group

Проведена сравнительная оценка качества и пищевой ценности мяса цыплятбройлеров и яиц курнесушек, полученных от птиц опытной группы, в рацион которых добавляли в течение 6 и 4 недель соответственно кормовой концентрат, включающий комплекс биологически активных веществ и пробиотическую микрофлору, в количестве 0,3 к массе корма. В качестве контрольной была группа птиц, получавших только основной рацион. Установлено, что содержание белка и жира в мясе цыплятбройлеров опытной группы выше на 7,02 и 2,44 соответственно по сравнению с содержанием белка и жира в мясе цыплятбройлеров контрольной группы. Содержание фосфолипидов, витаминов А и Е в мясе цыплятбройлеров опытной группы соответственно в 2,12 2,4 и 2,2 раза выше по сравнению с аналогичным показателем контрольной группы. При исследовании кулинарных свойств мяса цыплятбройлеров установлено, что суммарная балльная оценка вареного фарша, приготовленного из мяса цыплятбройлеров опытной группы, составила 46,0 баллов, контрольной группы 40,5 баллов, бульона 39,8 и 38,0 баллов соответственно. Введение комплексного кормового концентрата в рацион молодняка курнесушек способствовало получению большего количества яиц (на 17,1) более высокой пищевой ценности по сравнению с аналогичными показателями контрольной группы. Установлено, что в яйцах, полученных от курнесушек опытной группы, содержится жира на 11,52, фосфолипидов в 2,08 раза, витаминов А и Е соответственно в 2,66 и 2,27 раза больше, чем в яйцах от курнесушек контрольной группы. Содержание вкаротина в желтке яиц от курнесушек опытной группы в 4,4 раза выше, чем в желтке яиц от курнесушек контрольной группы. Comparative evaluation of quality and nutritive value of meat of broiler chickens and egg laying hens, obtained from birds of the experimental group in which diet was added for 6 and 4 weeks respectively feed concentrate including biologically active substances and probiotic microflora in the amount of 0,3 by weight of the feed carried out. The group of birds obtained only the basic diet was as a control. It was found that the protein and fat content in the meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group is higher compared to the protein and fat content in the meat of broiler chickens of the control group by 7,02 and 2,44 respectively. The content of phospholipids, vitamins A and E in the meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group respectively in 2,12 2,4 and 2,2 times higher compared to the control group. In the study of culinary properties of meat of broiler chickens found that the total scoring of boiled minced meat prepared from meat of chickensbroilers experimental group amounted to 46,0 points, the control group is 40,5 points, broth 39,8 and 38,0 points respectively. The introduction of a complex feed concentrate in the diet of young laying hens contributes to the production of more eggs (on 17,1) of higher nutritional value compared to the control group. It was found that eggs obtained from laying hens of the experimental group contain fat by 11,52, phospholipids by 2,08 times, vitamins A and E respectively by 2,66 and 2,27 times more than eggs from laying hens of the control group. The content of вcarotene in the yolk of eggs from laying hens of the experimental group is 4,4 times higher than in the yolk of eggs from laying hens of the control group.

scholarly journals Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed on earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 2031
Author(s):  
L. J. JANKOVIĆ ◽  
B. PETRUJKIĆ ◽  
N. ALEKSIĆ ◽  
M. VUČINIĆ ◽  
R. TEODOROVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of the research was to evaluate the carcass characteristics and meat quality from chickens fed on diets in which fish meal was substituted with raw earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) or earthworm meal. In the trial which lasted 42-days, 100 one-day-old Hybro broilers were divided into the control and three experimental groups. The control group was fed on standard broiler feed, the first (E-I) and the second experimental groups (E-II) were fed a diet in which 50% or 100% of fish meal was substituted with earthworm meal, respectively, whilst the third group (E-III) consumed feed without fish meal, but was given raw chopped earthworms ad libitum from day 1 to day 42. The replacement of fish meal with fresh earthworms resulted in significantly lower carcass weights in the E-III group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). The differences in drumstick, thigh and breast meat share relative to the carcass mass were not significant (p>0.05). The lowest fat content in thigh and breast meat was in the group in which fish meal was replaced with earthworm meal. The lightness (L*) of thigh and breast meat was highest in the broilers fed fresh earthworms ad libitum. No significant differences in pH value were detected between the experimental groups (p>0.05). The most consumer acceptable were drumstick samples from E-II group and the least acceptable samples from the control group. Earthworm meal may be considered an adequate substitute for fish meal in broiler chickens’ diet since it does not impair the production performance, carcass yield and meat quality.

scholarly journals Effect of eugenol, neridol and piperine feed supplement on the thigh muscle fat profile of broiler chickens

10.5219/1077 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Mária Angelovičová ◽  
Michaela Klimentová ◽  
Marek Angelovič
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to investigate of the broiler chicken thigh muscle fat profile after feeding a commercial supplement based on eugenol, nerolidol and piperine applied in feeding mixtures. Broiler chickens Ross 308 were reared in a pen equipped with a straw deep litter and placed into 2 groups. One group was designated as control and the second as experimental. Difference between control and experimental groups was in using of feed supplement in experimental feeding mixtures. Experimental supplement is a commercial powder product which was used in an amount of 10 g per 100 kg of feeding mixtures. Chickens of body weight of 1800.0 g were selected from each group, human killed and technologically processed to carcass. Samples were measured according to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) using the Nicolet 6700 instrument. Infrared area near middle was chosen for determining fat and fatty acids. Mean fat content was found slightly higher value 1.53 g.100g-1 in experimental group opposite 1.49 g.100g-1 in control group showing no statistically significant difference (p >0.05). Ratio among saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 4.24:5.89:1 in experimental group and 3.75:5.13:1 in control group. Omega-3 PUFAs content was reached 0.54% in experimental group and 0.58% in control group showing no statistically significant (p >0.05). Near-perfect correlation was found between total PUFAs and omega-6 PUFAs as well in the experimental group and control group showing linear, positive and statistically significant relation (p <0.01, p <0.001). Ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs was statistically significant (p <0.05) closer in experimental group 1:14.65 opposite ratio 1:16.78 in control group. Conclusion: comparable fat profile in the thigh muscle was achieved, showing no statistically significant difference (p >0.05), in addition to the correlation between total PUFAs and omega-6 PUFAs, which was statistically significant in control (p <0.001) and experimental groups (p <0.01), and statistically significant (p <0.05) closer relation between omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in experimental group.

Is perioperative antibiotic necessary in straightforward implant placement procedures?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elçin Bedeloğlu ◽  
Mustafa Yalçın ◽  
Cenker Zeki Koyuncuoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Implant Failure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this non-random retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the impact of prophylactic antibiotic on early outcomes including postoperative pain, swelling, bleeding and cyanosis in patients undergoing dental implant placement before prosthetic loading. Seventy-five patients (45 males, 30 females) whose dental implant placement were completed, included to the study. Patients used prophylactic antibiotics were defined as the experimental group and those who did not, were defined as the control group. The experimental group received 2 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1 h preoperatively and 1 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid twice a day for 5 days postoperatively while the control group had received no prophylactic antibiotic therapy perioperatively. Data on pain, swelling, bleeding, cyanosis, flap dehiscence, suppuration and implant failure were analyzed on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and week 12. No statistically significant difference was detected between the two groups with regard to pain and swelling on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and week 12 ( p &gt;0.05), while the severity of pain and swelling were greater on day 2 compared to day 7 and 14 and week 12 in both groups ( p =0.001 and p &lt;0.05, respectively). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to postoperative bleeding and cyanosis. Although flap dehiscence was more severe on day 7 in the experimental group, no significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to the percentage of flap dehiscence assessed at other time points. Within limitations of the study, it has been demonstrated that antibiotic use has no effect on implant failure rates in dental implant surgery with a limited number of implants. We conclude that perioperative antibiotic use may not be required in straightforward implant placement procedures. Further randomized control clinical studies with higher numbers of patients and implants are needed to substantiate our findings.

The Effect of Using Students Peer Teaching on Iraqi EFL Students' Achievement in the Course of Library and Research Work

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 693-714
Author(s):  
. Muntaha Sabbar Jebur
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Peer Teaching ◽  
Control Group ◽  
College Of Basic Education ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Experimental Group

          Peer teaching is a strategy that allows the students to teach the new content to each other, and they must be accurately guided by instructors.     The researcher proposes that the use of students peer teaching  may promote students' achievement  and ensure the engagement of all the students in the learning process. Therefore, the researcher employs it as a teaching method aiming at investigating its  effect on Iraqi EFL students' achievement in the course of Library and Research Work .      The study hypothesizes that there is no significant difference between the students' achievement who are taught library and research work by students peer teaching  and that of the students taught by the traditional way. The experimental design of the study is Parallel Groups, Random Assignment, posttest. Each group consists of 35 students, chosen randomly from the Third Year Students at the Department of English in the College of Basic Education. Both groups were matched in terms of their age and parents' education. The experiment was fulfilled in the first course for 15 weeks during the academic year 2016-2017.       The same materials were presented to both groups. This included   units from Writing Research Paper by Lester D. . Post-test was constructed and exposed  The t-test for  independent samples was used to analyze the results and it is found out that there is a statistical difference between the two groups in their achievement because the calculated t- value 2.635 is bigger than the tabulated t- value which is 2.000, and also shown the superiority of the experimental group. The results indicate that the experimental group, who was taught Library and Research Work by peer teaching   was better than the control group, who was taught according to the traditional way. So, the null hypothesis is rejected. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions are presented in the light of the study findings. to a jury of experts to verify its validity and it was administered to both groups.

Optimization of postoperative management of patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Sergey Bezshapochny ◽  
Andrey Loburets ◽  
Valery Loburets
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Sodium Hyaluronate ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Traditional Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Experimental Group

Topicality: The result of surgical treatment depends largely on the chosen method of management of the postoperative period, the main purpose of which is to reduce the effects of surgical trauma. Despite the wide variety of drugs for local and systemic use, the question of pharmacotherapy of the operated sinus remains open to this day. The main properties that a modern drug should possess are safety and high clinical efficacy. Aim: to study the clinical efficacy of topical application of a complex preparation based on a saline solution containing sodium hyaluronate and dexpanthenol in patients with chronic sinusitis after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Materials and Methods: Clinical and laboratory studies were conducted on 47 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent surgery using the FESS technique. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the principle of the postoperative period. Patients of research group (n=21), except for traditional therapy, was used locally NASOMER (a preparation based on a water-salt solution containing sodium hyaluronate and dexpanthenol); to the control group (n=26) patients entered, in the postoperative period received traditional therapy. Traditional therapy included a toilet of the nasal cavity, the use of short-course topical decongestants, irrigation of the nasal cavity with water-salt solutions. Criteria of clinical effectiveness: data of endoscopy of the nasal cavity, rhinomanometry, activity of the mucociliary transport system. The effectiveness of functional research methods in the postoperative period was determined on the 7th and 14th day of treatment. Results: On the 3rd day of the study, an increase in the swelling of the nasal cavity was observed in patients of both clinical groups, correlated with difficulty in nasal breathing. On the 7th day, a decrease in edema was observed in patients of both groups, but in the experimental group, the index of nasal breathing, according to rhinomanometry, was significantly (p<0.05) different from the control group, and was respectively 1.54±0.14 and 2.04±0.19 kPa/l*s. On the 14th day of the study, no significant difference was observed between these indicators. When studying the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, it was proved that patients of the experimental group on day 7 after surgery showed a statistically significant difference in this indicator compared to the control group (17.8±1.0 and 22.7±2.1 min. respectively). Conclusions: The use of NASOMER after surgical intervention in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis contributes to more effective treatment compared with traditional therapy, as evidenced by the rapid recovery of the main functional parameters according to active posterior rhinomanometry and mucociliary clearance. Based on the results of the studies performed, the use of NASOMER for pharmacotherapy in the postoperative period is recommended for patients who have undergone rhinosurgical interventions with the aim of reducing the period of postoperative rehabilitation as an effective anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent.

Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Safian ◽  
Farzaneh Esna-Ashari ◽  
Shiva Borzouei
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Aims: Investigation thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Background: This article was written to evaluate the thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Method: A total of 252 women with GDM and 252 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. Thyroid tests, including TSH, FreeT3, Free T4, and anti-TPO were performed for all women at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was then carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Result: There was a significant difference between the experimental group (38.4%) and the control group (14.06%) in terms of the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p= 0.016). The frequency of anti-TPO was higher in the experimental group than the control group and positive anti-TPO was observed in 18.6% of women with GDM and 10.3% of healthy pregnant women (P= 0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are observed in pregnant women with GDM more frequently than healthy individuals and it may be thus reasonable to perform thyroid tests routinely.

EFFECT OF WEB BASED INSTRUCTIONS ON ACHIEVEMENT IN SOCIAL STUDIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajwinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the study was to study the Effect of Web based instructions on achievement in Social Studies. The sample consisted of 100 students from Grade 8th of schools affiliated to C.B.S.E of Ferozepur and were randomly split into two groups-control (taught by traditional method) and experimental (taught by Web based instruction) groups. Firstly pre-test was administered on both the groups; then the students in the control group were taught by conventional method while experimental group was taught by Web based instructions. Then post-test was administrated on both the groups. The Statistical techniques were then employed to data collected and analysis and interpretation of the data was done. The result of the study implied that there exists significant difference in achievement in Social Studies based on Web based instructions and conventional method. The study also revealed that there exist significant gender differences in achievement in Social Studies with Web based instructions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Zingiber officinale on the Spleen Tissue and Antibody Titer of Broiler Chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 046-050
Author(s):  
Alireza Taghdisi ◽  
Sajjad Hejazi
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Spleen Tissue ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction Increasing the immune system's function of fighting infectious diseases is very important in the poultry industry. Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The use of ginger in the diet of poultry increases serum levels of superoxide dismutase enzymes and glutathione peroxidase, which are considered to be important antioxidant enzymes. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ginger on the spleen tissue of broiler chickens. Material and Methods The specimens comprised 2 groups of 20 Ross breed broiler chicks, for 42 days and were then, examined and tested. The diet was supplemented with 1 g/kg of ginger powder from the beginning of the rearing period. Blood samples of the chicks were randomly collected to measure the levels of hemagglutination (HI). The removed spleens were fixed with 10% formalin buffer. The specimens were cut in 5-micron diameters and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results and Conclusion There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of HI blood titers between the chicks in the growth period and final period groups (p < 0.05). The white-pulp tissue samples were more clearly seen in the treatment group than in the control group, and also, it was observed that the wall of the central artery of the white pulp was thicker in the ginger-treated group as compared with the control group. The nutritional value of ginger may vary. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of this plant final on weight gain; the serum factors associated with the metabolic chart, and the response of the immune system to this plant.

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