scholarly journals Valuation of Internally Generated Intangible Assets in Accounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Josipa Mrša
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Intangible Resources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

AbstractValuation and management of intangible assets in modern business is becoming more significant. Measurement of the value of intangible assets in this paper refers to the intangible resources for which the company did not have any procurement costs and, therefore, are not standardized in traditional accounting, and their use has the potential to create value on the market. Knowledge, as the basis of intellectual capital, becomes a basic strategic resource and a generator for improving the organization’s success. Therefore, determining the way of identifying and evaluating intellectual capital becomes the common practice of the most successful companies through indicators that have their quantitative or qualitative weight.The interest of users of financial statements for the value of intellectual capital depends on their involvement in the overall business. Its value is basically the difference between high-efficiency companies and those that are less efficient. It becomes the starting point for business analysis of the company to reveal the hidden, untapped value of human capital and point to the need to make the business better. Possible methods of valuation of the total intangible assets of the company are presented, some of which are standardized, but most of the value, contained in intellectual capital, is not valued or recognized. It is proposed that, along with the standard financial statements, the total value of the intellectual capital to which the results are realized on the market.

scholarly journals Measurement of Intellectual Capital as Exemplified by Methods of Groups Based on the Roa Indicator and on Market Capitalization

e-Finanse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Karolina Palimąka ◽  
Mateusz Mierzejewskl
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Capitalization ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Business Analysis

Abstract The concept of a knowledge-based economy is a relatively new topic, but it does not mean that the previous economies did not use knowledge. For many years, knowledge formed the basis of any economy, it was a factor that set the pace of each of them, but just nit is making a significant impact on the entrepreneurial environment, and more. Inherent KBE is the concept of intellectual capital. The article raises both theoretical approaches towards the concept of intellectual capital, and points to the importance (from the point of view of managing this intangible value in the company) -of measuring intellectual capital. The process of good management of the value of intangible assets must be supported by knowledge about, e. g.,its size, value, etc. The authors focus on presenting methods of measuring intellectual capital from two groups of methods by the classification made by K. E. Sveiby, who is considered one of the fathers of the IC concept. The goal of the article is to compare methods from these two groups in terms of their flaws and advantages as regards preparing business analysis. This is done through presentation of the topic, including the concept and methods of intellectual capital measurement, which was based on the review of the literature.Furthermore, based on financial statements of companies from the WIG- oil&gas index and WIG- food industry indexwaysof interpreting the final results are presented.

scholarly journals Os activos intangíveis nas contas das empresas do PSI 20 : uma evidência empírica

2009 ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Maria da Conceiçâo da Costa Marques
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Business World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Factors Influencing

En la actualidad podemos enumerar como activos intangibles contables las patentes, marcas, derechos de autor, etc. Sin embargo, hay otros cuya existencia se reconoce ampliamente y que, a pesar de no estar identificados o medidos, también contribuyen a los resultados de una entidad, como el goodwi II o el capital intelectual, entre otros.La Contabilidad de activos intangibles ha cobrado impulso en las últimas décadas debido a los cambios que se han producido en el mundo de los negocios. Los avances en la industria y, en concreto la sociedad de la información, disponen de activos intangibles que son de aplicación en el mundo de los negocios.El reconocimiento de los activos intangibles en los libros de las entidades puede ser el siguiente paso, en concreto en lo que se refiere a ciertos tipos de negocios, como el de la industria del conocimiento.En el presente estudio se analizan los factores que influyen en la divulgación e información de activos intangibles voluntarios y obligatorios de un número de empresas portuguesas que cotizan en bolsa. Asimismo, exploramos la línea de pensamiento actual sobre activos intangibles y cómo se evalúan, reconocen y presentan estos recursos en los estados financieros de las empresas portuguesas.<br /><br />Today, as intangible assets recognized by the accounting, we can list the patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc. But there are other intangible assets whose existence is widely acknowledged that although they have not yet been identified or measured, also contribute to the results of an entity such as Goodwill or the Intellectual Capital, among others.Accounting for intangible assets gained prominence in the past decades due to changes that are occurring in the business world. The industrial revolution and, in particular, the information society, have the resources in front of the intangible world of business.The recognition of intangible assets on the books of the entities can be the next step forward especially for certain types of business such as the industry of knowledge. In this study we analyze the factors influencing the disclosure and information, mandatory and voluntary (intangible assets), of a number of Portuguese companies whose securities are traded on stock exchange. We also explore the current state of thinking on intangible assets and how those resources are being evaluated, recognized and presented in financial statements of Portuguese companies.

scholarly journals Intangible Assets Accounting and Reporting Issue

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-193
Author(s):  
Z.-M. Zadorozhnyi ◽  
V. Yasyshena
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Additional Line ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Accounting Software ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Management Reporting ◽  
Management Report

The article examines the views of foreign economists on the importance of the impact of intangible assets (IA) and goodwill on business. The main purpose of this study is to improve and develop approaches of accounting for IA and goodwill, reflecting them in the financial and management reporting. The systematization of literary sources and the study of regulatory documents showed that there were several problematic issues related to the accounting and reporting of IAs and goodwill that needed elaboration and clarification. The urgency of solving this scientific problem lies in the fact that due to the existence of unresolved issues in accounting for IA and goodwill, as well as the formation of indicators in the financial statements, there is a significant gap between the methodology of accounting for these assets and current requirements of the economy. It is proposed to amend the Methodological Provisions № 417 by allocating the IA into a separate group for more detailed state statistical observation of these assets. It is recommended to separate the subaccount for accounting software showing the detailed information for this subaccount in the Notes to the Annual Financial Statements. To reconcile goodwill with the Plan of Accounts and Reporting, it is offered to set out the title of Section 1 of the Notes to the Annual Financial Statement, as follows: «Intangible Assets and Goodwill». It is recommended to keep records of internal goodwill in managerial and financial accounting, with the separation of the subaccount, with amendments to Section 1 of the Notes to the Annual Financial Statements regarding the inclusion of additional line 095 «Internal Goodwill». For management accounting of IA and goodwill, it is proposed to use the form of internal management reporting, which is based on paragraph 5 «Notes to the Annual Financial Statements», which contains additional indicators that allow the management system to identify IA s both at the respective centres of responsibility and their units, for different periods, to control the amount, direction, deviation of the planned and actual expenses at the receipt of IA, etc. It is recommended to open an additional subaccount for accounting for IAs shortages with the disclosure in the Annex to Methodological Recommendations № 1327 of the procedure for accounting for IAs shortages using this subaccount. It is justified that the Management Report should be considered as a supplement to the financial statements. The management report proposes to disclose the information about the IA and, if available, about goodwill (internal goodwill), and to provide information aimed at the development of intellectual capital. Keywords: brand, internal goodwill, management report, management report, identification, intellectual capital, intangible assets (IA); non-current assets, accounting, managerial reporting, financial reporting.

scholarly journals PLANNING AND STAGES OF AUDIT OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Diadiun
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Audit Process ◽  
Audit Planning ◽  
Time Formalism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Audit Strategy ◽  
Definition Of

The article has examined the essence of the definition of «planning» and «audit planning». The place and importance of planning in the audit process are considered: from the standpoint of ISA and the approaches of domestic scientists, as well as in the context of the audit of intangible assets. The key requirements of ISA 300 «Planning an Audit of Financial Statements» and the possibility of their application in the audit of intangible assets are analyzed. Scientific approaches to determining the stages of audit of intangible assets are studied. As a result of the study, the stages of audit of intangible assets were identified through the projection of the general stages of the audit: preparative, intermediate, physical inspection, audit of financial statement line items, final. It is proposed to consider the audit of intangible assets from two positions: the audit of financial statements and the audit of sustainable development. Emphasis on the importance of the transition to a sustainable development audit, which also includes confirmation of non-financial indicators, is placed. The algorithm of planning the audit of intangible assets in the conditions of sustainable development is determined. The difference between the purpose and objectives of the audit of intangible assets in terms of traditional audit and audit in terms of sustainable development is demonstrated. It is proved that the accents in the development of the audit strategy and detailed plan will depend on the chosen goals and objectives. The main objects of control in the audit of intangible assets are identified. The importance of legal issues (especially protection of intellectual property rights) in the audit of intangible assets and the need for staff with appropriate qualifications is underscored. The audit strategy and plan are considered as elements of documentary evidence of the audit. Factors that slow down the implementation of the audit of sustainable development are identified. The relevance of the concept of «intangible asset audit program» is considered. It is proven that a detailed audit plan for intangible assets should take into account specific procedures, taking into account the nature of intangible assets. At the same time, formalism in drawing up a plan is unacceptable. The consistent list of audit procedures for formation of strategy and plan of audit of intangible assets in the conditions of sustainable development is outlined. It is proved that audit in the conditions of sustainable development expands the list of procedures.

Accounting Treatment of Intangible Assets - Analysis of Computer Programming Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Ana Rep
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Computer Programming ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Financial Disclosures ◽  
A Company ◽  
Insight Into

Information technology has a crucial role in all types of businesses and is a product of intellectual capital. Intellectual capital is not recognized as an asset of a company since there is no generally accepted model for measurement of human capital. Research was performed in order to investigate the awareness of financial statement preparers regarding the importance of using the professional judgement in the context of intangible assets. The content analysis method and the method of induction have been used. Nonetheless, an analysis of activity ratios has been done in order to gain an insight into the effectiveness of the company's assets. Empirical research conducted on a sample of computer programming companies has shown the lack of professional judgment in the context of accounting policies applied. Additionally, the value of intangible assets is underestimated. Computer programming companies should give greater emphasis to disclosures in the notes of financial statements since the non-financial disclosures are found to be at a low level.

scholarly journals Capital Intelectual: Su Valoración en el Contexto Empresarial (Intellectual capital assessment on the entrepreneurial context)

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Vernor Mesén Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Business Valuation ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Functional Management

<span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><p>La evolución que la economía mundial ha experimentado durante las últimas décadas ha traído consigo, entre otros hechos importantes, un cambio en el concepto y, por consiguiente, en las metodologías que son utilizadas por los expertos para la determinación del valor de una empresa en marcha. Es así como, hoy en día, el valor de las empresas se fundamenta preponderantemente en la capacidad que sus activos intangibles (dentro de los cuales se destaca el capital intelectual) tienen de generar beneficios económicos futuros, esto en contraposición al anterior esquema de valoración de empresas, el cual únicamente tasaba el valor de éstas en función de la productividad de sus activos tangibles.</p> <p>El presente artículo pretende reseñar las metodologías que actualmente son aceptadas y utilizadas para determinar el valor tanto financiero como contable del capital intelectual propiedad de una empresa, estableciendo a su vez, de forma clara, las diferencias importantes que existen entre ambos enfoques.</p> <p>Finalmente, se hacen algunas reflexiones acerca de la importancia que los activos intangibles y, en particular, el capital intelectual tienen tanto en la gestión estratégica y funcional de las empresas como en los procesos de valoración de éstas. Asimismo, se hace énfasis en la necesidad de que los expertos en materia de valoración financiera y contable de las empresas continúen trabajando en la búsqueda de un consenso para estandarizar un criterio que permita reflejar, de forma apropiada, el valor financiero de una empresa a nivel de sus estados financieros de uso general.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><p>The behavior of world economy on the last few decades has brought on, amongst other issues, a change in the concept and methodologies used by experts to value an ongoing business. Nowadays, a business is valued for the capacity of its intangible assets (specially its intellectual capital), to generate future benefits as opposed to the older view of business valuation that centered on the productivity value of its tangible assets. This article aims at summing up all the currently accepted and used methodologies to value both financially and accountably the intellectual capital owned by a business, clearly establishing the main differences found in either approach. Finally, some considerations are given about the importance that intangible assets (particularly intellectual capital), have in the strategic and functional management of companies. Also, we emphasize the need for experts in financial and accountable valorization to continue looking on for a consensus to standardize the criteria that will properly reflect the financial value of a business through their general financial statements.</p></span></span></span></span>

Methodological Proposal Focused on the Intangible Resources Diagnosis of Intellectual Capital for Tourism Destination

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 739-748
Author(s):  
Quadrini Fabiana Andrea ◽  
◽  
Abraham Cynthia Anahi
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Intangible Resources

The purpose of this paper is to develop and deepen one of the research lines that since 2010 the research team has been working on. It is related to one of the objectives set forth in the schedule of the research project “Management of the intellectual capital and innovation for tourism destination: a way to boost sector competitiveness”, which is being developed. The aim is to design and present a method that let make a diagnosis of intangible resources of intellectual capital for tourism destination and show its positive relation with innovative activity.

Ḥadith ‘Āishah fī Man’i al-Nisā’ Min al-Masājid; Niqāsh ‘Ulamā’ Bangladesh Ḥaulahu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Syed Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Situation

The Narration of Aisyah (May Allah be pleased with her), is the main focus of the controversy among Bangladeshi scholars on the issue of women's prayer in the mosque. The reason for the dispute is that a group of them issued the ruling based on the phenomenon of the text, and the others explained the ruling of Hadith according to the common situation in the society. If the circumstances change, the ruling will change along with it, because the originality of the issue is permissible, that is proven from other texts. This research adopts an inductive method to survey the Prophetic hadiths that talk about the prayer of women in the Mosque in terms of permissibility and prohibition and analytical method to analyze the difference in opinion of Bangladeshi scholars related to this issue. The research finds that the ruling of Shari’ah is a process that is continuous and permanent. But in necessity and emergency, it has the notion of flexibility and explanation. In the issue of women’s presence in the mosque, they should be allowed if they abide by the suggestions of Prophet (s) and should not if they don’t. So, Prohibition is not from the prophet (s), but it is from their obedience to the ruling.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Common People ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

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