Reconstructing Chrysippus’ Cosmological Hypothesis. On Plut. Stoic. rep. 1054c–d

Elenchos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Michele Alessandrelli
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Cohesive Force ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Force ◽  
The One

AbstractTwo literal quotations from Chrysippus’ On Possibles, preserved in Plutarch’s On the Contradictions of the Stoics, seem to contradict the Stoic thesis of the isotropy of the void. According to this thesis the void is an infinite undifferentiated expanse (a wide continuous area) whose center is marked by, and coincides with, the position of the world. Since there is nothing else outside the world, the cohesive force that pervades it is sufficient on its own to guarantee the quasi–indestructibility of the trans–cyclical διακόσμησις (i.e the fact that in the new cosmic cycle the διακόσμησις returns in a form identical to the one it had in the previous cosmic cycle) and the eternity of the οὐσία. Conversely, in these two quotations Chrysippus maintains that there is a central διαφορά equipped with causal force. This seems to imply the anisotropy of the void. Chrysippus’s view here is also at odds with another official Stoic thesis, i.e. that the incorporeal is causally inert. In this paper it will be argued that there is in fact no contradiction, because, in those two quotations, Chrysippus consciously develops a cosmological hypothesis in order to resolve a difficulty concerning the role of fire during the universal conflagration. Chrysippus’ solution to this difficulty belongs to modal logic and consists in distinguishing between the actual universe and the possible ones.

scholarly journals Conflicts in the environment of Russian political emigration in Switzerland in 1870

10.33287/1195 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Ю. І. Коломоєць
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Section

Russian political emigration from the beginning of its birth in the first half of the nineteenth century was constantly in search of forms and methods of struggle with royal power in the homeland. Detachment from Russia, the feeling of isolation that was inherent in emigration to the early twentieth century, were an important factor in the ongoing conflicts that took place in its environment. We note the conflicts between the «old» and the «young» emigration in the late 1860’s, between the Marxists and the populists of the 1880’s, between the revolutionary Marxists and the «economists» at the end of the 1890’s. All of these, as a rule, were due to excessive the ambitions of some leaders, the attempt to become the «rulers of ideas» for revolutionary youth, due to significant financial problems. In the list of these and similar conflicts there are events of 1870, when in the environment of political emigration there are two serious confrontations between the leader of anarchists M. Bakunin on the one hand and S. Nechaev or «Russian section of the First International» - on the other. These conflicts significantly influenced the situation in emigration, disorganized it, weakened the ability to fight the tsarist regime. They were accompanied by sharp accusations, searches for compromising materials, attempts to get support from leaders of the world revolutionary movement. The ambitions of young revolutionaries such as S. Nechaev or M. Utin were also connected with the attempt to take the main place among the emigrants, moving to the background of former leaders M. Bakunin, M. Ogarev, P. Lavrov. All this led to split in emigrant colonies, which consisted mainly of student youth. Violent discussions, accusations, boycotts became a hallmark of emigrant life. Basically, all these events took place in Switzerland, which at that time already became the center of not only Russian, but also international political emigration. Conflicts were directed at the political annihilation of the opponents, which subsequently resulted in the arrest and extradition to the Russian government of S. Nechaev in 1872, the cessation of the activities of the Russian Section of the First International and the return of M. Utin to Russia and the cessation of revolutionary activity in general. The positive side of these conflicts was the rallying of emigrants around their leaders, better information on the state of affairs in their environment, the development of new forms and methods of interaction and the strengthening of the role of revolutionaries from Russia itself.

scholarly journals Competențele – expresie a rezultatelor școlare

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Elena Ramona Cenușe
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Educational Organization ◽  
Know How ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Education School ◽  
The One ◽  
Teaching Learning

In the Romanian educational system, the concept of competence is relatively new, its appearance and use being related to the curricular perspective of educational organization. Synthetically, competence can be defined as ”an ensamble of `savoir faire` (know how) and `savoir-e’tre’ (manners) allowing a good accomplishment of a role, of a function or of an activity” (D`Hainaut). The model of curricular projection centered on competences is meant to improve the efficiency of the internal structure of the curriculum, and of the teaching, learning and evaluation processes. This ”new educational target” aims to: -focus on the final learnig acquisitions; accenuate the action-related dimension of the pupil’s personality; clearly define the school offer according to the pupil’s interests and skills, and to social expectations. Thus it is possible for the modern education to assume an increasing autonomy for the one who learns, so that the differences between the world of education/school/ the didactic process and the real (social, professional) world may palpably decrease.

appealed to the Queen on being besieged by the wild sense, especially in the concluding cantos, of leaving Irish (see Vi4.1n). In reading this ‘darke conceit’, an iron world to enter a golden one. But do these no one could have failed to recognize these allusions. ways lead to an end that triumphantly concludes the The second point is that Spenser’s fiction, when 1596 poem, or to an impasse of the poet’s imaginat-compared to historical fact, is far too economical ive powers? For some readers, Book VI relates to the with the truth: for example, England’s intervention earlier books as Shakespeare’s final romances relate in the Netherlands under Leicester is, as A.B. Gough to his earlier plays, a crowning and fulfilment, ‘a 1921:289 concludes, ‘entirely misrepresented’. It summing up and conclusion for the entire poem and would seem that historical events are treated from for Spenser’s poetic career’ (N. Frye 1963:70; cf. a perspective that is ‘far from univocally celebratory Tonkin 1972:11). For others, Spenser’s exclamation or optimistic’, as Gregory 2000:366 argues, or in of wonder on cataloguing the names of the waters what Sidney calls their ‘universal consideration’, i.e. that attend the marriage of the Thames and the what is imminent in them, namely, their apocalyptic Medway, ‘O what an endlesse worke haue I in hand, import, as Borris 1991:11–61 argues. The third | To count the seas abundant progeny’ (IV xii point, which is properly disturbing to many readers 1.1–2), indicates that the poem, like such sixteenth-in our most slaughterous age, especially since the century romances as Amadis of Gaul, could now go matter is still part of our imaginative experience as on for ever, at least until it used up all possible virtues Healy 1992:104–09 testifies, is that Talus’s slaughter and the poet’s life. As Nohrnberg 1976:656 aptly of Irena’s subjects is rendered too brutally real in notes, ‘we find ourselves experiencing not the allegorizing, and apparently justifying, Grey’s atrocit-romance of faith or chastity, but the romance of ies in subduing Irish rebels (see V xii 26–27n). Here romance itself ’. For still others, there is a decline: Spenser is a product of his age, as was the Speaker ‘the darkening of Spenser’s spirit’ is a motif in many of the House of Commons in 1580 in reporting studies of the book, agreeing with Lewis 1936:353 the massacre of Spanish soldiers at Smerwick: ‘The that ‘the poem begins with its loftiest and most Italians pulled out by the ears at Smirwick in solemn book and thence, after a gradual descent, Ireland, and cut to pieces by the notable Service of a sinks away into its loosest and most idyllic’; and with noble Captain and Valiant Souldiers’ (D’Ewes Neuse 1968:331 that ‘the dominant sense of Book 1682:286). As this historical matter relates to Book V, VI is one of disillusionment, of the disparity between it displays the slaughter that necessarily attends the the poet’s ideals and the reality he envisions’; or that triumph of justice, illustrating the truth of the common the return to pastoral signals the failure of chivalry in adage, summum ius, summa iniuria, even as Guyon’s Book V to achieve reform (see DeNeef 1982b). destruction of the Bower shows the triumph of tem-Certainly canto x provides the strong sense of an perance. This is justice; or, at best, what justice has ending. As I have suggested, ‘it is as difficult not to become, and what its executive power displayed in see the poet intruding himself into the poem, as it is that rottweiler, Talus, has become, in our worse than not to see Shakespeare in the role of Prospero with ‘stonie’ age as the world moves towards its ‘last the breaking of the pipe, the dissolving of the vision, ruinous decay’ (proem 2.2, 6.9). In doing so, Book and our awareness (but surely the poet’s too) that his V confirms the claim by Thrasymachus in Plato’s work is being rounded out’ (1961a:202). Republic: justice is the name given by those in power Defined as ‘doing gentle deedes with franke to keep their power. It is the one virtue in the poem delight’ (vii 1.2), courtesy is an encompassing virtue that cannot be exercised by itself but within the book in a poem that sets out to ‘sing of Knights and Ladies must be over-ruled by equity, circumvented by mercy, gentle deeds’ (I proem 1.5). As such, its flowering and, in the succeeding book, countered by courtesy. would fully ‘fashion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and gentle discipline’ (Letter to Raleigh 8). Courtesy: Book VI

2014 ◽  
pp. 36-36
Keyword(s):  
Strong Sense ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

Empiricism, Perception and Conceptual Change

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
World Line ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Level Of Experience ◽  
Conceptual Revolution

In recent times it has become fashionable to emphasize the role of conceptual change in the (philosopher's) history of science. To judge from recent writers (Feyerabend 5-9, Kuhn 18), every significant theoretical change in science is first and foremost a revolution in scientific concepts—a conceptual revolution. According to this view, every level of experience is affected by each fundamental theoretical change: physical theory, experimental practice and even perceptual experience. The Aristotelian patrician who watched the sun sink beneath the horizon not only had different beliefs (theory) about the phenomenon but actually saw something different from the Newtonian gentleman who saw the horizon rise above his eye-sun line, and the Einsteinian professional who saw the sun's varying geometrical relations to the world light-geodesics on which successive temporal stages of his eye world-line lay. Moreover, such is the completeness of the conceptual-experiential shifts undergone in a fundamental scientific change that it is impossible to meaningfully discuss the one theory within the confines of the other or, indeed, to provide any systematic, cumulative comparison of successive theories.

Nauka wobec wyzwań współczesnej rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Andrzej Chodubski
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Productive Force ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Structured Knowledge ◽  
The One

It is indicated in the lecture that science, as human activity that aims at the objective recognition of a person and his universe, is nowadays perceived as a fundamental power that generates the cultural and civilizational nature of mankind and the world around it. The widening horizon of cultural life has been changing and still changes the scientific and research challenges, including the way, in which science is defined. At present, scientific and technological progress, legal solutions, educational requirements, constantly generate new challenges for science and make it a productive force. The role of social and political sciences that until recently strived to make their ways to achieve the title of science that is a methodologically structured knowledge about human, society and the world, has been changing.At present, the place of social and political reality in the sphere of scientific cognition is perceived as dichotomous – on the one hand, due to the methodology of researches, including attempts to compare them with exact sciences, their scientific separateness is assessed critically; however, on the other hand, taking into account the worked out methods and ways of defining cultural and civilizational reality, explantation of occurrences, processes, humanistic and social values, they are set in the classical science studies, as a whole.

Religion, Conflict, and Reconciliation: Ecumenical Initiatives Amidst Human Brokenness and Community Division

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-111
Author(s):  
Jerald D. Gort
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
The One ◽  
Role Of Religion

AbstractAfter reflecting on the ambiguous role of religion in terms of violence, Jerald D. Gort in this article outlines, first, the conditions for true reconciliation among peoples (acknowledgement of Christian complicity; no cheap reconciliation; no utopian enthusiasm; no fatalistic view of human capacity); then, second, he outlines the initiatives ofthe World Council of Churches (WCC) toward justice and reconciliation in the world. Such initiatives involve the struggle against injustice on the one hand and a practice of the "wider ecumenism" (dialogue of histories, theologies, spiritualities, and life) on the other.

Mit der Großstadt aus der Armut: Eine neue Theorie der Industrialisierung

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The One

AbstractThere is no doubt that industrialization was the main cause of modern economic welfare. The reasons for more or less industrialization in various regions of the world have been discussed widely for decades. However, a closer examination reveals that none of the controversial arguments and explanations put forward stand the test of empirical scrutiny. What has previously been ignored is the central role of large cities in provoking industrialization. Given all the other preconditions necessary for industrialization, it was finally the mass markets of large cities that made industrial mass production profitable for potential entrepreneurs. Thus, wherever large cities and urban agglomerations emerged in the world, industrialization followed suit. In a global and comparative perspective, industrialization was not so much a matter of countries but rather a matter of regions dividing the world into highly urbanized, industrialized and more prosperous regions on the one side, and still primarily rural, preindustrial and poorer regions on the other..

scholarly journals The Role of Journalism in Mediatization of the World of Everyday Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-611
Author(s):  
Olga Smirnova ◽  
Luisa Svitich ◽  
Mikhail Shkondin
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Informational Support ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One

The role of journalism and the media in forming the world of everyday life has been viewed as a key one for quite a long period of human history. Moreover, in the context of digitalization and mediatization of every social reality, it is becoming even more important. The integrative nature of the modern media provides for an environment where interaction between journalism, the media and their audiences has a crucial impact on all social phenomena, on the life of every person and of the society in general. The article states that, in the context of media digitalization, the world of everyday life is intensively mediatized and undergoes radical changes, which makes it a relevant object of media studies. The authors emphasize the great significance of the media in social construction processes that are based on fast information exchange and the synchronous dynamics of events in the world of everyday life. They also underline the relevance of studying both journalism and media processes as integral parts the world of everyday life, which features continuous variability of social realities and their newsworthiness. In today’s society, contradictions between the opportunities offered by digitalization and mediatization of social realities on the one hand, and the limited practical usage of these opportunities on the other, are aggravating. Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the functions of journalism in optimizing the world of everyday life, and correlate the renewed understanding of these functions to that of journalists as key agents that provide informational support and coverage of all social processes.

scholarly journals Intrinsic Balance in Generation Z: Between Individualization & Massification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Shlegel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
New Generation

The examination of the ‘incoming’ generation as a new sociocultural type of contemporary human remains relevant at all times. The eldest representatives of the new generation (so called ‘Generation Z’ or the ‘Digital generation’) are today’s alumni who crave to take over the world, re-arranging it in accordance with their interests and views, and claim to become the ‘leading generation’ of our century. Research into this generation, the attempt to understand it is undoubtedly an important task. This material is dedicated to the matter of defining the interrelation between individualisation and the massification in ‘generation Z’ representatives. The research methods used in the study are as follows: philosophic-anthropological analysis, content-analysis, and scientific data interpretation. The research work contains the thesis that tendencies of individualisation and massification in the lives of ‘digital children’ are inextricable and consistent. The role of the Internet in general and social networks in particular in the process of individualisation of Generation Z is discussed, touching on the problem of ‘stereotypness’, by which individualisation of a person begins to be built in cyberspace. The new generation, on the one hand, is somewhat disconnected from the real world, feeling and creating its uniqueness and individuality, and on the other hand, maintaining a sense of community, unity and solidarity, but only often through a virtual environment. At the same time, consolidating quickly and going offline as needed.

scholarly journals Global Transformations and Russia: the Sources of Confrontation and Prospects for Cooperation

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Dmitry Evstafiev
Keyword(s):  
Global Competition ◽  
Global System ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Player ◽  
The One ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Strategic Context

Increased and diversified tensions in Russian-Western relations and first Russian-American relations are not only а result of propaganda pressure. They also reflex a number of conflicting realities of the contemporary system of international political and economic relations that involve Russia as an important player. The role of Russia is especially noticeable now that the process of development of the architecture of a new global system is underway. Hostile or confrontational position of Russia could be a major risk as well as a factor that can change the strategic context of the global competition. The emerging system looks much different from the one that formed the basis on which the world developed during the last 30 years. In that environment a potential hostile position of Russia is regarded as a major risk. But the active involvement of Russia into most important recent global economic and political developments prevents the situation of surpassing the limits of the «non-zero sum game».

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