The Effect of Advanced Oxidation Pre-Treatment on the Membrane Filtration Parameters of Dairy Wastewater

Abstract The dairy industry generates wastewater characterised by high levels of biological and chemical oxygen demands representative of their high degree of organic content; mainly carbohydrates, proteins and fats that originate from milk. Several investigations have been conducted into the reuse of dairy wastewater, e.g. membrane processes are a promising method to treat such wastewater. Earlier works have proven that with membrane filtration an appropriate degree of retention can be achieved and the permeate can be reused. However, membrane fouling is a limiting factor in these processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used in the fields of water and wastewater treatments and are known for their capability to mineralise a wide range of organic compounds. AOPs also exhibit some other effects on the filtration process, e.g. the microflocculation effect of ozone may play a significant role in increasing the elimination efficiency and causing a decreased level of irreversible fouling. By comparing ozone and Fenton pre-treatment (FPT) processes it can be shown that the fouling propensity of pre-treated pollutants does not depend on the pre-treatment method, while FPT was proven to be more efficient in improving the level of flux.

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Coagulation/flocculation/ultrafiltration for natural organic matter removal in drinking water production

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2004.0111 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (5-6) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.R. Costa ◽

M.N. de Pinho

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Natural Organic Matter ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Water Production ◽

Cellulose Acetate Membranes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Drinking Water Production

Membrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM), namely by humic substances (HS), is a major problem in water treatment for drinking water production using membrane processes. Membrane fouling is dependent on membrane morphology like pore size and on water characteristics namely NOM nature. This work addresses the evaluation of the efficiency of ultrafiltration (UF) and Coagulation/Flocculation/UF performance in terms of permeation fluxes and HS removal, of the water from Tagus River (Valada). The operation of coagulation with chitosan was evaluated as a pretreatment for minimization of membrane fouling. UF experiments were carried out in flat cells of 13.2×10−4 m2 of membrane surface area and at transmembrane pressures from 1 to 4 bar. Five cellulose acetate membranes were laboratory made to cover a wide range of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO): 2,300, 11,000, 28,000, 60,000 and 75,000 Da. Severe fouling is observed for the membranes with the highest cut-off. In the permeation experiments of raw water, coagulation prior to membrane filtration led to a significant improvement of the permeation performance of the membranes with the highest MWCO due to the particles and colloidal matter removal.

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Characteristics of coagulation-flocculation of humic acid with effective performance of polymeric flocculant and inorganic coagulant

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2003.0024 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 89-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. Yu ◽

D.D. Sun ◽

J.H. Tay

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Molecular Size ◽

Aluminium Sulphate ◽

Fouling Control ◽

Effective Performance ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Flocculation Process

Ferric chloride and aluminium sulphate as coagulants and positive charged flocculants PDDMAC ((PDDMAC = poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were used for pre-treatment of water and wastewater for removing humic substance prior to RO membrane filtration. It was found that a combination of flocculant and coagulant enhanced the coagulation-flocculation process and humic acid removal. The optimum conditions of coagulation-flocculation were established in reference to the ratio of humic acid and coagulant. Zeta potential and the ratio of E4/E6 were investigated to explore the possible micro-mechanisms of coagulation-flocculation. The ratios of E4/E6 show the molecular size variations using different coagulants and flocculants, which are expected to benefit membrane-fouling control.

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Stochastic modelling of membrane filtration

Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.2016.0948 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 473 (2200) ◽

pp. 20160948 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. U. Krupp ◽

I. M. Griffiths ◽

C. P. Please

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Stochastic Modelling ◽

Stochastic Simulations ◽

Central Feature ◽

Arrival Times ◽

Pore Networks ◽

Wide Range ◽

Conductivity Function

Membrane fouling during particle filtration occurs through a variety of mechanisms, including internal pore clogging by contaminants, coverage of pore entrances and deposition on the membrane surface. In this paper, we present an efficient method for modelling the behaviour of a filter, which accounts for different retention mechanisms, particle sizes and membrane geometries. The membrane is assumed to be composed of a series of, possibly interconnected, pores. The central feature is a conductivity function , which describes the blockage of each individual pore as particles arrive, which is coupled with a mechanism to account for the stochastic nature of the arrival times of particles at the pore. The result is a system of ordinary differential equations based on the pore-level interactions. We demonstrate how our model can accurately describe a wide range of filtration scenarios. Specifically, we consider a case where blocking via multiple mechanisms can occur simultaneously, which have previously required the study through individual models; the filtration of a combination of small and large particles by a track-etched membrane and particle separation using interconnected pore networks. The model is significantly faster than comparable stochastic simulations for small networks, enabling its use as a tool for efficient future simulations.

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Treatment of waste thermal waters by ozonation and nanofiltraton

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.694 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 1272-1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Z. L. Kiss ◽

A. Szép ◽

S. Kertész ◽

C. Hodúr ◽

Z. László

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Membrane Separation ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Organic Content ◽

Ozone Treatment ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Toxic Compounds ◽

Ozone Pretreatment ◽

High Organic Content

After their use for heating, e.g. in greenhouses, waste thermal waters may cause environmental problems due to their high contents of ions, and in some cases organic matter (associated with an oxygen demand) or toxic compounds. The aims of this work were to decrease the high organic content of waste thermal water by a combination of ozone treatment and membrane separation, and to investigate the accompanying membrane fouling. The results demonstrated that the chemical oxygen demand and the total organic content can be effectively decreased by a combination of ozone pretreatment and membrane filtration. Ozone treatment is more effective for phenol elimination than nanofiltration alone: with a combination of the two processes, 100% elimination efficiency can be achieved. The fouling index b proved to correlate well with the fouling and polarization layer resistances.

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Membrane filtration as a pre-treatment method

Desalination ◽

10.1016/0011-9164(91)85191-v ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 82 (1-3) ◽

pp. 246-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernt Ericsson ◽

Bengt Hallmans

Keyword(s):

Membrane Filtration ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Pre Treatment

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Membrane surface morphology and fouling in filtration of high DOC water

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20185900001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 00001

Author(s):

Beata Gorczyca

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Membrane Filter ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Cross Flow ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Gel Layer ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Series ◽

High Concentrations

In Canada many potable water sources contain very high concentrations of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), accompanied by a wide range of hardness. DOC reacts with chlorine used in water disinfection to form potentially carcinogenic chlorine disinfection by-products – Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Dual membrane plants that combine microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF)or nanofiltration (NF) can remove DOC and reduce THMs concentration, but these plants are prone to serious fouling of their UF or NF membranes. The objectives of our research are to study the mechanisms of UF/NF membrane fouling. We have determined various resistances of DOW Filmtech NF90 (flat sheet coupon), based on the resistance in series model. The experiments were conducted on a bench scale cross-flow membrane filtration unit (Sterlitech), using synthetic water with DOC of 11 mg/L and calcium hardness of 350 mg/L that represents typical surface waters in Manitoba (Canada). The results suggest that gel layer on the surface of the membrane has a significant contribution to the flux decline. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) allowed for relatively inexpensive, non-destructive analysis of the surface area of the gel layer deposited on the membrane filter. The morphology of the gel layer was related to the gel layer resistance.

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Assessment of water treatment processes: detailed organic matter characterisation and membrane fouling indices at the Loddon Water Treatment Plant, Victoria, Australia

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2011.040 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 274-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Khorshed ◽

S. Vigneswaran ◽

J. Kandasamy ◽

R. Aryal ◽

D. Dharmapalan

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Methods ◽

Wide Range ◽

Exchange Adsorption ◽

Pre Treatment

Recent advances in membrane technology have led to its broad application, and reverse osmosis (RO) systems now represent the fastest growing segment of the desalination market. Its performance is hindered by membrane fouling. In this study pre-treatment methods to reduce RO fouling were investigated including flocculation, adsorption and ion exchange. Detailed organic characterisations were made in terms of florescence spectroscopy excitation emission matrix (EEM), UV254 absorbance and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LCOCD). The different pre-treatment methods were assessed in terms of the fouling potential. This was quantified in terms of the modified fouling index measured using a dead-end cell micro-filtration (MF) unit. The existing pre-treatment of granular activated carbon (GAC) filter led to a good organic removal. Among the pre-treatment methods tested in the laboratory, purolite ion exchange/adsorption was found to be better than FeCl3 flocculation in terms of the amount as well as the wide range of organics removal. A pre-treatment of flocculation with Poly-ferric-silicate (PFSi) as flocculent gave a higher removal of organic matter compared to other pre-treatments tested. DOC was reduced from 11.5 to 4.25 mg/L, and it removed mostly the humic type substances.

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Decentralised, small-scale coagulation-membrane treatment of wastewater from metal recycling villages – a case study from Vietnam

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.493 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (10) ◽

pp. 2125-2133

Author(s):

Lan Thu Tran ◽

Anh Tien Do ◽

Tuan Hung Pham ◽

Kim Thanh Nguyen ◽

Hung Cong Duong

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Small Scale ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Metal Recycling ◽

Beneficial Reuse ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Membrane Treatment

Abstract Effective treatment of wastewaters laden with heavy metals is critical to the sustainable social and economic growth of metal recycling villages in Vietnam. Currently, most wastewaters from metal recycling villages in Vietnam are directly discharged, posing great threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a small-scale combined coagulation-membrane filtration treatment of wastewater collected from a metal recycling village in Vietnam was experimentally investigated. The experimental results manifested the technical viability of the combined coagulation-membrane filtration process for the treatment of the heavily polluted metal recycling wastewater for beneficial reuse. In this combined treatment process, coagulation using ferric chloride (FeCl2) served as a pre-treatment prior to the microfiltration (MF)/reverse osmosis (RO) process. Under the optimised conditions, coagulation at the dosage of 0.2 g FeCl2 per 1,000 ml wastewater removed more than 90% of heavy metals (i.e. most notably including aluminium and chromium) from the wastewater, reducing the aluminium and chromium concentrations in the wastewater from 548.0 to 52.3 mg/L to 32.6 and 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The MF treatment of the wastewater following the coagulation further removed suspended solids and organic matters, rendering the wastewater safe for the subsequent RO filtration with respect to membrane fouling. Given the efficient pre-treatment of coagulation and MF, the RO process at the controlled water recovery of 50% was able to effectively treat the wastewater to potable water.

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Membranes coupled with physico chemical treatment in water reuse

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.843 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 513-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

W. S. Guo ◽

R. Zhang ◽

S. Vigneswaran ◽

H. H. Ngo ◽

J. Kandasamy

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Ion Exchange Resin ◽

Transmembrane Pressure ◽

Long Duration ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Refractory Organic Pollutants ◽

Treated Sewage Effluent ◽

Magnetic Ion

In this study, short-term experiments were conducted with different configurations of membrane hybrid systems to treat biological treated sewage effluent containing refractory organic pollutants: (i) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration (SMF) alone; (ii) spiral flocculator (SF)-SMF without settling; (iii) SF-PAC-SMF without settling and (iv) SMF with magnetic ion exchange resin MIEX® pretreatment. The results indicated that the pre-flocculation of SF could improve the mitigation of membrane fouling significantly even when the system was operated at a high membrane filtration rate. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) of SF-PAC-SMF only increased marginally (0.8 kPa over 8 hours). SF-SMF without the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) also took a relatively long duration for the TMP to increase. The TMP only increased by 2.5 kPa over 8 hours. The SF-PAC-MF system resulted in a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of more than 96%. When used as pre-treatment to submerged membranes, the fluidized bed MIEX® contactor could remove a significant amount of organic matter in wastewater. This pre-treatment helped to reduce the membrane fouling and kept the TMP low during the membrane operation.

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Water circuit closure with membrane technology in the pulp and paper industry

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0199 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 217-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Nuortila-Jokinen ◽

M. Mänttäri ◽

T. Huuhilo ◽

M. Kallioinen ◽

M. Nyström

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Paper Machine ◽

Purification Method ◽

High Molar Mass ◽

Pre Treatment

In this study, membrane filtration as an internal purification method, “the kidney7rdquo;, in the pulp and paper industry is discussed. Membrane filtration is economically competitive and a very versatile process. It can be used to remove the enriched organic and/or inorganic loads either partially or totally from, for example, the mechanical pulping and paper making water circuits and it can be applied to various points within the process. With the so-called shear enhanced membrane modules very high fluxes, in ultrafiltration about 400 L/(m2h) and in nanofiltration fluxes almost 200 L/(m2h), have been obtained. Depending on the membrane, suspended solids (microfiltration), polysaccharides, extractives and high molar mass lignous substances (ultrafiltration) and multivalent salts (nanofiltration) can be removed. Ultrafiltration permeate can well be used in paper machine showers to replace fresh water. The quality of the nanofiltration permeate is significantly higher than that of ultrafiltration. The membrane processes can be enhanced by various pre-treatment techniques to produce higher permeate fluxes and to eliminate membrane fouling. Such pre-treatment methods are, e.g., chemical treatment, ozonation and biological treatment. The most cost-effective processes were chemical flocculation, pH adjustment and thermophilic aerobic biological treatment.

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