The Effect of the Compounding Procedure on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of PLA/PBAT-Based Nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
P. Saiprasit ◽  
A. K. Schlarb
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
One Step ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force

Abstract Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)-based nanocomposites filled with 1 vol.% silicon dioxide nanoparticles (nano-SiO2) were prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and injection molding. The nanocomposites with various blending sequences were investigated using PLA-based and PBAT-based nanocomposite masterbatches. Morphology of the PLA/PBAT/SiO2 nanocomposites was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a focused ion beam (FIB) SEM. It is found that the nano-SiO2 locates in the original polymer phase, in which it is firstly incorporated in the masterbatch process, as well as at the interface between the two polymers. However, as the residence time in the extrusion process increases, the nanoparticles migrate from the original phase to the interface, governed by the thermodynamic driving force. The best optimization of mechanical properties is achieved by using the PBAT-based masterbatches with a one-step process or short residence time. The processing history, therefore, has a tremendous impact on the final properties of the resulting materials.

Effect of Compatibilizers on Composite Materials of Bio-Ethanol Byproduct-Poly(lacticacid)

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 4088-4092
Author(s):  
Ming Ming Zhang ◽  
Xiao Huan Liu ◽  
Chun Peng Wang ◽  
Li Wei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Twin Screw Extrusion ◽  
Screw Extrusion ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Properties Of Composites

The blend composite materials of bio-ethanol byproduct-Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were produced by a twin-screw extrusion process. Effects of bio-ethanol byproduct (BEB) contents and different compatibilizers on properties of composite materials were investigated. The research showed that with the increase of contents of bio-ethanol byproduct, the mechanical properties decreased. The mechanical properties of composites were improved by adding the compatibilizers, especially the polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-MAH). When the PP-MAH content was 2.5%, the mechanical properties of the composite materials were superior to others.

Characterization of size, aspect ratio and degree of dispersion of particles in filled polymeric composites using FIB

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhu ◽  
G. C. Allen ◽  
J. M. Adams ◽  
D. Gittins ◽  
P. J. Heard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Polymeric Composites ◽  
Degree Of Dispersion ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Mineral Fillers

AbstractTwo types of mineral fillers, talc and mica, were compounded into polypropylene (PP) via a twin-screw extruder. The morphologies and mechanical properties of the resultant composites were investigated. The dispersion of minerals in PP was observed using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) techniques. The particle size distribution (PSD) and aspect ratio (AR) of particles in the polymer phase were obtained from FIB image analysis. It was found that FIB imaging displays directly the micron to mesoscale level dispersion of particles in polymeric composites. The technique has significant potential for characterizing such materials, having some advantages over ‘traditional’ scanning and transmission electron microscopy in terms of generating representative data in a realistic timescale. The PSD and AR distribution and degree of dispersion in the composites give insights into the modification of mechanical properties of the composites studied.

scholarly journals Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) Filled with Hydrophobic Cellulose/SiO2 Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kittithorn Lertphirun ◽  
Kawee Srikulkit
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
One Step ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Hydrophobic cellulose/SiO2 composites were prepared. Resultant hydrophobic cellulose/SiO2 composites were melt mixed with PLA using a twin-screw extruder to obtain 10 wt% masterbatch. Again, 10 wt% masterbatch was melt mixed with virgin PLA, resulting in PLA containing hydrophobic cellulose/SiO2 at various contents (1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) using a twin-screw extruder (barrel zone temperature: 150/160/170/180/190°C (die zone)). Injection-molded samples were prepared for mechanical properties evaluation. Results showed that poor mechanical properties found at low percent loadings were associated with a significant depolymerization of masterbatch composition due to twice thermal treatments. Note that 10 wt% masterbatch was subjected to injection molding straight away in a one-step process. Results showed that 10 wt% hydrophobic cellulose/SiO2/PLA composites exhibited mechanical properties equivalent to neat PLA. Importantly, the addition of hydrophobic cellulose/SiO2 at high percent loading could favor landfill degradation of PLA via water absorption ability of cellulose. It was expected that enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose resulted in the formation of lactic acid and silicic acid which consequently catalyzed the hydrolytic degradation (acid hydrolysis) of PLA. The hydrolytic degradation produced carboxylic acid end group which further accelerated the degradation rate.

Metallic Nanoneedles Arrays for TEM Sample Preparation “Lift-Out”

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romaneh Jalilian ◽  
David Mudd ◽  
Neil Torrez ◽  
Jose Rivera ◽  
Mehdi M. Yazdanpanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Beam System ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanoneedle Array ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The sample preparation for transmission electron microscope can be done using a method known as "lift-out". This paper demonstrates a method of using a silver-gallium nanoneedle array for a quicker sharpening process of tungsten probes with better sample viewing, covering the fabrication steps and performance of needle-tipped probes for lift-out process. First, an array of high aspect ratio silver-gallium nanoneedles was fabricated and coated to improve their conductivity and strength. Then, the nanoneedles were welded to a regular tungsten probe in the focused ion beam system at the desired angle, and used as a sharp probe for lift-out. The paper demonstrates the superior mechanical properties of crystalline silver-gallium metallic nanoneedles. Finally, a weldless lift-out process is described whereby a nano-fork gripper was fabricated by attaching two nanoneedles to a tungsten probe.

scholarly journals Effect of Ion Irradiation on Nanoindentation Fracture and Deformation in Silicon Carbide

JOM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Leide ◽  
Richard I. Todd ◽  
David E. J. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

AbstractSilicon carbide is desirable for many nuclear applications, making it necessary to understand how it deforms after irradiation. Ion implantation combined with nanoindentation is commonly used to measure radiation-induced changes to mechanical properties; hardness and modulus can be calculated from load–displacement curves, and fracture toughness can be estimated from surface crack lengths. Further insight into indentation deformation and fracture is required to understand the observed changes to mechanical properties caused by irradiation. This paper investigates indentation deformation using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) and Raman spectroscopy. Significant differences exist after irradiation: fracture is suppressed by swelling-induced compressive residual stresses, and the plastically deformed region extends further from the indentation. During focused ion beam cross-sectioning, indentation cracks grow, and residual stresses are modified. The results clarify the mechanisms responsible for the modification of apparent hardness and apparent indentation toughness values caused by the compressive residual stresses in ion-implanted specimens.

Mechanical Properties of Electroplated Copper Thin Films

1999 ◽  
Vol 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Spolenak ◽  
C. A. Volkert ◽  
K. Takahashi ◽  
S. Fiorillo ◽  
J. Miner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Electroplated Copper

AbstractIt is well known that the mechanical properties of thin films depend critically on film thickness However, the contributions from film thickness and grain size are difficult to separate, because they typically scale with each other. In one study by Venkatraman and Bravman, Al films, which were thinned using anodic oxidation to reduce film thickness without changing grain size, showed a clear increase in yield stress with decreasing film thickness.We have performed a similar study on both electroplated and sputtered Cu films by using chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) to reduce the film thickness without changing the grain size. Stress-temperature curves were measured for both the electroplated and sputtered Cu films with thicknesses between 0.1 and 1.8 microns using a laser scanning wafer curvature technique. The yield stress at room temperature was found to increase with decreasing film thickness for both sets of samples. The sputtered films, however, showed higher yield stresses in comparison to the electroplated films. Most of these differences can be attributed to the different microstructures of the films, which were determined by focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy and x-ray diffraction.

scholarly journals Tensile Mechanical Behaviour of Multi-Polymer Sandwich Structures via Fused Deposition Modelling

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Moises Baca Lopez ◽  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Homogeneous Materials ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
High Level

The application of single homogeneous materials produced through the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology restricts the production of high-level multi-material components. The fabrication of a sandwich-structured specimen with different material combinations using conventional thermoplastics such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) through the filament-based extrusion process can demonstrate an improvement on its properties. This paper aims to assess among these materials, the best material sandwich-structured arrangement design, to enhance the mechanical properties of a part and to compare the results with the homogeneous materials selected. The samples were subjected to tensile testing to identify the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus of each material combination. The experimental results demonstrate that applying the PLA-ABS-PLA sandwich arrangement leads to the best mechanical properties between these materials. This study enables users to consider sandwich structure designs as an alternative to manufacturing multi-material components using conventional and low-cost materials. Future work will consider the flexural tests to identify the maximum stresses and bending forces under pressure.

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of wear surfaces on single crystal nickel by nanomechanical techniques

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 844-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Cordill ◽  
N.R. Moody ◽  
S.V. Prasad ◽  
J.R. Michael ◽  
W.W. Gerberich
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Number Of Cycles

In ductile metals, sliding contact induces plastic deformation resulting in subsurfaces, the mechanical properties of which are different from those of the bulk. This article describes a novel combination of nanomechanical test methods and analysis techniques to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the subsurfaces generated underneath a wear surface. In this methodology, nanoscratch techniques were first used to generate wear patterns as a function of load and number of cycles using a Hysitron TriboIndenter. Measurements were made on a (001) single crystal plane along two crystallographic directions, <001> and <011>. Nanoindentation was then used to measure mechanical properties in each wear pattern. The results on the (001) single crystal nickel plane showed that there was a strong increase in hardness with increasing applied load that was accompanied by a change in surface deformation. The amount of deformation underneath the wear patterns was examined from focused ion beam cross-sections of the wear patterns.

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