scholarly journals Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis: review of the literature and state of the art

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Sulistyo ◽  
Abidur Rahman ◽  
George Biouss ◽  
Lina Antounians ◽  
Augusto Zani
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

AbstractNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the leading cause of gastrointestinal surgical emergency in preterm neonates. Over the last five decades, a variety of experimental models have been developed to study the pathophysiology of this disease and to test the effectiveness of novel therapeutic strategies. Experimental NEC is mainly modeled in neonatal rats, mice and piglets. In this review, we focus on these experimental models and discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of each. We also briefly discuss other models that are not as widely used but have contributed to our current knowledge of NEC.

scholarly journals Dissimilar Appearances Are Deceptive–Common microRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies in Liver Cancer and Melanoma

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Lisa Linck-Paulus ◽  
Claus Hellerbrand ◽  
Anja K. Bosserhoff ◽  
Peter Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNAs as therapeutic targets in two cancer types that were frequently described to be driven by miRNAs—melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By focusing on common microRNAs and associated pathways in these—at first sight—dissimilar cancer types, we aim at revealing similar molecular mechanisms that are evolved in microRNA-biology to drive cancer progression. Thereby, we also want to outlay potential novel therapeutic strategies. After providing a brief introduction to general miRNA biology and basic information about HCC and melanoma, this review depicts prominent examples of potent oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs, which have been proven to drive diverse cancer types including melanoma and HCC. To develop and apply miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment in the future, it is essential to understand how miRNA dysregulation evolves during malignant transformation. Therefore, we highlight important aspects such as genetic alterations, miRNA editing and transcriptional regulation based on concrete examples. Furthermore, we expand our illustration by focusing on miRNA-associated proteins as well as other regulators of miRNAs which could also provide therapeutic targets. Finally, design and delivery strategies of miRNA-associated therapeutic agents as well as potential drawbacks are discussed to address the question of how miRNAs might contribute to cancer therapy in the future.

scholarly journals Novel Approaches to Target Mutant FLT3 Leukaemia

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2806
Author(s):  
Jörg P. Müller ◽  
Dirk Schmidt-Arras
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Oncogenic Mutations ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a member of the class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and is involved in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Oncogenic mutations in the FLT3 gene resulting in constitutively active FLT3 variants are frequently found in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients and correlate with patient’s poor survival. Targeting FLT3 mutant leukaemic stem cells (LSC) is a key to efficient treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory AML. It is therefore essential to understand how LSC escape current therapies in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on mechanisms of FLT3 activity regulation and its cellular consequences. Furthermore, we discuss how aberrant FLT3 signalling cooperates with other oncogenic lesions and the microenvironment to drive haematopoietic malignancies and how this can be harnessed for therapeutical purposes.

scholarly journals Biology and use of the Pacific fat sleeper Dormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844): state of the art review

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Fernando Vega-Villasante ◽  
Luis E. Ruiz-González ◽  
Olimpia Chong-Carrillo ◽  
Mao E.R. Basto-Rosales ◽  
David J. Palma-Cancino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

The present work is a review of the literature on the native Mexican fish Dormitator latifrons. The aim is to contribute to the integration and systematization of current knowledge to make it easier to identify existing knowledge gaps and breakthroghs Moreover, promote the successful cultivation and protection of this species whose consumption is increasing in Latin America. A review of the articles related to D. latifrons published in international and regional databases was carried out. The articles reviewed focus on taxonomy and systematics, phylogenetic, geographic distribution, ecology, physiology, reproduction, development, pathology, health, and the technologies used to cultivate this fish species. The conclusion is that, even though the cultivation of D. latifrons is of commercial interest in some countries, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of biology and, consequently, the domestication potential of the species. Filling these gaps will require systematic research efforts on protecting natural populations and improving mass cultivation techniques.

scholarly journals Mouse Models of Glioblastoma for the Evaluation of Novel Therapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander F Haddad ◽  
Jacob S Young ◽  
Dominic Amara ◽  
Mitchel S Berger ◽  
David R Raleigh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Models ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Developmental Therapeutics ◽  
Xenograft Models ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite an aggressive standard of care that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and ionizing radiation. Mouse models have advanced our understanding of GBM biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, model selection is crucial when testing developmental therapeutics, and each mouse model of GBM has unique advantages and disadvantages that can influence the validity and translatability of experimental results. To shed light on this process, we discuss the strengths and limitations of 3 types of mouse GBM models in this review: syngeneic models, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), and xenograft models, including traditional xenograft cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models.

scholarly journals Experimental Models of Acute Lung Injury: their Advantages and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
D Mokra ◽  
P Mikolka ◽  
P Kosutova ◽  
A. Calkovska
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Lung Protective Ventilation ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Complex Methods

AbstractAcute damage to the lung may originate from various direct and indirect reasons. Direct lung injury may be caused by pneumonia, near-drowning, aspiration, inhalation of toxic gases etc., while indirect lung injury is secondary, following any severe extra-pulmonary disease, e.g. sepsis, acute pancreatitis, or severe trauma. Due to a complex pathophysiology of the acute lung injury, the treatment is also extremely complicated and except for lung-protective ventilation there have been no specific treatment approaches recommended. An urgent need for a reliable and sufficiently effective treatment forces the researchers into testing novel therapeutic strategies. However, most of these determinations should be done in the laboratory conditions using animals. Complex methods of preparation of various experimental models of the acute lung injury has gradually developed within decades. Nowadays, there have been the models of direct, indirect, or mixed lung injury well established, as well as the models evoked by a combination of two triggering factors. Although the applicability of the results from animal experiments to patients might be limited by many factors, animal models are essential for understanding the patho-physiology of acute lung injury and provide an exceptional opportunity to search for novel therapeutical strategies.

Epitranscriptomic modifications in acute myeloid leukemia: m6A and 2′-O-methylation as targets for novel therapeutic strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Pauli ◽  
Michael Kienhöfer ◽  
Stefanie Göllner ◽  
Carsten Müller-Tidow
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Modifications of RNA commonly occur in all species. Multiple enzymes are involved as writers, erasers and readers of these modifications. Many RNA modifications or the respective enzymes are associated with human disease and especially cancer. Currently, the mechanisms how RNA modifications impact on a large number of intracellular processes are emerging and knowledge about the pathogenetic role of RNA modifications increases. In Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), the N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has emerged as an important modulator of leukemogenesis. The writer proteins METTL3 and METTL14 are both involved in AML pathogenesis and might be suitable therapeutic targets. Recently, close links between 2′-O-methylation (2′-O-me) of ribosomal RNA and leukemogenesis were discovered. The AML1-ETO oncofusion protein which specifically occurs in a subset of AML was found to depend on induction of snoRNAs and 2′-O-me for leukemogenesis. Also, NPM1, an important tumor suppressor in AML, was associated with altered snoRNAs and 2′-O-me. These findings point toward novel pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The current knowledge and the implications are the topic of this review.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis: State of the Art in Translating Experimental Research to the Bedside

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Niloofar Ganji ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Carol Lee ◽  
Rachel Filler ◽  
Agostino Pierro
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Intestinal Organoids

AbstractNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that continues to have high morbidity and mortality among preterm neonates, despite medical advancements in neonatology and neonatal care. To investigate the pathogenesis of the disease and explore novel form of treatment, a variety of experimental models of NEC have been developed and used by various investigators. These experimental models range from in vitro evaluation of intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to in vivo models of the disease in neonatal mice, rats, and piglets. Most recently, human-derived intestinal organoids have also been developed and investigated. In this review, we will briefly discuss these experimental models and the contributions that they have made to our understanding of NEC. We will also point to the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model of intestinal injury which has been used as an indirect model of NEC by some investigators. Advancements in laboratory research into this devastating disease have continued to expand our knowledge on the pathogenesis and prevention of NEC as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic options for management of this severe disease.

scholarly journals Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica B. Jiménez-Castro ◽  
María Eugenia Cornide-Petronio ◽  
Jordi Gracia-Sancho ◽  
Carmen Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Liver Ischemia

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction and liver failure post-transplantation. To date, ischemia-reperfusion injury is an unsolved problem in clinical practice. In this context, inflammasome activation, recently described during ischemia-reperfusion injury, might be a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the clinical problems associated with liver transplantation and hepatic resections. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge in inflammasome-mediated inflammation, describing the experimental models used to understand the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, a clear distinction between steatotic and non-steatotic livers and between warm and cold ischemia-reperfusion injury will be discussed. Finally, the most updated therapeutic strategies, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies in liver surgery and transplantation that can succeed in achieving its clinical application.

scholarly journals Effectiveness ofCitrusFruits onHelicobacter pylori

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Mandalari ◽  
Carlo Bisignano ◽  
Santa Cirmi ◽  
Michele Navarra
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Gastric Carcinoma ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

It is known thatHelicobacter pyloriinfection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Due to the increased side effects of the treatment regimens and the development of antimicrobial resistance, a number of natural compounds have been tested as potential alternatives. In this review, we will examine the current knowledge on the effect ofCitrusfruits and their derivatives againstH. pylori, highlighting the remaining outstanding questions on the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals State of the Art of Anthocyanins: Antioxidant Activity, Sources, Bioavailability, and Therapeutic Effect in Human Health

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Tena ◽  
Julia Martín ◽  
Agustín G. Asuero
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Synergy Effect ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Potential Synergy

The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in food is well known. Numerous antioxidant assays have been proposed to measure the capacity of anthocyanins to prevent the oxidation process that naturally occurs. Different solvents, temperatures, and pH levels are applied in each assay, and these factors should be taken into account in order to obtain useful and reproducible results. The concentration and the structure of these compounds are directly related to their antioxidant capacity and their environment. However, the effectiveness of the anthocyanin ingestion against diseases is also influenced by its bioavailability. Novel methodologies that simulate the digestion process have been developed in order to facilitate the current knowledge of anthocyanins bioavailability. Studies highlight the potential synergy effect between parent compounds and their derivatives (metabolites, conjugated products, and microbe-generated metabolites). The aim of this review is to provide an overview of advantages and disadvantages of the most common methods to determine the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins, chemical structure, and concentration of these compounds in different edible fruits, vegetables, and plants; their bioavailability after intake; as well as the main therapeutic effect described in the scientific literature.

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