Mikroökonometrische Evaluation der ökonomischen Wirkungen betrieblicher Mitbestimmung - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Matching-Ansatzes / Microeconometric Evaluation of Economic Effects of Workers Participation - Options und Limits of the Matching Approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Works Councils ◽  
East German ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel ◽  
Microeconometric Evaluation ◽  
Short Time

SummaryThe evaluation of economic effects of workers participation is not simple from the methodical point of view because of specific characteristics of establishments with works councils. Especially recent studies show contradictory results. In this study problems are pointed out, discussed, and options for solution are presented on the example of workers participation in East German establishments of industry and construction by the IAB-Establishment Panel.An optimal matching-algorithm which supplies good matching-results for small samples to assign ‘statistical establishment-twins’ is applied. But by reason of very short primarily spells it can only calculate short time effects. Therefore, the matching method is additionally used to construct longer observation periods. By this new application establishments with recently founded works councils are matched with so called ‘proxy establishments’ with existing works councils. As a result short observation periods are prolonged and information about long-term effects can be given.The effects on productivity, profitability and qualification level of employees show neither in short-term nor in long-term a significant impact on workers’ participation.

How Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Democracy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Lauri Rapeli ◽  
Inga Saikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Future ◽  
Established Democracies

In this commentary, we discuss some possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in both established and newer democracies. We expect that the pandemic will not have grave long-term effects on established democracies. We assess the future of democracy after COVID-19 in terms of immediate effects on current democratic leaders, and speculate on the long-term effects on support for democratic institutions and principles. We also discuss possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global trends in democratic backsliding. We predict that, in the short term, the repercussions of the pandemic can aggravate the situation in countries that are already experiencing democratic erosion. However, the long term economic effects of the pandemic may be more detrimental to non-democratic governance.

SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE 9/11 EVENT: THE INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 08 (07) ◽  
pp. 947-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT RICHMAN ◽  
MICHAEL R. SANTOS ◽  
JOHN T. BARKOULAS
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Market Reactions ◽  
Theoretic Point ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Stock Market Reactions

This paper analyzes the short- and long-term effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on a comprehensive sample of stock market indices from 33 industrial and emerging economies. From a finance-theoretic point of view, we employ the international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) to analyze the incidence of the 9/11 event. Consistent with expectations, we document statistically negative short-term stock market reactions to the 9/11 event for 28 countries. More importantly, we find increases in the level of systematic risk for 10 stock markets which attest to the presence of negative permanent effects emanating for the 9/11 event. However, a great many capital markets (including the US, Canada, Japan, China, Russia, and the largest European economies) did not experience statistically significant increases in systematic risk in the post-9/11 period. The decisiveness of the evidence clearly points in the direction of resilience and flexibility of the world capital markets.

Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Biology of the Lake Trout and the Fishery in Lake Opeongo, Ontario

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Food Content ◽  
Coregonus Artedii

From 1936 to 1965 food content was examined in 17,171 Lake Opeongo lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The diet is analysed from the point of view of frequency of occurrence of foods, their weight, feeding activity of trout, size of trout and size of food, and seasonal and annual changes in food habits.In the late 1940's and early 1950's perch, Perca flavescens, largely disappeared from the diet. The lake trout initially turned to lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, and then to the cisco, Coregonus artedii, introduced into Lake Opeongo in 1948.As a result of these dietary changes lake trout are now heavier and rate of growth has improved. Age and size at maturity is later and there are fewer infertile fish. Egg counts, egg size, and ovary weights are now greater, particularly in the medium-sized lake trout.In the fishery the average weight of individual trout taken has almost doubled. About 25% more of the immature stock is exploited by the recent fishery. The harvest and catchability of lake trout has remained generally constant on a numerical basis but show an improvement on a poundage basis in the more recent years. The possible effects of these changes on the character of the fishery are discussed.

scholarly journals En sur udfordring. Om surt papir i bibliotekets samlinger

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Vinther Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western World ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Paper Machines ◽  
Set Up ◽  
National Significance ◽  
Short Time

NB: Artiklen er på dansk, kun resuméet er på engelsk. New materials were adopted during the industrialisation of paper production in the early 1800s. Experiments were done with straw and wood as fibre sources and acidic alum was commonly used as a sizing agent for all paper qualities produced by the paper machines. This, along with stiff competition among paper manufacturers, resulted in a drastic decrease in the quality of all types of paper and the production of vast quantities of acidic paper that could last only a relatively short time. Many of the Royal Library’s collections consist of acidic, short-fibre paper from around 1830 up to the middle of the 1980s when, finally, increased production of neutral-sized, long-like paper became possible. Acidic paper breaks down under ordinary storage conditions of room temperature and a certain degree of air humidity. Librarians and archivists throughout the Western world face a major challenge in the preservation of this relatively unstable material. To meet this challenge, various mass deacidification processes have been developed that, by deacidifying the paper, extend its lifetime three to four times. On the basis of a national report on the preservation of Danish cultural heritage, a committee was set up in 2004 to examine more closely the extent of acidic paper in the collections and whether mass deacidification of the country’s collections of unique national significance could be recommended. The committee had various sample tests done, including of the Royal Library’s collections. It was found that 70% of the Library’s collections date from 1800 to 1985 and that 93% of the objects concerned are more or less acidic. On the basis of the sample tests, it was possible to establish a rough prognosis as to how long the Library’s collections would be able to withstand ordinary physical handling, given that the paper, over time, will inevitably become so brittle that it disintegrates with use. If the collections are preserved in a climate, as was historically the case, at room temperature and varying humidity throughout the year, then half of the collections will have severely deteriorated in a hundred years. In order to ensure a longer lifetime, the collections can either be mass deacidified or the temperature and air humidity can be reduced so as to inhibit the breakdown processes. The committee and the Royal Library chose to work to ensure the collections’ long-term life by focusing on cool, dry storerooms, since this solution is, both from the financial point of view and with respect to preservation ethics, the most competitive. Lowering the temperature and the air humidity also makes it possible to extend the collections’ lifetime far more than with deacidification alone.

scholarly journals Impact of soil scarification on reindeer pastures

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Eriksson ◽  
Tuomo Raunistola
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Soil Temperatures

During recent years, soil scarification has become a standard procedure for improving seed beds after logging. Around 57 000 ha were treated, primarily through harrowing and ploughing, in the counties of Vâsterbotten and Norbotten during 1985. The positive effects of scarification, from a forestry point of view, are improved access to plant nutrients, raised soil temperatures and reduces surface moisture. The aim of the present study was to describe long-term changes in the ground vegetation following scarification. Harrowing affects 45-55% of the plant cover while ploughing affects 65-90%. 10 years after ploughing and harrowing about 20% of the surface is still without vegetation. Real long-term effects remain in dispute. It has been claimed that ploughing, at least, may lead to irreversible changes.

Corruption, public debt and economic growth – evidence from developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effect of corruption on public debt and economic growth in 20 developing countries over the period 1996-2018. Design/methodology/approach This study makes use of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to detect the long-term relationships, on the one hand, between corruption and public debt and, on the other hand, between corruption and economic growth. Findings The empirical results reveal that corruption increases the debt-to-GDP ratio and that the interactions between corruption and public revenues and between corruption and public spending have a positive influence on public debt in the long run. The estimations also show that high corruption hampers long-term economic growth and increases the negative effect of public debt on economic growth in developing countries. Originality/value While corruption is a prevalent phenomenon in most developing countries, the literature still lacks empirical examination of its economic effects. This study fills this gap with the aim of highlighting that high corruption hinders development in developing nations. This study also examines the impact of the interactions between corruption and components of the fiscal balance on public debt. Moreover, while the existing empirical literature uses regression techniques, this paper uses a panel ARDL approach to detect the long-term effects of corruption.

Voraussetzungen und Effekte betrieblicher Interessenvertretung in eigentümergeführten Unternehmen

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Dieter Gerner ◽  
Holger Reinemann ◽  
Andreas Dutzi ◽  
Daniel Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Works Councils ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel ◽  
Works Council ◽  
Economic Goal

Zusammenfassung Im Zentrum ökonomischer Mitbestimmungsforschung steht die Frage, ob Betriebsräte effizient sind. Die hierzu vorliegenden empirischen Befunde tendieren zu einem überwiegend positiven Einfluss von Betriebsräten auf die Performance eines Unternehmens. Weniger Beachtung in diesem Kontext fand bisher die Rolle des Eigentürmers als Geschäftsführer. Mit den Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels wird daher untersucht: (1) welchen Einfluss die Eigentümerführung auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Existenz eines Betriebsrats hat und (2) welche ökonomischen Effekte (Produktivität) unter den besonderen Bedingungen der Eigentümerführung erzielt werden. Mittels gepoolten OLS-Schätzungen und dynamischen Panelansätzen wird aufgezeigt, dass eigentümergeführte Unternehmen auf positive ökonomische Effekte der betrieblichen Interessenvertretung verzichten, um ihre nicht-ökonomischen Ziele wie den Erhalt von Einfluss und Kontrolle zu erfüllen. Abstract The efficiency of works councils has always been in the focus of economic research on co-determination. Empirical findings show a positive influence of works councils on firm performance. Less attention so far has been given to the role of owner-managers. The data of the IAB establishment panel is used to (1) examine the influence of owner management on the likelihood of the existence of a works council and (2) the economic effects achieved under the particular conditions of owner management. The estimations of pooled OLS and GMM models show, that owner-managers dispense with positive economic effects of works councils in order to achieve their non-economic goal of maintaining control and influence.

scholarly journals The Effect of Visas on Migration Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Czaika ◽  
Hein de Haas
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Migrant Groups

The effectiveness of migration policies has been widely contested. However, because of methodological and conceptual limitations, evidence has remained inconclusive. Moreover, prior studies focus on the effects of policies on inflows and fail to assess the simultaneous effect of policies on outflows. This is essential from a theoretical point of view as immigration restrictions may reduce both inflows and outflows and, hence, overall circulation. This renders the effect of immigration restrictions on net migration theoretically ambiguous. To fill this gap, and using unique migration and visa data from the Determinants of International Migration (DEMIG) project, this paper assesses the short- and long-term effects of travel visa policy regimes on bilateral immigration and emigration dynamics. The results suggest that travel visa policies significantly decrease inflows, but this effect is undermined by decreasing outflows of the same migrant groups. This confirms that migration restrictions decrease circulation and tend to encourage long-term settlement, and thereby sharply reduce the responsiveness of migration to economic fluctuations in destination and origin societies. We also identify asymmetric policy effects with migration flows declining only very gradually after a visa introduction but increasing almost immediately after visa removal.

scholarly journals Kult Trzygława w Szczecinie lat 20. XII stulecia. Między monolatrią a „dwuwiarą”

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Stanisław Rosik
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Religious System ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Christian Culture ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

The cult of Triglav in the Polabian-Pomeranian territory in the 12th century confirms an evolution of the religious system of the local Slavic communities towards monolatry, largely affected by confrontation as well as a cultural dialogue with the Christian culture. At first, at the time of the Pomeranian missions of Saint Otto of Bamberg in the 1120s, attempts at suppressing the cult did not bring about long-term effects. However, a wave of the so-called pagan reaction led to some sort of a compromise made in Szczecin, leading to official coexistence of the cult of Triglav and the newly introduced cult of Jesus Christ. From the point of view of mythology, the competences of the two divine figures turn out to be convergent and universal, yet still, as part of the Szczecin “religious dualism”, no attempt was made to identify them (following the rule of interpretatio Slavica of the elements of Christianity). The belief in the autonomy of Triglav and Christ (“A German God”) was confirmed in Szczecin in the course of Otto’s evangelization which resulted in a Christian community in the city. The phenomenon of syncretism, present there until Otto’s second mission (1128), was therefore an attempt at maintaining unity in a religiously divided society following the first mission of the Apostle of Pomeranians (1124-1125).

Long-term evaluation of orbital dynamics in the Sun-planet system considering axial-tilt

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (15) ◽  
pp. 1850083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Bakhtiari ◽  
Kamran Daneshjou
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dynamic Equations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
Axial Tilt

In this paper, the axial-tilt (obliquity) effect of planets on the motion of planets’ orbiter in prolonged space missions has been investigated in the presence of the Sun gravity. The proposed model is based on non-simplified perturbed dynamic equations of planetary orbiter motion. From a new point of view, in this work, the dynamic equations regarding a disturbing body in elliptic inclined three-dimensional orbit are derived. The accuracy of this non-simplified method is validated with dual-averaged method employed on a generalized Earth–Moon system. It is shown that the neglected short-time oscillations in dual-averaged technique can accumulate and propel to remarkable errors in the prolonged evolution. After validation, the effects of the planet’s axial-tilt on eccentricity, inclination and right ascension of the ascending node of the orbiter are investigated. Moreover, a generalized model is provided to study the effects of third-body inclination and eccentricity on orbit characteristics. It is shown that the planet’s axial-tilt is the key to facilitating some significant changes in orbital elements in long-term mission and short-time oscillations must be considered in accurate prolonged evaluation.

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