Comparison between metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy obesity by different definitions among Mexican children

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Lola Evia-Viscarra ◽  
Rodolfo Guardado-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mexican Children ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity

AbstractBackgroundThere is no consensus on the definition of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and the diagnostic criteria in children.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of MHO and compare clinical and biochemical characteristics between MHO and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), and to evaluate the association between MUO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, anthropometrics and family background using different definitions in children.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Participants included 224 obese children between the years 2007 and 2017. MHO was defined by three different criteria: (i) absence of metabolic syndrome (MHO-MS), (ii) no insulin resistance (IR) by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) <3.16 cut-off (MHO-IR3.16) and (iii) absence of IR at <95th percentile for Mexican children (MHO-95th).ResultsThe prevalence of MHO-MS, MHO-IR3.16 and MHO-IR95th was 12.9%, 56.3% and 41.5%, respectively. The prevalence of simultaneous MHO-MS plus MHO-IR95th was 5.36%. Children with MHO-MS vs. MUO-MS showed lower height, weight and body mass index (BMI) percentiles; MHO-IR3.16 vs. MUO-IR3.16 showed lower age, acanthosis, Tanner, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and glucose; and MHO-IR95th vs. MUO-IR95th showed lower acanthosis, WC, DBP, glucose and high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). MUO-MS was associated with WC > 90th, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in first-degree relatives and obesity in siblings. MUO-IR3.16 was associated with pubertal stages, WC > 90th, WHtR > 0.55 and fasting hyperglycemia. MUO-IR95th was associated with WHtR > 0.55 and HDL < 10th. MHO-MS and MHO-IR3.16 or MHO-IR95th did not have agreement.ConclusionsThe prevalence of MHO varied depending on the definition, although the real MHO with no MS or IR is very low. Low DBP and high HDL-C in MHO were present in any definition. Association of MUO with anthropometric, biochemical and family background differs across definitions.

scholarly journals Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Presence of Arterial Stiffness in the Prepubescent Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 6995
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Alberto Vilches-Perez ◽  
Cristina Gallardo-Escribano ◽  
Antonio Vargas-Candela ◽  
Maria Dolores Lopez-Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Abdominal Perimeter ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Aim: Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, one of the world’s leading causes of death, first manifests itself at an early age. The identification of children who may have increased cardiovascular risk in the future could be an important prevention strategy. Our aim was to assess the clinical, analytical, and dietary variables associated with arterial stiffness (AS), measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in a prepubescent population with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study in prepubescent subjects with obesity who had ≤1 metabolic syndrome criteria (abdominal perimeter and blood pressure ≥90th percentile, triglycerides >150 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dL, fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL) was conducted. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet, blood pressure, BMI, waist/height ratio (WHtR), glycemic status, lipid profile, and cfPWV were analyzed. 75 MHO children (boys: 43; girls: 32; p = 0.20) (age = 10.05 ± 1.29 years; BMI = 25.29 ± 3.5 kg/m2) were included. Results: We found a positive correlation between cfPWV and weight (r = 0.51; p < 0.0001), BMI (r = 0.44; p < 0.0001), WHtR (r = 0.26; p = 0.02), fasting insulin levels (r = 0.28; p = 0.02), and insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index) (r = 0.25; p = 0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis identified BMI and HOMA-IR as independent parameters associated with cfPWV. Conclusions: Prepubescent children with obesity who were shown to be metabolically healthy presented with arterial stiffness, which is closely related to BMI and the state of insulin resistance.

Magnesium intake is associated with the metabolically healthy obese phenotype

2021 ◽  
pp. jim-2021-001841
Author(s):  
Fernando Guerrero-Romero ◽  
Gerardo Morales-Gurrola ◽  
Lucía Preza-Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandra Gómez-Barrientos ◽  
Ana I Olivas-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Magnesium Intake ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obese ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Healthy Obese ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Although magnesium intake is inversely associated with the risk of metabolic abnormalities, whether magnesium intake plays a role on metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype has not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnesium intake is associated with the MHO phenotype. Apparently, healthy women and men aged 20–65 years with obesity were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Subjects were allocated into MHO (n=124) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) (n=123) groups. MHO phenotype was defined by abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women) and none, or not more than one of the following risk factors: triglyceride levels ≥150 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women; fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL; and systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg. The MUO individuals were characterized by abdominal obesity and the presence of two or more of the aforementioned criteria. The proportion of individuals with high blood pressure (40.7% vs 5.6%, p<0.001), hyperglycemia (69.1% vs 16.9%, p<0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (84.6% vs 36.3%, p<0.001), and low HDL-C (51.2% vs 12.9%, p<0.001) was significantly higher in the MUO individuals as compared with individuals in the MHO group. The logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex and age showed that dietary magnesium intake is significantly associated with the MHO phenotype (OR=1.17; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.25, p=0.005). Our results show that magnesium intake is significantly associated with the MHO phenotype.

Step-Defined Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Middle-Aged Japanese: The National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan 2006

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Inoue ◽  
Yumiko Ohya ◽  
Catrine Tudor-Locke ◽  
Nobuo Yoshiike ◽  
Teruichi Shimomitsu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
National Health ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Background:Pedometers are becoming widely accepted for physical activity measurement. To use step data effectively, an index which categorizes steps/day by < 5000, ≥ 5000, ≥ 7500, ≥ 10,000, and ≥ 12,500 steps/day has been previously proposed. However, evidence is insufficient to validate this index compared with health outcomes. This study examined the association of steps/day categories with cardiovascular (CVD) risk.Methods:Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan 2006, including 1166 men and 1453 women aged 40–64 years, were analyzed to calculate odds ratios (OR) for having CVD risk including overweight/obesity, blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, and clustered risk factors by steps/day categories.Results:Among men, inverse gradient associations between steps/day categories and CVD risk (overweight/obesity, blood pressure, HbA1c, and clustered risk factors) were observed. Among women, those taking ≥ 5000 steps/day had substantially lower risk of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure compared with those taking < 5000 steps/day. However, additional decreases of OR by taking more steps were modest among women.Conclusions:CVD risk was generally lower with higher steps/day categories. Given the limitations of cross-sectional design, further studies, especially using longitudinal designs, are needed to precisely calibrate the association between steps/day and CVD risk.

scholarly journals Postprandial Triglycerides, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Milieu in Metabolically Healthy Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Obesities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Bryant H. Keirns ◽  
Samantha M. Hart ◽  
Christina M. Sciarrillo ◽  
Kara L. Poindexter ◽  
Stephen L. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilation ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
P Values ◽  
Postprandial Triglycerides ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains controversial. We sought to further characterize the CVD risk profile in MHO by evaluating postprandial triglycerides, vascular function, and systemic inflammatory markers. Control individuals that were normal-weight and metabolically healthy (Con), MHO, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were recruited (n = 10–11/group). Each participant underwent an abbreviated fat tolerance test, fasting and postprandial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and had a panel of inflammatory cytokines measured. MHO displayed postprandial triglycerides similar to those in Con and both MHO and Con had lower values than those for MetS (p < 0.01). Fasting FMD was lower in MHO and MetS compared to that of Con (p < 0.01), but during the postprandial period the vasodilatory response of MHO was similar to that while fasting (p = 0.39), while FMD in Con and MetS decreased after the high-fat meal (p values < 0.01). MHO displayed a number of inflammatory cytokines greater than those of Con and MetS (all p values < 0.05), while MetS and MHO had higher TNF-α than did Con (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MHO was associated with lower fasting FMD and a greater inflammatory burden but did not suffer the same negative postprandial effects as did MetS.

scholarly journals Children with metabolically healthy obesity have a worse metabolic profile compared to normal weight peers: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Serbis ◽  
Vasilieios Giapros ◽  
Stavroula A. Paschou ◽  
Ekaterini Siomou
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity

Abstract Purpose: A phenotype of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has been described in youth with obesity, but data are still scarce in this age group. The aim of the current study was to describe and compare clinical and laboratory parameters related to obesity among three different groups of youth, namely youth with normal weight (NW), with MHO, and with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). Methods: 103 youngsters with obesity were divided according to 2018 consensus-based criteria into those with MHO [n=49, age (± SD): 10.9 ± 2.9 years] and those with MUO [n=54, 11.5 ± 2.7 years] and were compared to age-, sex- and Tanner-matched NW [n=69, 11.3 ± 2.9 years]. Several obesity related parameters were investigated for both groups of children. Comparisons were made by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Fisher’s PLSD test. Results: Youth with MHO had lower systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic (p<0.01) blood pressure z-score and triglycerides (p<0.01), but higher HDL-C (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p<0.05), and apo-A1 (p<0.05) compared to those with MUO. Compared to controls, both children with MHO and MUO showed higher fasting insulin (p<0.05), HOMA-IR (p<0.05) and QUICKI (p<0.001). Similarly, both groups had higher hsCRP, fibrinogen, uric acid, and leptin compared to controls (for all, p<0.001), while their adiponectin was lower (p<0.05). Visfatin was higher in children with MUO compared to controls (p<0.01), and it showed a trend to be lower in children with MHO compared to those with MUO (p=0.1).Conclusion: This study provides evidence that children identified as having MHO by the consensus-based criteria had better metabolic profile than youth with MUO, but worse than NW. Further research is needed in pediatric populations both regarding MHO criteria and the nature of the MHO phenotype per se.

scholarly journals Identification of biomarkers related to metabolically unhealthy obesity in Korean obese adolescents: A cross-sectional study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarang Jeong ◽  
Han Byul Jang ◽  
Hyo-Jin Kim ◽  
Hye-Ja Lee
Keyword(s):  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Triglyceride Glucose Index ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers ◽  
Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity

Abstract BackgroundObesity is classified as metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). The current study aimed to screen for relationships and different potential metabolic biomarkers involved between MHO and MUO in adolescents.MethodsThe study included 148 obese adolescents aged between 14 and 16. The study participants were divided into MUO and MHO groups based on the age-specific adolescent metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. The current study was conducted to investigate the clinical and metabolic differences (AbsoluteIDQ™ p180 kit) between adolescents in the MHO group and those in the MUO group. Multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate the metabolites as independent predictors for the odds ratio and the presence of the MetS in adolescents.ResultsThere were significant differences in the 3 acylcarnitines, 5 amino acids, glutamine/glutamate ratio, 3 biogenic amines, and 2 glycerophospholipids between the obese adolescents in the MUO group and those in the MHO group. Moreover, several metabolites were associated with the prevalence of MUO in adolescents. Additionally, several metabolites were inversely correlated with MHO in adolescents of the MUO group.ConclusionsWe observed that histidine, lysine, PCaaC34:1, and several clinical factors in adolescents of the MUO group were reverse correlated with the results in adolescents of the MHO group. In addition, the triglyceride-glucose index was related to MUO in adolescents, compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Thus, the biomarkers found in this study have a potential to reflect the clinical outcomes of MUO in adolescents. These biomarkers will lead to a better understanding of MetS in obese adolescents.

scholarly journals Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk factors, assessment and management in men and women, including consideration of absolute risk: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e038761
Author(s):  
Emily Banks ◽  
Jennifer Welsh ◽  
Grace Joshy ◽  
Melonie Martin ◽  
Ellie Paige ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Nationally Representative

ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly preventable and optimal treatments based on absolute risk can halve risk of future events. Compared with women, men have higher risks of developing CVD. However, women can experience suboptimal treatment. We aimed to quantify sex differences in CVD risk, assessment and treatment in Australian adults.Design, participants, settingCross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data from interview, physical measures, medication review and blood and urine samples, from 2011 to 2012 Australian Health Survey participants aged 45–74 (n=11 518).Outcome measuresCVD risk factors, absolute 5-year risk of a primary CVD event, blood pressure and cholesterol assessment in the previous 2 and 5 years and use of recommended CVD preventive medications were compared using Poisson regression to estimate age-adjusted male versus female prevalence ratios (PRs).ResultsWomen had a generally more favourable CVD risk factor profile than men, including lower: current smoking prevalence (women=14.5%; men=18.4%, PR=0.78, 95% CI=0.70 to 0.88); body mass index (women (mean)=28.3 kg/m2; men (mean)=28.8 kg/m2, p<0.01); systolic and diastolic blood pressure (systolic: women (mean)=127.1 mm Hg; men (mean)=130.5 mm Hg, p<0.001); blood glucose (women (mean)=5.2 mmol/L; men (mean)=5.5 mmol/L); diabetes prevalence (women=6.8%; men=12.5%, PR=0.55, 95% CI=0.44 to 0.67); prior CVD (women=7.9%; men=11.3%) and absolute primary CVD risk (absolute 5-year CVD risk >15%: women=6.6%, 95% CI=5.4 to 7.8; men=15.4%, 95% CI=13.9% to 16.9%). Compared with men, women had higher low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol and sedentary behaviour and lower physical activity. Blood pressure and cholesterol assessment were common in both sexes. Among those at high absolute risk, age-adjusted proportions receiving recommended CVD medications were low, without sex differences (women=21.3%; men=23.8%, PR=0.93, 95% CI=0.49 to 1.78). Fewer women than men with prior atherosclerotic CVD were receiving recommended treatment (women=21.8%, men=41.4%, PR=0.55, 95% CI=0.31 to 0.96).ConclusionWomen have a more favourable CVD risk factor profile than men. Preventive treatment is uncommon and women with prior atherosclerotic CVD are around half as likely as men to be receiving recommended treatment.

scholarly journals High-intensity activity is more strongly associated with metabolic health in children compared to sedentary time: a cross-sectional study of the I.Family cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Fridolfsson ◽  
Christoph Buck ◽  
Monica Hunsberger ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Fabio Lauria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) during childhood is important for preventing future metabolic syndrome (MetS). To examine the relationship between PA and MetS in more detail, accurate measures of PA are needed. Previous studies have only utilized a small part of the information available from accelerometer measured PA. This study investigated the association between measured PA and MetS in children with a new method for data processing and analyses that enable more detailed interpretation of PA intensity level. Methods The association between PA pattern and risk factors related to MetS was investigated in a cross- sectional sample of children (n = 2592, mean age 10.9 years, 49.4% male) participating in the European multicenter I. Family study. The risk factors examined include body mass index, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance and a combined risk factor score (MetS score). PA was measured by triaxial accelerometers and raw data was processed using the 10 Hz frequency extended method (FEM). The PA output was divided into an intensity spectrum and the association with MetS risk factors was analyzed by partial least squares regression. Results PA patterns differed between the European countries investigated, with Swedish children being most active and Italian children least active. Moderate intensity physical activity was associated with lower insulin resistance (R2 = 2.8%), while vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower body mass index (R2 = 3.6%), MetS score (R2 = 3.1%) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (R2 = 2.3%). PA of all intensities was associated with lower systolic- and diastolic blood pressure, although the associations were weaker than for the other risk factors (R2 = 1.5% and R2 = 1.4%). However, the multivariate analysis implies that the entire PA pattern must be considered. The main difference in PA was observed between normal weight and overweight children. Conclusions The present study suggests a greater importance of more PA corresponding to an intensity of at least brisk walking with inclusion of high-intense exercise, rather than a limited time spent sedentary, in the association to metabolic health in children. The methods of data processing and statistical analysis enabled accurate analysis and interpretation of the health benefits of high intensity PA that have not been shown previously.

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