Agreement in Kuki-Chin languages of Barak valley

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauthang Haokip
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Barak Valley ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Person Agreement

Abstract This paper discusses the agreement system of five Kuki-Chin (KC) languages of Barak valley, viz. Saihriem, Hrangkhol, Chorei, Sakachep, and Ronglong. The paper has an introduction, and five sections dedicated to agreement in different contructions: intransitive structures, transitive structures, agreement with the same person, agreement with ditransitive verbs, and agreement in hortative and imperative constructions. The discussion of agreement is further divided into subparts by paradigm; non-future, future and negative; and by languages. As in most KC languages, the Barak valley KC languages exhibit both preverbal and postverbal agreement clitics. The preverbal agreement clitics are homophonous with the possessive pronouns which occur before a noun. In intransitive constructions, the future affirmative paradigm has the same subject agreement clitics as the non-future paradigm. But unlike the non-future paradigm, the agreement clitics occur mostly after the verb and before the future tense marker in the future paradigm. In intransitive constructions, the postverbal agreement clitic shows up only in the future negative paradigm. As in the case of preverbal agreement clitics, the subject NP of an intransitive verb in the future negative paradigm can be dropped, and it can be recovered from its corresponding postverbal agreement clitics. Across the Barak valley KC languages, a transitive verb agrees with its object for the 1st person. Saihriem is the only language which shows number distinction for the second person object. If a verb takes more than one object, one with an inanimate direct object and the other with an indirect human object, the human indirect object takes precedence over the inanimate direct object for agreement. The Imperative construction takes the regular pre-verbal subject agreement marker for 1st and 3rd person in both the singular and plural form. On the contrary, the second person does not take any agreement marker. However, the number (singular and plural of the person) is distinguished in the imperative marker itself.

A Study of Some Features of the Imperative in Middle Indo-Aryan

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
L. A. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Real Function ◽  
Conjugation System ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
The Future ◽  
Third Person ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subject Pronoun ◽  
The Subject

The imperative occupies A unique position in the conjugation system. In its real function it implies the presence of a speaker issuing a command to one or more listeners, or making an order referring to a third person or persons. This means that the conjugation tends to be defective. Because of its immediate association with the speaker the imperative is generally linked with the present tense, but through its meaning it is also associated with the future tense. The uncertainty of whether a command will be carried out links the imperative with the subjunctive, while the idea of volition brings it close to the optative. These special features and varying associations make the history of the imperative extremely complex in Middle Indo-Aryan as in other languages. An attempt is made here to study two aspects of this history: the use of the subject pronoun with the imperative, and the distribution of the forms of the second person singular of the imperative. Other features of the imperative, in particular its relation to the passive, will be discussed later.

The conjugation of the Tangut verb

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Borisovna Kepping
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verbal Agreement

The data and analyses of Tangut verbal morphology which I have presented (1979b, 1981, 1982, 1985) represent the cumulative result of more than twenty years of research of Tangut texts. It is with great regret that I saw my analyses misunderstood (LaPolla, 1992). In order to clarify my view on the Tangut verbal agreement, I feel compelled to give a succinct account of the phenomena causing so much controversy in the Tibeto-Burman linguistic literature.The Tangut verb shows agreement for person and number of actant. The three overt agreement morphemes are <-ŋa2> (first person singular), <-na2> (second person singular) and <-ni2> (first and second person plural). The Tangut verb shows overt agreement only with first and second person actant. Third person involvement is marked by zero. A Tangut intransitive verb agrees with the subject, i.e. the ‘intransitive subject’. The two rules for the distribution of the overt agreement markers in the transitive verb as formulated in my Tangut grammar (Kepping, 1985: 233–4) are: (1) If one and no more than one of the actants is a first or second person, then the verb will overtly agree with that actant regardless of its syntactic role, and (2) if a transitive verb has two non-third person actants, the verb will agree with the grammatical patient or ‘transitive object’.

scholarly journals A Persian Perspective on Grammaticalization of Future Marking

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Mostafa Rahimi Rad
Keyword(s):  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Class Function ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Temporal Adverbial ◽  
Elusive Concept

Temporal references have been the subject of many studies around the world. Futurity is specially an elusive concept really difficult to perceive and describe. The present study tries to launch an investigation regarding the variability of future tense in Farsi. 130 sentences extracted from 8 interviews have been explored along with age, gender, presence or absence of temporal adverbial and animacy of the subject. 5 possible variabilities for expressing futurity are considered in the present study. Future time is especially difficult to perceive and in fact it might not occur. This forces us when it comes to the modality in which statements about the future may be interpreted. Not only do we just talk about those future events which are planned, but also that is the only (natural) modality that we can ascribe to those events. Following Fleischman (1982) and Comrie (1985), we suggest that the notion of future tense or futurity marking is a second class function, and the means available to futurity marking are typically borrowed from other constructions in the language However, before a further discussion of the circumstances giving rise to the idea, as well as some facts that seem to follow from this constraint on modality, we would like to give a brief sketch of some ways that futurity is expressed in different languages.

On the Origins and Elimination of Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vit Bubenik
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Type B ◽  
Morphological Marker ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
And Gender

Ergativity is a term used in traditional descriptive and typological linguistics to refer to a system of nominal case-marking where the subject of an intransitive verb has the same morphological marker as a direct object, and a different morphological marker from the subject of a transitive verb. Languages in which this system is found are divided into two main types, A and B (following Trask 1979:388). In Type A the ergative construction is used equally in all tenses and aspects. Furthermore, if there is verbal agreement, the verb agrees with the direct object in person and number in exactly the same way it agrees with the subject of an intransitive verb. The verb agrees with the transitive subject in a different way. Well-known representatives of this type are Basque, Australian ergative languages, certain North American languages, Tibeto-Burman and Chukchee. In type B there is most often a tense/aspect split, in which case the ergative construction is confined to the perfective aspect (or the past tense), and the nominative-accusative configuration is used elsewhere. Furthermore, if there is verbal agreement, the verb may agree with the direct object in number and gender but not in person.

The Predicate Category and Characteristics of Arguments in Balinese Sentences

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Kardana ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha ◽  
Made Sri Satyawati
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Simple Sentences

This study discusses about sentence structure of Balinese language. For the analysis, inductive approach is considered to be important for this study as every language has its particular characteristics described based on the inductive approach. Based on the analysis it was found that predicate of Balinese simple sentences may be filled by verb and non-verb, such as noun, adjective, number, adverb. The number and function of the argument is different among the different predicates. The predicate filled by noun, adjective, adverb, number, and intransitive verb requires one argument functioning as the subject of sentence. Two arguments are required by transitive verb especially mono transitive verb. The two arguments can be the subject and object, the subject and complement, or the subject and adverbial. Meanwhile, di-transitive verb requires three arguments and they can be the subject, indirect object, and direct object, or the subject, object, and complement.

scholarly journals The structure of word forms of future tense verbs of object conjugation in the Erzya dialects of the Zavolzhye and Southern Urals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
N. A. Agafonova ◽  
I. N. Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
State University ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
The Future ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Introduction: in the Erzya language, the verbs forming the system of subject and object conjugation take a special place among the total number of verb forms. Object conjugation forms consist of the verbal stem and morphological markers indicating a person of the object of the action, tense and a person of the subject of the action. In the Erzya dialect area, the morphological composition of object conjugation forms often differs from the corresponding forms of the codified language. Objective: to determine the stem, composition and sequence of morphological markers of tense, object and subject in the verb forms of the future tense of the object conjugation in the Erzya dialect area of the Zavolzhye and Southern Urals. Research materials: field materials of the authors, dialect materials of the dictionary room of the Philological Faculty of the National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University. Results and novelty of the research: the description of the morphological composition of word forms of the future tense of object conjugation in the Erzya dialects of the Zavolzhye and Southern Urals has been given. The analysis of the field materials showed that the morphological composition of word forms of object conjugation of the area under study is consistent, logical and clear, but in some forms it is illogical and unclear. The scientific novelty of the study is in a comprehensive structural analysis of dialectal word forms, definition of markers of tense, object and subject, fixation of the future tense suffixes of object conjugation which are specific only to the dialects of the area under study

The Utility of the Psychiatric Out-Patient Clinic

1931 ◽  
Vol 77 (317) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Skottowe
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
General Statement ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concise Description ◽  
General Method

It is usual to open a paper with a historical survey of the subject under review. In a sense that is an academic approach. This paper, however, deals with the purely utilitarian aspect of psychiatric out-patient clinics; and a historical survey would only be in place if it were to give us practical suggestions, likely to prove of value in present circumstances. Up to the present time most of the literature of this subject has been in the shape of formal annual reports. A notable exception to this general statement was the paper on “The Oxford Clinic,” communicated by Dr. Good at the Annual Meeting of this Association in 1921. That paper was not only an account of the general method of working a clinic, but was a concise description of how psychiatric out-patients should be handled. It was followed in 1922 by a paper by Dr. Ninian Bruce, dealing more particularly with Ministry of Pensions Clinics, and expressing the view that the methods employed there could be satisfactorily adapted for civilian patients. It is interesting to note that Dr. Ninian Bruce used the future tense in describing the utility of these clinics, and that practically all of his forecasts either have come, or are coming, true. The methods described by these writers have been widely used in many clinics in the ten years which have since passed; various practical points have cropped up; legislation has been changed; and a review of the utility of the psychiatric out-patient clinic in the light of these things is the aim of the present paper.

The future role of the psychiatrist in Europe – a UEMS perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
M. Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

SummaryThe author presents his personal opinion inviting to discussion on the possible future role of psychiatrists. His view is based upon the many contacts with psychiatrists all over Europe, academicians and everyday professionals, as well as the familiarity with the literature. The list of papers referred to is based upon (1) the general interest concerning the subject when representing ideas also worded elsewhere, (2) the accessibility to psychiatrists and mental health professionals in Germany, (3) being costless downloadable for non-subscribers and (4) for some geographic aspects (e.g. Belgium, Spain, Sweden) and the latest scientific issues, addressing some authors directly.

INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN RECEIVING FROM RAILWAY TO THE GRAIN TRANSSHIPMENT TERMINAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
G. Stankevych ◽  
L. Dmytrenko ◽  
A. Kats ◽  
V. Shpak
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
The Future ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sown Area

In the future, in Ukraine it is planned to increase the sown area for cereals, legumes and oilseeds, to increase the gross grain harvest to 80 million tons, and its export abroad was increased twice. Intensive construction in the southern ports of Ukraine of grain transshipment terminals with large metal silos will solve the problem of increasing grain export in the future. At these powerful terminals, the bulk of the grain comes mainly by rail, and is shipped to water. The aim of the work was to study the characteristics of the grain receiving from railway transport to the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in order to improve its works efficiency. The object of the study was the development of technology of grain receiving at the grain transshipment terminal; the subject of research is cereals, legume sand oil crops, as well as data from daily volumes of receiving and dispensing operations at the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” for 2015-2016. The studies were carried out on the basis of processing data from the consignment notes for 2015-2016, according to which there was a summed amount of grain (net) daily transported by the railway. Further processing of the obtained data was carried out by a combined graphoanalytical method, for which, on the basis of tabular values for each studied year, the corresponding histograms and graphs were built and the necessary indicators were determined. Analysis of the structure of grain crops supplied by railway to LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in 2015 and 2016 and their ratio showed that the main share was occupied by cereal crops (78.0 % and 73.1 % respectively), which were mainly represented by corn, share which was significantly dominated by other crops (wheat of various classes and barley) and amounted to 45.8 % and 44.5 %, respectively, which can be explained by its high demand in the international grain market, in which Ukraine occupies a leading position. Oilseeds (rapeseed) were taken in accordance with 19.1 % and 14.9 %, and legumes (soybeans) — 2.9 % and 12.0 %. An analysis of the timing of the unloading of grain wagons (hopper cars) showed that the total duration of this process, depending on the crops, averages 37...59 minutes. The longest steps for unloading wagons are to determine the grain quality indicators, especially rapeseed, and to spill grain from the wagons, therefore, to reduce their duration, it is necessary to form feeds of wagons with grain batches of the same quality and use more modern express analyzers to determine grain quality indicators, which will increase the productivity of the grain receiving line from the railway. According to the research results, the enterprise has the potential to increase by about 30 % the volume of grain intake. It was established that the periods of the grain receipt at the enterprise in 2015-2016 amounted to 349 and 353 days, respectively, the actual coefficients of the daily irregularity Kdaily for the grain receipt from the railway in these years are equal to 1.47 and 1.52, and the monthly irregularity Kmonth, respectively 1.33 and 1.21, does not exceed the standard values Kdaily = 2.5 and Kmonth= 2.0. This made it possible to clarify the database from the actual characteristics of the process of grain receiving by railway and can be used in design and verification calculations of equipment in technological lines for receiving grain from railway transport, and will contribute to increasing the efficiency of grain transshipment terminals. 

Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

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