Deeper insight into the morphological features of sunflower stalk as Biorefining criteria for sustainable production

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-263
Author(s):  
Hassan Mehdikhani ◽  
Hossein Jalali Torshizi ◽  
Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient ◽  
Rigidity Coefficient

Abstract Effective utilization of fibrous materials plays a major role in techno-economic viability of the resources. Sunflower stalk (SS) as one of highest bio-fibrous waste was assessed respect to fiber features in biorefinery approach. The lumen diameter, wall thickness and fiber length were measured as (∼12 µm), (5.25 µm) and (1.58 mm), respectively. The wider lumen diameter makes its suitable for chemical treatments and purification. The applied Pulping conditions decreased the fiber length and wall thickness, with the least reduction by soda-anthraquinone. Derived indices involved rigidity and flexibility coefficients, aspect and Runkel ratios, solid and Luce’s shape factors were also calculated based on the measured values. The aspect ratio (77.5) put SS fibers as very good resources for lignocellulosic products and composites. The flexibility coefficient (57) belongs to the elastic category and was not altered by pulping. The Runkel ratio was lesser than 1 (>0.9) but decreased by the pulping, to some extent. The Luceʼs shape factor was nearly calculated 0.5, near to the bagasse and eucalyptus species. Solid factor (0.17) and rigidity coefficient (0.51) were considered to be good fiber resource. Totally due to the SS fiber characteristics, the agricultural waste suitability for value adding bio-based production could be reported.

scholarly journals A comparative fiber morphological analysis of major agricultural residues (used or investigated) as feedstock in the pulp and paper industry

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7935-7952
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Tsalagkas ◽  
Zoltán Börcsök ◽  
Zoltán Pásztory ◽  
Vladimir Gryc ◽  
Levente Csóka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient

The suitabilities of major agricultural residues were assessed as papermaking feedstocks. All the examined agricultural residues were assumed as potential candidates for substituting hardwood fibers in mixed pulp blends from a fiber morphological perspective. Wheat, barley, rice, rapeseed, maize, sunflower, sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk, and two genotypes of miscanthus grass underwent identical maceration. The fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen diameter were measured to calculate the slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio. The average fiber length ranged from 0.50 mm ± 0.32 mm (MG-S-02-V) to 1.15 mm mm ± 0.58 mm (sugarcane bagasse). The fiber width ranged from 10.77 μm ± 3.28 μm (rice straw) to 22.99 mm ± 5.20 mm (sunflower stalk). The lumen diameter ranged from 4.52 μm ± 2.52 μm (rice straw) to 13.23 μm ± 4.87 μm (sunflower stalk). The cell wall thickness ranged from 3.02 μm ± 0.95 μm (rice straw) to 4.80 μm ± 1.48 μm (sunflower stalk). The slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio values ranged between 28.08 to 58.11, 37.97 to 60.8, and 0.62 to 1.68, respectively. Wheat, maize, rapeseed, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were found to be appropriate residue sources for papermaking feedstocks.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5696-5709
Author(s):  
Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽  
Habibollah Khademieslam ◽  
Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

scholarly journals Variasi Sifat Makroskopis dan Mikroskopis Pelepah Kelapa Sawit

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Kamaliah Kamaliah
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Quality Class ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

Macroscopic characteristics of palm oil, the colors green and yellow midrib, including coarse texture, have the impression conjecture include rough, fibrous fiber direction straight, belongs to a class of light wood. Frond palm oil when used as a raw material for making paper will produce paper with tensile strength, the strength of folding and bursting strength which is quite high when seen from the results of standardized physical properties of pulp, because it includes quality class II, and the results of variance treatment fronds of palm aged < 5 years and palm fronds aged > 5 years very significant effect on fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter and fiber wall thickness. The average value dimension palm frond fibers to the fiber length is included in the classification of "Long" (2489.357 m), the diameter of the fiber included in the classification of "Great" (39.827 m), lumen diameter fibers included in the classification of "very large" (25.610 �m), and a wall thickness of fibers included in the classification of "medium" (7,069�m). Values derived fiber dimensions palm fronds are Runkel Ration included in quality classes IV, Weaving Southwestern included in quality class I, Muhlsteph Ration included in quality classes IV, Stiffness coefficient included in quality classes IV and Flexibility Ration included in quality class I. Based the total value of the derivative dimension palm frond fibers which included 375 in class II.

Anatomy of Collapse in Eucalyptus Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wilkes ◽  
A.P. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the anatomy of collapse in Eucalyptus bancroftii, E. macrorhyncha, E. nitens, E. oreades, and E. pilularis. Collapse appeared to be restricted to fibres, although other cell types sometimes distorted in response to the stresses developed. The propensity for individual fibres to collapse was not always related to the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter, and a complex of factors, e.g. proximity to other cell types, may be involved. Collapse, which was most prevalent in the tangential direction, was rarely accompanied by detectable damage to the wall structure, suggesting that the strength of affected timber should not be seriously diminished.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF ANATOMICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KONAR (ZIZIPHUS SPINA-CHRISTI) WOOD

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-920
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD DAHMARDEH GHALEHNO ◽  
BABAK NOSRATI SHESHKAL ◽  
FARHAD KOOL ◽  
MIHA HUMAR ◽  
MOHSEN BAHMANI
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient ◽  
Rigidity Coefficient ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The goal of this research is to investigate some morphological (fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness, Runkel coefficient, flexibility coefficient, slenderness coefficient, rigidity coefficient, Luce's coefficient, solid coefficient), physical (dry wood density, volumetric shrinkage) and chemical (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash and acetone soluble extractives contents) composition of Konar (Ziziphus spina-christi) wood grown in Hormozgan province, Iran. For this purpose, three normal trees were selected randomly and a disk was cut from each one at breast height. Anatomical inspection revealed that the species was diffuse porous, with distinctive growth rings, simple preformation plate, with polygonal openings, and banded or diffuse-in aggregates parenchyma. The average values of wood dry density, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, Runkel coefficient, flexibility coefficient, felting coefficient, Luce’s coefficient, solid coefficient, rigidity coefficient were 0.926, 52.1, 77.85, 0.57, 163 ×103 μ3 and 0.48. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, acetone soluble, extractives, ashcontents were43.34, 19.98, 33.9, 6.42 and 2.78%, resp.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

Black blood magnetic resonance angiography with Dy-DTPA polymer: Effect on arterial intraluminal signal intensity, lumen diameter, and wall thickness

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Eubank ◽  
Udo P. Schmiedl ◽  
Chun Yuan ◽  
Christopher D. V. Black ◽  
Kenneth E. Kellar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Black Blood

Characterization and comparison of the wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Haiqing Ren ◽  
Yurong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Pit Membrane

Abstract Oaks are important tree species, providing essential biomaterial for the wood industry. We characterize and compare wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima Carruth. and Q. variabilis Blume to provide more detailed information to understand xylem radial growth, structure, and function, as well as differences between sapwood and heartwood, to provide data relevant for tree breeding and value-added wood utilization of oak plantations in China. In this study, radial strips were collected at breast height from the main trunk of the two species. Latewood percentage and growth ring width were investigated by X-ray densitometry and a Tree Ring Analysis System, respectively. Vessel and fibre lumen diameter, vessel and fibre wall thickness, vessel density, fibre wall thickness/diameter ratio, tissue proportions, and pit membrane thickness in between vasicentric tracheids were observed with light microscopy and electron microscopy and quantified. There were significant differences in a few wood anatomical traits between the two species: vessel wall thickness and vessel lumen diameter were higher in Q. acutissima than in Q. variabilis, while higher axial parenchyma proportion in sapwood was found in Q. variabilis than in Q. acutissima. More abundant tyloses were found in heartwood than in sapwood of both species. Our work showed the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the two species. Most differences between sapwood and heartwood must be attributed to differences in cambial age during their formation.

Changes in wood anatomical traits in Scots pine under different climate-change scenarios

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-218
Author(s):  
Jeong-Wook Seo ◽  
Dieter Eckstein ◽  
Allan Buras ◽  
Jörg Fromm ◽  
Martin Wilmking ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Tree Ring Width

Abstract Although cell-anatomical variables are promising proxies reflecting seasonal as well as annual climate changes, their interdependencies are not yet fully understood. In the present study we assessed the changes in tree-ring width and various wood anatomical traits, including wall thickness, lumen diameter and tracheid diameter in the radial direction in saplings of Pinus sylvestris under six climatic conditions: 5°C warmer alone (ET) or combined with drought in June (ETJ) and in August (ETA) and CO2 enrichment alone (EC, 770 ppm) or combined with drought in June (ECJ) and in August (ECA). The experiments related to temperature conditions using 2-year saplings and CO2 conditions using 3-year saplings were completed in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, respectively. Results showed that tree-ring width and tracheid diameter were not affected by any of the conditions applied, but the lumen diameter was larger and the wall thickness was thinner than those under control conditions. These reactions were verified under ETJ in the warming treatment and under all conditions under CO2 enrichment conditions. Our results indicated that drought counteracted the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on wood anatomical properties, signifying complex interactions between the two major effects of climate change. Our comparison of wood parameters through experiments highlight the potential effect of climate change — increased drought stress due to higher temperatures and water shortage as well as elevated ambient CO2, on tracheid lumen diameter and wall thickness. Whereas the ring-width and tracheid diameter practically remained unaffected under the above-mentioned conditions.

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