scholarly journals Three-dimensional scanning electron microscopy used as a profilometer for the surface characterization of polyethylene-coated paperboard

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Brugés Martelo ◽  
Mattias Andersson ◽  
Consolatina Liguori ◽  
Jan Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Geometric Product ◽  
Measure Surface Roughness ◽  
Stereo Photogrammetry ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract In food packaging, low-density polyethylene (PE) coating is applied to paperboards to act as a functional barrier and to provide the smoothness required to enhance printability. These characteristics are related to the material’s surface roughness, the parameter monitored during the manufacturing process. Measurement of surface roughness using optical profilometry has gained importance in the paper industry. The optical instruments used to measure surface roughness are limited spatially by the relationship with the light wavelength at which they operate. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is an alternative for overcoming the spatial resolution limitation, and the use of stereo-photogrammetry on SEM images can be seen as an alternative profilometry technique to measure surface roughness. In this investigation, the surface topography of industrially manufactured high-quality PE-coated paperboard was studied, comparing the SEM stereo-photogrammetry technique with a reference profilometry method, i. e., chromatic confocal microscopy (CCM). We found close agreement between the calculated surface roughness and the results of the techniques used and compared them according to the new ISO 25178 Geometric Product Specifications. We concluded that SEM stereo-photogrammetry provides comparable accurate alternative profilometry method for characterizing the surface roughness of PE-coated paperboard in the micrometer scale.

Effects of a stylus on the surface roughness determination in a contact method for paper and paperboard

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Seok Jeong ◽  
Young Chan Ko ◽  
Hyoung-Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Average Roughness ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Type Contact

Abstract Surface characterization is important and has many applications in the paper industry. It includes both surface roughness and surface friction. In determining the surface roughness of paper and paperboard, non-contact methods such as air-leak methods In characterizing the surface roughness of paper and paperboard, it has been a common practice that the average roughness with the coefficient of variation (COV) has been conventionally determined. This practice, however, this runs the risk of drawing wrong conclusions since two different surfaces having the same average roughness and COV can exhibit totally different properties. To avoid such mistake, a stylus-type contact method has been developed to determine surface roughness of paper and paperboard such as printing & writing (P&W), kraft and liners. In this method, surface roughness profile has been generated to determine its variability which has been defined as the mean deviation from the roughness average, referred to as MDRA. In determining the MDRA, it is noted that thickness measurement is not required. In this method, stylus shape and size, contact force of the stylus to the surface, scan speed and resolution have been identified as the key parameters of generating stable surface roughness profiles. It has been further identified that the optimal conditions on these parameters should depend on paper grade. It is suggested that a stylus-type contact method should be used to determine surface roughness of paper and paperboard to help determine their practical applications such as printing, coating and embossing.

Attachment of Blood Cells onto ZrO2 and SiO2-Containing Glass

2005 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Valério ◽  
Simeon Agathopoulos ◽  
A.J. Calado ◽  
M. Fatima Leite ◽  
Alfredo Goes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Human Whole Blood ◽  
Scanning Electron

Samples of zirconia and a bioinert SiO2-containing glass with different surface roughness were immersed into human whole blood for different settling times to investigate the adhesion and attachment of blood cells onto these materials. The cell/material interface was directly observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the blood cells preserved their physiology and attaching capability regardless the type of material, surface roughness, and settling time. The SEM images strongly indicate the normal function of adhesion proteins.

Surface characterization of paper and paperboard using a stylus contact method

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Young Chan Ko ◽  
Lili Melani ◽  
Na Young Park ◽  
Hyoung Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Friction Measurements

AbstractSurface characterization is important and has many applications in the paper industry. Surface characterization requires both surface roughness and surface friction. The relationship between the two has not been fully established for paper and paperboard. It has been a common practice that only the average property and the standard deviation with the coefficient of variation (COV) are reported for surface roughness and friction measurements. This practice, however, provides few information on surface structure and can lead to wrong judgments because two samples having the same average and the COV can have different physical properties. To avoid such mistake, a new surface characterization method has been developed. To this end, surface roughness- and friction-profiles have been obtained using a latest version of Kawabata surface tester (Model: KES-SESRU, Kato Tech, Kyoto Japan). This new version uses the same stylus for both measuring surface roughness and friction under the same operating conditions. It was found that a correlation between the surface roughness and surface friction was very low. This indicates that they should be independent of each other. Therefore, both should be determined for surface characterization.

scholarly journals A Concept for Three-Dimensional Particle Metrology Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin N. Tondare
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been frequently used for size and shape measurements of particles. SEM images offer two-dimensional (2D) information about a particle’s lateral dimensions. Unfortunately, information about the particle’s three-dimensional (3D) size and shape remains unavailable. To resolve this issue, I propose a new concept in SEM: 3D particle metrology obtained by applying structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithms to multiple rotational SEM images of particles deposited onto a cylindrical substrate to generate a 3D model from which size and shape information can be extracted. Particles can have any size that is suitable for SEM imaging. SEM images of the sample can be acquired from 0° to 360° using a rotational-tip SEM substage. Here, I will discuss the concept and, for clarity, illustrate it with aquarium gravel particles that are glued onto a craft roll and imaged optically before generating the 3D model of that handmade craft. Future work will include the experimental SEM realization, as well as further development of the SfM algorithms. In my view, this proposed concept may become an integral part of SEM-based particle metrology.

scholarly journals Quantitative 3D Reconstruction from Scanning Electron Microscope Images Based on Affine Camera Models

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Töberg ◽  
Eduard Reithmeier
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Self Calibration ◽  
Dense Matching ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Affine Camera ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are versatile imaging devices for the micro- and nanoscale that find application in various disciplines such as the characterization of biological, mineral or mechanical specimen. Even though the specimen’s two-dimensional (2D) properties are provided by the acquired images, detailed morphological characterizations require knowledge about the three-dimensional (3D) surface structure. To overcome this limitation, a reconstruction routine is presented that allows the quantitative depth reconstruction from SEM image sequences. Based on the SEM’s imaging properties that can be well described by an affine camera, the proposed algorithms rely on the use of affine epipolar geometry, self-calibration via factorization and triangulation from dense correspondences. To yield the highest robustness and accuracy, different sub-models of the affine camera are applied to the SEM images and the obtained results are directly compared to confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) measurements to identify the ideal parametrization and underlying algorithms. To solve the rectification problem for stereo-pair images of an affine camera so that dense matching algorithms can be applied, existing approaches are adapted and extended to further enhance the yielded results. The evaluations of this study allow to specify the applicability of the affine camera models to SEM images and what accuracies can be expected for reconstruction routines based on self-calibration and dense matching algorithms.

Description of Ore Particles from X-Ray Microtomography (XMT) Images, Supported by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-Based Image Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orkun Furat ◽  
Thomas Leißner ◽  
Ralf Ditscherlein ◽  
Ondřej Šedivý ◽  
Matthias Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Particle Systems ◽  
3D Image ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractIn this paper, three-dimensional (3D) image data of ore particle systems is investigated. By combining X-ray microtomography with scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based image analysis, additional information about the mineralogical composition from certain planar sections can be gained. For the analysis of tomographic images of particle systems the extraction of single particles is essential. This is performed with a marker-based watershed algorithm and a post-processing step utilizing a neural network to reduce oversegmentation. The results are validated by comparing the 3D particle-wise segmentation empirically with 2D SEM images, which have been obtained with a different imaging process and segmentation algorithm. Finally, a stereological application is shown, in which planar SEM images are embedded into the tomographic 3D image. This allows the estimation of local X-ray attenuation coefficients, which are material-specific quantities, in the entire tomographic image.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional (3D) Nanometrology Based on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Stereophotogrammetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin N. Tondare ◽  
John S. Villarrubia ◽  
András E. Vladár
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Virtual Samples ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a sample surface from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images taken at two perspectives has been known for decades. Nowadays, there exist several commercially available stereophotogrammetry software packages. For testing these software packages, in this study we used Monte Carlo simulated SEM images of virtual samples. A virtual sample is a model in a computer, and its true dimensions are known exactly, which is impossible for real SEM samples due to measurement uncertainty. The simulated SEM images can be used for algorithm testing, development, and validation. We tested two stereophotogrammetry software packages and compared their reconstructed 3D models with the known geometry of the virtual samples used to create the simulated SEM images. Both packages performed relatively well with simulated SEM images of a sample with a rough surface. However, in a sample containing nearly uniform and therefore low-contrast zones, the height reconstruction error was ≈46%. The present stereophotogrammetry software packages need further improvement before they can be used reliably with SEM images with uniform zones.

Characterizing the Surface Roughness of Thermomechanical Pulp Fibers with Atomic Force Microscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Snell ◽  
Leslie H. Groom ◽  
Timothy G. Rials
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Scanning Electron

Summary Loblolly pine, separated into mature and juvenile portions, was refined at various pressures (4, 8 and 12 bar). Fiber surfaces were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Refiner pressure had a significant effect on the fiber surfaces. SEM images showed an apparent increase in surface roughness with increased refiner pressure. This was shown quantitatively with data from the AFM that was analyzed using 5, 2.5 and 1.25 μm scan sizes. A scan size of 2.5 μm was found to be the most informative in terms of quantifying the effect of the different treatments on the two fiber types. The calculated surface roughness was greatest at 8 bar for both wood types. Juvenile fibers in general had higher surface roughness values than mature fibers. The results suggest that refining pressure may influence the failure mechanism of juvenile and mature wood differently.

Corrosion Cast Demonstration of Tongue Vasculature of Normal Wistar Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
M. C. K. Makiyama ◽  
I. Watanabe ◽  
R.P. Chopard ◽  
M. M. Iyomasa ◽  
C. I. Mizusaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Lingual Mucosa ◽  
Methacrylate Monomer ◽  
Corrosion Cast ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate Monomer ◽  
Scanning Electron

The purpose of this study has been to undertake a three-dimensional analysis of the vascular network of the lamina propria in the lingual mucosa of the rat. Using the corrosive-resin casting method, casts of the vascular network were prepared and examined by scanning electron microscopy. We used 21th day normal wistar rats. They were anesthetized and perfused with saline solution and after with mercox (25ml of resin, 5ml of methyl methacrylate monomer). Then, the tongues were resected and placed in warm water bath at 60° C for 4 h. The tongue epithelium were digested with 20% NaOH for 4 days. The vascular resin casts washed in distilled water, several times. The dried vascular casts were mounted on the stubs with conductive paste, coated with gold and examined with a JEOL JSM- 6100 scanning electron microscope. In the SEM images, the lingual mucosa revealed arteriolae which divide into smaller branches entering into connective tissue papillae.

Wettability Property In Natural Systems: A Case of Flying Insects

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (42-43) ◽  
pp. 2697-2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sackey ◽  
B.T. Sone ◽  
K. A. Dompreh ◽  
M. Maaza
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Material Surfaces ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractRecently, scientists have demonstrated that material surfaces in nature that possess special wettability properties are composed of micro- and nanostructures. In this study, we focused on the importance of surface structures in determining the wettability of wings of the flying insect species: Idea malabarica, Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya marginalis. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates the different nano-/micro- structures identified on the wings. Surface roughness which plays a role in influencing the wettability was theoretically estimated from the SEM images. While the spherical liquid water droplets used for testing wettability were observed to float on the surface of the Idea malabarica and Lucilia sericata wings, the surface of the Chrysomya marginalis wing was made completely wet. The super-hydrophobicity of the Idea malabarica wing as compared to the near-hydrophobicity/mild hydrophilicity of the Lucilia sericata wing and the distinct hydrophilicity of the Chrysomya marginilis wing could be attributed to its complicated composition of nano-/microstructures and higher surface roughness value.

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