scholarly journals Houses, Households, Activity Zones in the Post-LBK World. Results of the Raw Material Analysis of the Chipped Stone Tools at Polgár- Csőszhalom, Northeast Hungary

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Faragó
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
North East ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Stone Industry

AbstractIn the last few decades, archaeological research has invested more energy into better understanding of past societies than ever before. There are several different factors that have made these changes possible. The development of non-destructive investigating techniques has made it possible to choose more precisely where to collect new data. Furthermore, advances in information technologies and the natural sciences have provided new tools to analyze and evaluate the data. Our project started in 2012 in order to evaluate the enormous amount of archaeological material excavated at Polgár-Csőszhalom, the most significant site of the post-LBK period in North-East Hungary. Our main motivation was to reconstruct the community of this complex site with the application of multilevel statistical methods and spatial information technologies. The investigation of raw material from the chipped stone industry yielded sixteen different activity zones on the flat settlement. The differentiation of these zones was possible through the recognition of the repeated patterns of the raw materials used. The analyses show that whilst individual households, as the elementary building modules of the settlement community, were self-sufficient in tool making, the procurement of raw materials seems to have been communal. The homogenous picture apparent from the distribution of the local raw materials and the lack of accumulation from more distant sources suggest conformity at household level.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Obsidian Used in the Chipped Stone Industry in Kendale Hecala

Quaternary ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Üftade Muşkara ◽  
Ayşin Konak
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Southeast Anatolia ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Technological Analysis

Kendale Hecala is located on the Ambar River in the Upper Tigris Basin, province of Diyarbakır in Southeast Anatolia. Various raw materials, including obsidian, radiolarite, chert, jasper, chalcedony, and quartzite, were used in the lithic industry. Obsidian artefacts constitute an average of 64% of the chipped stone assemblage. Technological analysis reveals that obsidian was brought to the settlement as nodules and chipped into various tools at the settlement. Understanding the operational sequence of the lithic industry, chaîne opératoire, including the distribution of raw material from source to site, is important to demonstrate the socio-cultural organization of the settlement in Southeastern Anatolia during the Ubaid period. In order to identify source varieties, the obsidian artefacts uncovered from Ubaid layers of Kendale Hecala were analyzed by macro-observations, and the characterization of archaeological samples was performed using a handheld XRF. Multivariate analysis of the data indicates the use of obsidian from different resources at the settlement, including Nemrut Dağ, Bingöl B, and Group 3d.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for red ceramic

Cerâmica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (351) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. P. Faria ◽  
J. N. F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA). This work investigates the incorporation of a SCBA waste as an alternative raw material into a clay body, replacing natural clay material by up to 20 wt.%. Clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures varying from 700 to 1100 ºC. The technological properties of the clay ceramic pieces (linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and tensile strength) as function of the firing temperature and waste addition are investigated. The phase evolution during firing was followed by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the SCBA waste could be incorporated into red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles) in partial replacement for natural clay material. These results confirm the feasibility of valorisation of SCBA waste to produce red ceramic. This use of SCBA can also contribute greatly to reducing the environmental problems of the sugarcane industry, and also save the sources of natural raw materials used in the ceramic industry.

Petrography

2016 ◽  
pp. 232-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Degryse ◽  
Dennis Braekmans
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Fabric Analysis ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ceramic Petrography ◽  
Material Provenance

Petrography has developed into an indispensable tool for ceramic fabric analysis, specifically studying the mineralogical and textural composition of ceramic objects. Petrography is a technique commonly used in geology to describe and classify rocks. Ceramic petrography studies clay-based archaeological or historical materials. Using a polarizing light microscope (PLM) in ceramic studies, the different raw materials used to make a ceramic object can be identified, ranging from clays and other minerals to rock fragments and inorganic or organic temper. The technique moreover feeds into the study of raw material provenance and origin, and is able to discern the different technological procedures followed to make the ceramic object (from shaping to firing), next to providing clues on the function of the object. This information not only helps reconstruct trade and exchange of raw materials and ceramics, but aids in reconstructing society behind the pot.

DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199
Author(s):  
Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Selection Of

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).

scholarly journals Measuring the sustainability of wood consumption at the household level in Indonesia: Case study in Bogor, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutfy Abdulah ◽  
Endang Suhendang ◽  
Herry Purnomo ◽  
Juang Rata Matangaran
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
End User ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Product Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Wood Consumption

Abstract. Abdulah L, Suhendang E, Purnomo H, Mattangaran JR. 2020. Measuring the sustainability of wood consumption at the household level in Indonesia: Case study in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 457-464. Data on consumption of wood products at the end-user level does not yet exist. This is caused by variations in the shape of wood products and raw materials used. Meanwhile, information on the level of consumption per capita is needed to measure sustainability consumption at the household level, determine the volume of wood production and carbon storage in wood products in the household. The novelty of this study is in method for measure wood product consumption. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of wood consumption at the household level in the form of use for construction and furniture. The method used was a survey of wood products at the industrial level and to make a database and then confirmed to households to determine the level of consumption. The results showed that wood products in the household are divided into 2 main parts namely construction and furniture. The level of wood consumption varied greatly depending on the type of roof, the number of doors and windows and the amount of furniture used. The level of consumption in Bogor reached 0.1 m3 per capita. This consumption was influenced by the time of use and the size of family.

scholarly journals Towards an understanding of Early Neolithic populations: a flint perspective from Bulgaria

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gurova
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
Stone Industry

The evidence from the Bulgarian Early Neolithic chipped stone industry reveals coherent and diagnostic flint assemblages for the vast Karanovo I and II cultural area, characterized by high quality yellow-honey coloured flint, quite long and regular blades, with (bi)lateral semi-abrupt high retouch and sometimes with rounded or pointed ends, as well as highly (re-)used sickle inserts. These assemblages possess many characteristics of so-called ‘formal tools’ (as distinct from expedient ones), the production of which required a special raw material, advanced preparation, anticipated use, and transportability. The wide geographical distribution and circulation of this formal toolkit implies that lithics could be conceived as a factor in identity and social cohesion, and as an important aspect of the Neolithic mentality for ‘doing things’.

scholarly journals Traditional and new raw materials for spirit beverage production

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Szymon Ługowoj ◽  
Maria Balcerek
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Production Industry

The ethanol production industry is a fast growing branch of the economy in many countries, and there is a rich tradition of spirit beverage production of many unique drinks such as Polish vodka and Starka or Irish and Scotch whisk(e)y, all of which have unique organoleptic features. This variety is possible thanks to different raw materials used for production such as rye, barley or corn and potatoes, as well as technological solutions developed over the generations of manufacturing. Rye deserves a closer look due to its low growth requirements and many different uses as well as its long tradition of cultivation, especially in Poland. On the other hand, manufacturers are currently interested in using new, original raw materials for the production of so-called craft alcohols. Buckwheat is an example of a raw material that can be successfully used in the production of original spirits.

scholarly journals Effect of washing time and storage of raw Material on Surimi and Kamaboko of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Eka Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Minced Fish ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage

This study aim was to determine the effect of washing and raw materials on frozen storage on the quality of surimi and kamaboko from raw material of tilapia (Oreochromis sp). There were three types of raw materials used, namely minced fish, surimi, and surimi with addition of sorbitol, with three washing treatments and four weeks frozen storage period observed every week. The method used consisted of measurements of pH, water content, bite test, and folding test. Then the results obtained for the best kamaboko tilapia (Oreochromis sp) were obtained from fillet raw materials compared to the raw material of Minced fish and raw materials of Minced Fish + Sorbitol, with a frequency of washing once and frozen storage for 3 weeks.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA SNACK BARS DARI BERBAGAI BAHAN BAKU LOKAL : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SNACK BARS FROM VARIOUS LOCAL RAW MATERIALS : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mayestika S. D. Taula’bi’ ◽  
Yoakhim Y.E. Oessoe ◽  
Maria F. Sumual
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Materials Used

Snack bars is one of the commercial food products found in the market but this product mostly still use imported raw materials such as soybeans and wheat. Research on the use of local food as raw material for making snack bars is currently in great demand considering that Indonesia has abundant potential agricultural to be optimized in supporting food diversification efforts. This study aims to make an inventory of the types of local raw materials that have been used in the manufacture of snack bars, to record and to study the types binders of snack bars and to evaluate the chemical composition of local raw material snack bars. This research was made with a systematic review design with the PRISMA method. From the results of the systematic review conducted, it was found that local raw materials for cereals, nuts, fruits, vegetables and local tubers can be combined to be used as raw material for making snack bars. Several types of binders that have been used in the manufacture of snack bars are cornstarch, tapioca, sugar, eggs, and also maltodextrin. The evaluation results of the chemical composition of local raw material snack bars, namely having water content ranged from 2.28% - 53.4%, carbohydrate content 27.3% - 86.66%, fat content 8% - 34.46%, protein content 3.49% - 17.61%, and total calories 294.19 kcal/100 g - 552.71 kcal/100 g which is influenced by several factors, namely the use of various raw materials, additional materials used, and the processing of snack bar products

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document