scholarly journals Fossil Fuel Rents: Who Initiates International Crises?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorzeta Bakaki
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Violent Conflicts

AbstractExisting research suggests that both natural resource abundance and scarcity are likely to increase the risk of interstate and domestic conflict. Two crucial aspects, however, have largely been neglected in the existing literature: (1) the analysis of international crises (i.e. non-violent conflicts) and (2) the effects of different market conditions of energy resources. Especially a growing number of market participants can affect the strategic value of natural resources and, thus, the incentives for international crisis initiation. It is argued that different market structures make countries to adopt either aggressive or more peaceful behavior towards other states, and this is why I empirically then disaggregate fossil fuels along with the market that they belong to. This study examines 179 countries at the monadic level since 1980. The results suggest variation on the incentives of crisis initiation along the different fossil fuels, while I also correct for potential endogeneity issues.

scholarly journals Artikel Review: Produksi Gas Hidrogen dari Reaksi Elektrolisis Sebagai Bahan Bakar Non-Fosil

UNISTEK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Ismi Nurlatifah ◽  
Lily Arlianti
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Clean Environment

In carrying out various activities today, it cannot be separated from the fuel. As we all know, fuels that are still commonly used today are fossil fuels whose energy resources are running low. Not only that, fossil fuels have also been shown to produce air pollution. Unhealthy air conditions can certainly reduce human life expectancy. In order to make the clean environment and not polluted by the air pollution, there must be environmentally friendly fuels. The answer for this kind of fuels is hydrogen which comes from nonfossil. One way to obtain hydrogen is an electrolysis reaction. Water can produce hydrogen through electrolysis. Just a few liters of water, it can produce ten to twenty thousand liters of hydrogen gas per hour. The use of Hydrogen as a non-fossil fuel has been proven to be environmentally friendly and free of carbon monoxide. Healthy air and a clean environment are certainly our responsibility. It's time to switch by using hydrogen fuel.

scholarly journals Utility of Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Md. Zahidul Islam ◽  
Nusrat Jahan Onny ◽  
Suman Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Soybean Methyl Ester ◽  
Basic Performance ◽  
Day By Day

The energy resources from the fossil fuels are decreasing day by day. Rather fossil fuel is costly, it creates environmental problems by producing and NOx in the environment. Now it is argent to find a solution. The solution can be renewable energy. In this paper the effort was to find the utility of biodiesels in the conventional diesel engine. This biofuel or biodiesel is extracted from Soybean methyl ester (SME). We compared the basic performance characteristics diesel, SME 20 and SME 100 in unmodified diesel engine. This experiment will be helpful to find out the utility of SME type biodiesel in conventional diesel engine so that the uses of fossil fuels can be reduced in quick rental power plants and other uses. We can use biodiesel as substitute in an economic tariff and efficient way.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF PERSPECTIVES OF USING REED RESOURCES IN LATGALE REGION

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Edgars Čubars
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Increasing Demand

Increasing demand for energy, limited resources of fossil fuel, as well as pollution of the environment and changes of the global climate, have raised more interest in renewable resources. Support to the use of renewable resources has become a very important part of the European Union’s policy. The use of reeds like renewable energy resources allows saving fossil fuels. This paper presents the findings on the reed resources in lakes of Latgale (region in Latvia). The investigation of reed resources shows that the resources in the region are situated in a very uneven way. The greatest amount of reed resources is concentrated in the biggest lake in Latvia - Lubana Lake as well as near it. Using direct measurement methods and metering in the distance, it was stated that the total reed resources of Lubana Lake are 8,203? 2,999 tons, occupy 882 hectares and are situated in 429 reed blocks. Summary resources of Latgale region are 19,862? 7,409 tons. The amount of heat that can be obtained using reed resources of Latgale region is equivalent to 10,543 tons of natural gas or 8,802 tons of petroleum, or 13,092- 21,348 tons of coal (it depends on the heating of coal), or 7,675 tons of fuel, or 8,712 – 12,199 tons of oil (depends on the heating of oil).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS THE PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL ROUGHNESS WITH VARIOUS RIBS ARRANGEMENT ON THE ABSORBER PLATE OF SOLAR AIR HEATER.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Solar Air Heater ◽  
Artificial Roughness ◽  
Absorber Plate ◽  
Air Heater ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Energy requirement is very important in our life. Today, every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. we can broadly categorize these sources as comercial and noncommercial. The commercial sources include the fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, while the noncommercial sources include wood, animal wastes and agricultural wastes. In past few years, it has become obvious that fossil fuel resources are fast depleting and the fossil fuel era is gradually coming to an end. This is particularly true for oil and natural gas. Energy expenditue is constantly increasing all over the world, and we have very little source of energy. So in such a situation, we need to find alternate source of energy. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly. As we know the energy resources available on the earth are in various forms like sunlight, fossil fuels, hydraulic energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy and nuclear energy etc. we are having basically two types of energy resources i.e. conventional and non-conventional energy resources. From the point of view of energy saving and fulfill of present and future demand, the best option is renewable energy. We know that Sun is the ultimate source of energy and it is easilly available on the earth in free of cost. Solar energy is used in many areas for different purposes like heat and cool buildings, to heat water, to operate engines etc. So we have best option for provide heat for various purposes is Solar Air Heater. Artificial roughness, which is mounted on the absorber plate, play important role for enhancement of heat transfer rate in order to improve the thermal performance of solar air heater. In this paper our aim is to increase the thermal performance of solar air heater using artificial roughness with different shape of ribs arrangement roughness.

scholarly journals A Study on Petromodernity, the Socio-cultural Implications of Oil and the Disintegration of Human Behaviour in James Howard Kunstler’s World Made by Hand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan R. ◽  
◽  
K. Sujatha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Cultural Implications

The Postcolonial theorist Dipesh Chakravarthy in his article “The Climate of History: Four Theses” (2009) states, “The mansions of modern freedom stands on the ever- expanding base of fossil fuel use’’ (208). In the present time human beings are accustomed towards high energy intensive lifestyle which is largely fuelled by the Fossil Fuels and modern ‘itions’ such as Industrialization, Globalization and all other entities that have made fossil fuels cheap and easily accessible. The research paper gives a brief introduction to the genre Energy Humanities. The paper delineates on how the non-availability of fossil fuels plays a major role in the breakdown of the society as well as explores the behavioural changes experienced among individuals in the post-oil world. The novel chosen for the research discourse is World Made by Hand a speculative fiction written by James Howard Kunstler who portrays a dreadful society which functions in the absence of oil. The research also sheds light on how Energy resources act as equilibrium between individual and society.

Alkohol im Tank – Bio-Kraftstoffe und die Grenzen moderner Mobilität

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (136) ◽  
pp. 455-468
Author(s):  
Hartwig Berger
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The One ◽  
The Third World

The article discusses the future of mobility in the light of energy resources. Fossil fuel will not be available for a long time - not to mention its growing environmental and political conflicts. In analysing the potential of biofuel it is argued that the high demands of modern mobility can hardly be fulfilled in the future. Furthermore, the change into using biofuel will probably lead to increasing conflicts between the fuel market and the food market, as well as to conflicts with regional agricultural networks in the third world. Petrol imperialism might be replaced by bio imperialism. Therefore, mobility on a solar base pursues a double strategy of raising efficiency on the one hand and strongly reducing mobility itself on the other.

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

Energy Markets and Trading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mares
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Impact Risk

This chapter discusses the role of energy in economic development, the transformation of energy markets, trade in energy resources themselves, and the geopolitical dynamics that result. The transformation of energy markets and their expansion via trade can help or hinder development, depending on the processes behind them and how stakeholders interact. The availability of renewable, climate-friendly sources of energy, domestically and internationally, means that there is no inherent trade-off between economic growth and the use of fossil fuels. The existence of economic, political, social, and geopolitical adjustment costs means that the expansion of international energy markets to incorporate alternatives to oil and coal is a complex balance of environmental trade-offs with no solutions completely free of negative impact risk. An understanding of the supply of and demand for energy must incorporate the institutional context within which they occur, as well as the social and political dynamics of their setting.

scholarly journals A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7328
Author(s):  
Saeed Solaymani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption

Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic characteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources. While present policies indicate the incorporation of sustainable energy sources, further efforts are needed to offset the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the study predicts that with the production capacity of agricultural products in 2018, approximately 4.8 billion liters of bioethanol can be obtained from crop residues and about 526 thousand tons of biodiesel from oilseeds annually. Granger’s causality analysis also shows that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth to renewable and non-renewable energy use. Labor force and gross fixed capital formation cause renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption causes renewable energy consumption.

FOSSIL FUEL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION: A STRATEGY USING RADIOCARBON, N-ALKANES, AND ALGAE

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Túlio César Aguiar Silva ◽  
Carla Carvalho ◽  
Bruno Libardoni ◽  
Kita Macario ◽  
Felippe Braga de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Work Samples

ABSTRACT Fossil fuels are of utmost importance to the world we live in today. However, their use can cause major impacts on the environment, especially on water resources. In this regard, algae have been intensively used as a strategy for remediation and monitoring of environmental pollution due to its efficient absorption of contaminants. In this work, samples of seaweed collected in Niterói/RJ—contaminated with kerosene and diesel—were analyzed by radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and by n-alkane quantification with gas chromatography to evaluate bioaccumulation in function of the dosage of contaminants. The biogenic content measured by radiocarbon analysis resulted in 95.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of kerosene and 67.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of diesel. The maximum intensity of n-C17 n-alkane in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL, and 15 mL of diesel was 768.2, 1878.1, and 5699.2 ng.g-1, respectively. While the maximum concentration of n-C27 in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL of kerosene was 3.3, 35.9, and 150.3 ng.g-1. We concluded that, for both contaminants, their incorporation into algae increases as the contamination dosage increases, making this methodology an effective technique for monitoring and remediation of urban aquatic ecosystems.

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