Polypropylene hybrid composites: Effect of reinforcement of sisal and carbon fibre on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties

Abstract Polypropylene (PP)/sisal fibre (SF)/carbon fibre (CF) hybrid composites were prepared by melt blending process at a variable weight percentage (wt%) of carbon: sisal fibre loading (20:10, 15:15, 10:20, and 5:25). MA-g-PP (MgP) as a compatibiliser was used to improve the dispersion of the fibres within the PP matrix. The composites were subjected to mechanical tests to optimize the fibre content of CF: SF. Incorporation of 20 wt% of CF and 10 wt% of SF with 5 wt% MgP resulted in higher mechanical performance of about 67.02 and 112% over that of PP/SF composite. Similarly, the impact strength was found to be optimum which enhanced to the tune of 39.62% as compared with PP/SF composites. Halpin Tsai model was used to compare the theoretical tensile modulus of PP/SF/MgP composites and PP/SF/CF/MgP hybrid composites with experimental evaluated values. Fracture toughness parameters such as K IC (critical stress intensity factor) and G IC (critical strain energy release rate) are determined for PP/SF/MgP composites and PP/SF/CF/MgP hybrid composites and compared by using single edge notch test. DSC study showed higher melting temperature (T m ) of PP/SF/CF/MgP composites as compared to PP revealing the enhancement in thermal stability. TGA/DTG study revealed the synergistic effect of the hybrid composite thus confirming the hybridisation effect of the system. DMA study showed that the hybridisation of CF and SF within the matrix polymer contributes to an increase in the storage modulus (Eʹ). Morphological observation by SEM confirmed that the carbon fibres and sisal fibres are well uniformly dispersed within the PP matrix, in the presence of MgP.

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Development of Banana/Coir Natural Fibers Reinforced Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: The Effect of MA-g-PP (Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene) on Mechanical Properties and Thermal Properties

Nano Hybrids and Composites ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.32.85 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 85-97

Author(s):

Gunturu Bujjibabu ◽

Vemulapalli Chittaranjan Das ◽

Malkapuram Ramakrishna ◽

Konduru Nagarjuna

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Coupling Agent ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Coir Fiber ◽

Banana Fiber ◽

C Fibers

Banana/Coir fiber reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites was formulated by using twin screw extruder and injection molding machine. Specimens were prepared untreated and treated B/C Hybrid composites with 4% and 8% of MA-g-PP to increase its compatibility with the polypropylene matrix. Both the without MA-g-PP and with MA-g-PP B/C hybrid composites was utilized and three levels of B/C fiber loadings 15/5, 10/10 and 5/15 % were used during manufacturing of B/C reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites. In this work mechanical performance (tensile, flexural and impact strengths) of untreated and treated (coupling agent) with 4% and 8% of MA-g-PP B/C fibers reinforced polypropylene hybrid composite have been investigated. Treated with MA-g-PP B/C fibers reinforced specimens explored better mechanical properties compared to untreated B/C fibers reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites. Mechanical tests represents that tensile, flexural and impact strength increases with increase in concentration of coupling agent compared to without coupling agent MA-g-PP hybrid composites . B/C fibers reinforced polymer composites exhibited higher tensile, flexural and impact strength at 5% of Banana fiber, 15% of fiber Coir in the presence of 8% of MA-g-PP compared to 4% of MA-g-PP and untreated hybrid composites. The percentage of water absorption in the B/C fibers reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites resisted due to the presence of coupling agent MA-g-PP and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) also has done.

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The Impact of Composition and Sintering Temperature for Stainless Steel Foams (SS316L) Fabricated by Space Holder Method with Urea as Space Holder

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.888.413 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 888 ◽

pp. 413-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zulaikha Abdullah ◽

Sufizar Ahmad ◽

Musfirah Ramli

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Biomedical Application ◽

Metal Foams ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Solid Matrix ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Second Phase ◽

Space Holder ◽

Closed Cell ◽

The Impact

Metal foams are a cellular structure that has a solid matrix made of metal and has pores in their structure. Metal foams offer excellent combination of properties which led researchers interested in investigation in recent years. Closed-cell stainless steel (SS316L) foams for biomedical application were prepared by space holder method and the physical and morphological properties of SS316L foams were studied. Stainless steel (SS316L) powders as metallic material, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a binder and Urea as a space holder material were mixed homogenously to avoid the particle wrecked. This mixture was compacted using uniaxial pressing machine and pressurized to 8 tons to formed the green body. By using tube furnace, the SS316L foams was two-stage sintered, the first phase at 600°C for 2 hours to decompose the urea, and the second phase at 1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C respectively to sinter the steel. The porosity and density test was carried out by applying Archimedean principles, while morphological observation was done by using Field Emission Scanning Electron (FESEM). The samples with 40wt.% SS316L composition and sintered at temperature of 1100°C, leads to porosities of about 44.539% and show the potential as the best metal foams.

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Mechanical Performance Under Various Conditions of 3D Printed Polylactide Composites With Natural Fibers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-517727/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karolina E. Mazur ◽

Aleksandra Borucka ◽

Paulina Kaczor ◽

Szymon Gądek ◽

Stanislaw Kuciel

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Crystallization Rate ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Hydrothermal Degradation ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels ◽

Additive Methods

Abstract In the study, polylactide-based (PLA) composites modified with natural particles (wood, bamboo, and cork) and with different levels of infilling (100%, 80%, and 60%) obtained by additive methods were tested. The effect of type fiber, infill level and crystallization rate on the mechanical properties were investigated by using tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The materials were subjected to mechanical tests carried out at 23 and 80 °C. Furthermore, hydrothermal degradation was performed, and its effect on the properties was analyzed. The addition of natural fillers and different level of infilling result in a similar level of reduction in the properties. Composites made of PLA are more sensitive to high temperature than to water. The decrease in Young's modulus of PLA at 80 °C was 90%, while after 28 days of hydrodegradation ~ 9%. The addition of fibers reduced this decrease at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the impact strength has been improved by 50% for composites with cork particles and for other lignocellulosic composites remained at the same level as for resin.

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Fibre-Cement Paste Transition Zone

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-370-479 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 370 ◽

Author(s):

Vahan Agopyan ◽

Holmer Savastano

Keyword(s):

Transition Zone ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Polypropylene Fibres ◽

Impact Performance ◽

The Matrix ◽

Vegetable Fibre ◽

Electron Image ◽

Backscattered Electron ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe characteristics of fibres and paste of ordinary Portland cement transition zone are analysed and correlated to the mechanical properties of the produced composites. The water-cement ratio of the matrix varies from 0.30 to 0.46 and the age of the specimens varies from 7 to 180 days. Composites of vegetable fibres (coir, sisal and malva) are compared with those of chrysotile asbestos and polypropylene fibres. The analysis is made by backscattered electron image (BSEI) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical tests evaluate the composite tensile strength and ductility.Mainly for vegetable fibre composites the transition zone is porous, cracked and rich in calcium hydroxide macrocrystals. These results are directly associated with the fibre-matrix bonding and with the composite mechanical performance. Further studies considering the impact performance of the composites compare the porosity of the transition zone with the toughness of the composites.

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Mechanical performance of roselle/sugar palm fiber hybrid reinforced polyurethane composites

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.13.3.6238-6249 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 6238-6249

Author(s):

A. M. Radzi ◽

S. M. Sapuan ◽

M. Jawaid ◽

M. R. Mansor

Keyword(s):

Impact Strength ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Palm Fiber ◽

Sugar Palm Fiber ◽

Scanning Electron

The effect of sugar palm fiber (SPF) loading was studied relative to the mechanical properties of roselle (RF)/SPF/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) hybrid composites. RF/SPF/TPU hybrid composites were fabricated at different weight ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) by melt mixing and hot compression. The mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact test) and morphological properties of tensile fractured samples were examined using a universal testing machine, impact machine, and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the hybridization of RF/SPF increased its impact strength corresponding to the increases in the SPF content of the composites. The tensile and flexural properties of the hybrid composites decreased due to poor interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix. Scanning electron micrographs of the tensile fractured surface of the RF/SPF hybrid composites revealed fiber pullouts and poor adhesion bonding. In conclusion, the hybridization of SPF with RF/TPU composites enhanced its impact strength while decreasing the tensile and flexural strength.

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Effect of interlayer carbon fiber dispersion on the low-velocity impact performance of woven flax-carbon hybrid composites

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998318808355 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1717-1734 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M Ravandi ◽

U Kureemun ◽

M Banu ◽

WS Teo ◽

Liu Tong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Damage Mechanics ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Material Behavior ◽

Low Velocity Impact ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Fiber Dispersion ◽

Velocity Impact ◽

The Impact

This work investigates the effects of interlayer hybrid fiber dispersion on the impact response of carbon-flax epoxy hybrid laminates at low carbon volume fractions, and benchmarks the mechanical performance enhancement against the non-hybrid flax epoxy. Five hybrid laminate stacking sequences with similar carbon-to-flax weight ratio were fabricated and subjected to low-velocity impact at three different energy values, generating non-perforated and perforated damage states. A virtual drop-weight impact test that models intralaminar failure based on continuum damage mechanics approach, and delamination using cohesive elements, was also implemented to evaluate the material behavior and damage development in the composites. Simulation results were then verified against experimental data. Results suggested that positioning stiffer carbon plies at the impact face does not necessarily lead to enhancement of the hybrid's impact properties. On the contrary, flax plies at the impacted side lead to significant improvement in impact resistance compared to the non-hybrid flax composite with similar thickness. Results of finite element analysis showed that carbon plies play a significant role in the hybrid laminate's energy absorption characteristics due to lower failure strain.

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Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Snake Grass Fibre and Sisal Fibre Hybrid Composites by Injection Moulding Method

International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems ◽

10.4273/ijvss.11.3.01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

T. Vinodkumar ◽

M. Chandrasekaran ◽

P. Vivek ◽

S. Arunkumar ◽

S. Padmanabhan

Keyword(s):

Injection Moulding ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Sisal Fibre ◽

Specific Strength ◽

Alternative Material ◽

Experimental Values ◽

The Impact

This study motivates the state of relying on the non-degradable plastic packaging to develop the alternative material namely reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) with snake grass fibre (SG) and sisal fibre (SF) bio composite. Injection moulding fabrication method is used. For mechanical characterization, SG/SF is loaded with an effect from 10 to 30 wt.%. Similarly, the tensile and flexural properties are significant to improve the attained wt. % of SG/SF. Additionally, PLA-SG/SF bio composite produced is having high specific strength and specific modulus. The suggested one in SG/SF may be integrated into PLA to reduce the mass of the end product and substantially reduce the cost of raw materials. The impact strength tends to decrease with SG/SF content. Finite element analysis was carried out to correlate the experimental values.

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Pongamia Pinnata (PP) shell powder filled sisal/kevlar hybrid composites: Physico-Mechanical and Morphological Characteristics

10.21203/rs.3.rs-273651/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J Praveenkumara ◽

Vidya Sagar H N ◽

P Madhu ◽

Yashas Gowda ◽

Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Fiber ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Pongamia Pinnata ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

The Impact ◽

Shell Powder

Abstract The composite industry is attracted by natural fiber reinforced polymer materials for various valuable engineering applications due to its eco-friendly nature, less cost, enhanced mechanical properties and thermal properties. This present work aimed at incorporating sisal and kevlar woven fabrics with the epoxy matrix and to study the effect of pongamia pinnata shell powder on this sisal/ kevlar hybrid composites. The six different laminates were prepared using hand lay-up method with filler percentage varying 2 %, 4 % and 6 %. The prepared laminates cut according to ASTM standards for performing different mechanical tests. Results reveal that reduction of void percentage was observed at higher filler contents, while the incorporation of kevlar fiber enhances the impact, tensile strength and tensile modulus values. The flexural strength and inter laminar shear strength were higher for 2 % filler composites, while the highest flexural modulus, hardness values were observed for 6 % filler filled composites. The water absorption percentage was maximum for sisal laminate (L-1) and minimum for kevlar laminate L-2. The fractured tensile and flexural specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Effects of Hybridisation on the Low Velocity Falling Weight Impact and Flexural Properties of Flax-Carbon/Epoxy Hybrid Composites

Fibers ◽

10.3390/fib7110095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew Chapman ◽

Hom Nath Dhakal

Keyword(s):

Carbon Fibre ◽

Product Life Cycle ◽

Material Selection ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Real Life ◽

Low Velocity Impact ◽

Flexural Properties ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Structural Applications ◽

The Impact

The trend of research and adoption of natural plant-based fibre reinforced composites is increasing, with traditional synthetic fibres such as carbon and glass experiencing restrictions placed on their manufacture and use by legislative bodies due to their environmental impact through the entire product life cycle. Finding suitable alternatives to lightweight and high-performance synthetic composites will be of benefit to the automotive, marine and aerospace industries. This paper investigates the low-velocity impact (LVI) and flexural properties and damage characteristics of flax-carbon/epoxy hybrid composites to be used in structural lightweight applications. LVI, for example, is analogous to several real-life situations, such as damage during manufacture, feasibly due to human error such as the dropping of tools and mishandling of the finished product, debris strikes of aircraft flight, or even the collision of a vessel with another. Carbon fibre has been hybridised with flax fibres to achieve enhanced impact and flexural performance. The failure mechanisms of woven flax and flax-carbon epoxy hybrid composites have been further analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed from the experimental results that carbon fibre hybridisation has a significant effect on the impact and flexural properties and their damage modes. The results obtained from this study exhibited that the flexural strength and modulus of plain flax/epoxy composite increase significantly from 95.66 MPa to 425.87 MPa and 4.78 GPa to 17.90 GPa, respectively, with carbon fibre hybridisation. This significant improvement in flexural properties would provide designers with important information to make informed decisions during material selection for lightweight structural applications.

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Analysis of the Impact Dynamics of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites for Advanced Applications

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12010153 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Michele Guida ◽

Andrea Sellitto ◽

Francesco Marulo ◽

Aniello Riccio

Keyword(s):

Shape Memory Alloy ◽

Carbon Fibre ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Lower Velocity ◽

Reinforced Plastic ◽

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic ◽

The Impact

In this work, the behaviour of thermoplastic composites and Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites (SMAHCs) for aeronautical applications is analysed and compared by means of findings from numerical analyses and experimental tests. At first, experimental tests are performed by using a drop tower facility on both carbon fibre reinforced plastic samples and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) samples hybridized with shape memory alloy materials. The materials properties and the different lower velocity impacts behaviours are simulated and validated by means of numerical models discretized in LS-Dyna explicit solver. For both configurations, the deformation mechanism for low intensity impacts, the absorbed energy, and the effect of rebounding upon the velocity change, and hence the amount of force, are investigated. Then, a configuration is prepared to withstand higher-energy impacts. Finally, the numerical analysis is extended for an innovative layup adapted on an aeronautical structure, which is subjected to the bird-strike phenomenon at 180 m/s and with an impacting mass of 1.8 kg according to the airworthiness requirements. In this study, SMAHCs are used to improve the composite impact response and energy absorption thanks to the superelastic effect.

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