scholarly journals History and Development of Anaesthesiology (With Resuscitation and Intensive Medicine) in the Republic of Macedonia

PRILOZI ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-217
Author(s):  
Marija Sholjakova ◽  
Jordan Nojkov ◽  
Zorka Nikolova-Todorova ◽  
Mirjana Shosholcheva ◽  
Andrijan Kartalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Intensive Medicine

AbstractAim: To present a chronological overview of the most important events and actors that have marked the history of anaesthesiology and intensive treatment in R. Macedonia since its beginnings in the 1950s.Method: Retrospective study based on archive materials, published literature and jubilee publications, as well as the memories of individuals who have worked in the field of anaesthesiology in the past period.Results: Between the two World Wars the first anaesthesia procedures were handled by surgeons. After World War II, the development of anaesthesia in R. Macedonia could be divided into two periods: before 1965 and after 1965. Before 1965 anaesthesia was mainly given by technicians trained on courses, and after this year anaesthesiology was taken over by anaesthesiologists who had specialized at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. In 1985 the number of anaesthesiologists was 100, and today it exceeds 250. The most important figures in the history of Macedonian anaesthesiology are: Dr. Risto Ivanovski, who worked from 1954-78, and Prof. Dr. Vladimir Andonov, who worked as an anaesthesiologist from 1965-99. Both of them are doyens who contributed a lot to the development of the anaesthesiology service and education of anaesthesiologists in R. Macedonia. Intensive treatment had started in 1955, but in real terms it has been performed since 1966, when artificial ventilators were introduced. The modern Intensive Care Department was opened at the Surgical Clinic in 1995 and it was followed in other hospitals in the state. The Department of Anaesthesiology has existed since 1975, and it has made a huge contribution to the education of professionals who apply modern principles in emergency medicine and intensive care.Conclusion: From modest beginnings in the 1950s, anaesthesiology today in R. Macedonia has developed well organized activity that successfully follow the trends of modern medicine in the field of anesthesiology, resuscitation, intensive care and pain treatment.

Karl-Otto Apel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mendieta
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Junior Colleague ◽  
The University ◽  
Italian Philosophy

Karl-Otto Apel (b. 1922–d. 2017) was one of the most original, influential, and renowned German philosophers of the post–World War II generation. He is credited with what is known as the linguistification of Kantian transcendental philosophy, in general, and the linguistic transformation of philosophy in Germany, in particular. His name is closely associated with that of Jürgen Habermas, his junior colleague, whom he met as a graduate student in Bonn in the 1950s, and with whom he maintained a lengthy philosophical collaboration. He received his doctorate in 1950 with a dissertation titled Dasein und Erkennen: Eine erkenntnistheoretische Interpretation der Philosophie Martin Heideggers (translated as: “Dasein and knowledge: An epistemological interpretation of Martin Heidegger’s philosophy”). However, as early as the 1950s, Apel had become increasingly critical of the relativistic and historicist consequences of his phenomenological and hermeneutical work. In 1962, he presented his Habilitation at the University of Mainz, which was published in 1963 as Die Idee der Sprache in der Tradition des Humanismus von Dante bis Vico (translated as: “The idea of language in the traditions of humanism from Dante to Vico”). This book is a pioneering reconstruction of the Italian philosophy of language and how it laid the foundations for the different currents of the philosophy of language that would branch out in the modern philosophies of language. In 1965, Apel published “Die Entfaltung der ‘sprachanalytischen’ Philosophie und das Problem der ‘Geisteswissenchaften,’” which was translated into English as Analytic Philosophy of Language and the “Geisteswissenschaften” in 1967. This was the first work of Apel to be translated into English, but it is also emblematic of Apel’s pioneering engagement with “analytic” philosophy. In 1973, at the urging of Habermas, Apel published Transformation der Philosophie (Transformation of philosophy) in two volumes. A selection, mostly from the second volume, appeared in 1983 under the title Towards a Transformation of Philosophy. In this work Apel introduced the idea that would become the hallmark of his thinking: The Apriori of the Community of Communication, by which he meant that the conditions of possibility of all knowledge and interaction are already given in every natural language that belongs to a community of speakers, who are per force already entangled in normative relations, that can never be circumvented or negated lest one commit a performative self-contradiction. In 1975, Apel published Der Denkweg von Charles S. Peirce: Eine Einführung in den amerikanischen Pragmatismus (The intellectual path of Charles S. Peirce: An introduction to American pragmatism), which is made up of the lengthy introduction he had written for his two-volume German selection and translation of Peirce’s writings. His next most important book was Diskurs und Verantwortung: Das Problem des Übergangs zur postkonventionellen Moral (translated as: “Discourse and responsibility: The problem of the transition to a postconventional morality”), from 1988, a collection of essays in which Apel develops his own version of discourse ethics. Apel’s last three books are collections of essays: Auseinandersetzungen in Erprobung des transzendentalpragmatischen Ansatzes (1998) [Confrontations: Testing the transcendental-pragmatic proposal) (It should be noted that Auseinandersetzungen, one of Apel’s favorite words, could also be translated as “coming to terms” with a particular thinker. This is an important volume as in three extensive essays Apel discusses his differences with and departures from Habermas’s version of universal pragamatics.); Paradigmen der Ersten Philosophie: Zur reflexiven–transzendentalpragmatischen Rekonstruktion der Philosophiegeschichte (2011) (translated as: “Paradigms of first philosophy: Toward a reflexive-transcendental-pragmatic reconstruction of the history of philosophy”), and Transzendentale Reflexion und Geschichte (2017) (translated as: Transcendental reflection and history”).

Automation, Transfer Machinery, and Mass Production in the U.S. Automobile Industry in the Post–World War II Era

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-138
Author(s):  
David A. Hounshell
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Automobile Engines ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The U.S

First experimented with in the 1920s and 1930s in the production of automobile engines, transfer machines became dominant in U.S. engine plants in the 1940s and 1950s, as automakers invested heavily in this equipment to meet pent-up demand following the war. Transfer machines thus became identified with “Detroit automation”. But with the advent of a “horsepower race”, firms found that transfer machines could not accommodate even minor changes in design. Late in the 1950s the industry developed and applied “building-block automation” to transfer machines to attain greater flexibility. Examining these developments contributes to our understanding of both specific industries and the general history of mass production and its alternatives.

Tatarstan: Adjusting to life in Putin's Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Graney
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Soviet Rule ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

A little-noted but interesting aspect of the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014 was Vladimir Putin's government's attempt to enlist officials from the Republic of Tatarstan to smooth the transition of Crimea back to Russian rule. It makes sense — the Crimean and Volga Tatars are ethnic, linguistic, and religious kin, and both trace their history of statehood back to the Golden Horde successor khanates of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Crimean Khanate maintained its independence far longer than Kazan was able to; while the defeat of Kazan in 1552 marked the beginning of the expansion of the modern Russian Empire under Ivan IV, the Crimean Khanate retained some form of autonomy until nearly the end of the eighteenth century. During the ensuing years, the fortunes of the two peoples and their states reversed yet again; Tatarstan emerged from Soviet rule as a powerful actor determined to make the new Russian Federation truly a federal state in practice as well as on paper (in part by invoking the heritage of the Kazan Khanate). In contrast the Crimean Tatars, never having recovered demographically or politically from their forced exile to Central Asia by Stalin during World War II, struggled to establish some form of cultural and political autonomy as part of a newly independent Ukraine.

scholarly journals W kręgu badań nad dziejami emigracyjnego parlamentaryzmu Recenzja publikacji: Depozyt Niepodległości. Rada Narodowa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie (1939–1991), red. Zbigniew Girzyński, Paweł Ziętara

2020 ◽  
Vol 5(160) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Paweł Gotowiecki
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Council ◽  
World War ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Post War

The reviewed publication contains post-conference materials, presented during the conference held in 2016 in Warsaw, entitled “The Deposit of Independence. National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile (1939–1991)”. The volume consists of 18 articles, published in chronological and topical order, devoted to the selected issues of the history of the Polish parliamentarianism in exile during World War II and in the post-war period. The authors of the articles discussed various aspects of the activities of the National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile, such as the participation of national minorities in the work of the quasi-parliament, biographies of the chosen parliamentarians, or the selected elements of “parliamentary practices”. This publication is not a synthesis but it supplements and develops the current state of research on the activities of the Polish quasi-parliamentary institutions in exile.

Polskie cywilne duszpasterstwo prawosławne w Niemczech Zachodnich w latach 1945–1951

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 81-112
Author(s):  
Jerzy Grzybowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Political ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ethnic Factor

The article discusses the history of the formation and activity of the Polish orthodox chaplaincy in the three western occupation zones of Germany after World War II. At that time, there were hundreds of thousands of refugees from Poland in the area. In terms of religion they constituted a mosaic. The followers of the Orthodox Church were the second largest group after the Catholics. The authorities of the Republic of Poland in exile felt obliged to provide these people with religious care. Led by Archbishop Sawa (Sowietov), priests carried out the ministry in Germany. The author has analyzed the political and social conditions in which the structures of the Polish Orthodox Church in refugee camps in West Germany were organized and functioned. The author has also presented the influence of the ethnic factor on the activity of the Polish Orthodox clergy.

Stromatoporoidea, 1926–2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Stock
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Affinities ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

The history of research on the “true” stromatoporoids, a presumably monophyletic group of sponges that occurred from the Ordovician through the Devonian, is examined in detail. Stromatoporoid published research is summarized in five categories: quantity of publication; biological affinities; systematics; skeletal microstructure; and paleoecology. Quantity of publication is measured from each of the 75 years. Moderate levels of publication in the late 1920s and 1930s declined in the early 1940s, and were reduced to zero for four years due to the impact of World War II. Levels similar to that of the 1930s returned in the 1950s, after which there was an overall increase until the mid-1980s, when levels began a decrease that persists today. The proportion of research on paleoecology has increased as research on systematics decreased through time. Post-Devonian forms assigned to the stromatoporoids are a polyphyletic grouping of several apparently unrelated taxa, possibly representing both Porifera and Cnidaria. Publications on the post-Devonian “stromatoporoids” amount to less than one-third that on the true stromatoporoids during the same 75 years.

scholarly journals Expanding Earth and declining gravity: a chapter in the recent history of geophysics

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kragh
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Recent History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of Geophysics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Varying Gravitational Constant

Abstract. Although speculative ideas of an expanding Earth can be found before World War II, it was only in the 1950s and 1960s that the theory attracted serious attention among a minority of earth scientists. While some of the proponents of the expanding Earth adopted an empiricist attitude by disregarding the physical cause of the assumed expansion, others argued that the cause, either fully or in part, was of cosmological origin. They referred to the possibility that the gravitational constant was slowly decreasing in time, as first suggested by P. Dirac in 1937. As a result of a stronger gravitation in the past, the ancient Earth would have been smaller than today. The gravitational argument for an expanding Earth was proposed by P. Jordan and L. Egyed in the 1950s and during the next 2 decades it was discussed by several physicists, astronomers and earth scientists. Among those who for a period felt attracted by "gravitational expansionism" were A. Holmes, J. Tuzo Wilson and F. Hoyle. The paper examines the idea of a varying gravitational constant and its impact on geophysics in the period from about 1955 to the mid-1970s.

Asian Territorial Disputes and the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty: The Case of Dokdo

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-550
Author(s):  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
John Yoo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Nationalist Government ◽  
History Of Control

Abstract This Article analyzes whether the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty, the only multilateral international agreement that draws borders in East Asia, resolves the longstanding dispute over Dokdo between Korea and Japan. It uses the dispute to draw larger lessons about the nature of the treaty that ended World War II in the Pacific and how it structured the peace in Asia differently from that in Europe. It uses U.S. archival material to reconstruct the history of the making of the Treaty, which continues to be the most significant international legal instrument governing post-WWII Asia. Although the Republic of Korea demonstrated a long history of control over Dokdo, Japan annexed the island on February 22, 1905. Japan places much importance on the Treaty’s silence because the Treaty otherwise required Japan to relinquish the territories it acquired before and during World War II. After the fall of the Nationalist government in China, the United States decided to rebuild Japan into a strong regional ally, and consequently negotiated a generous peace treaty with its former WWII enemy. This Article concludes that the Treaty left Dokdo, along with other important issues, open for future resolution.

scholarly journals Od internacjonalnej do własnej historii – mniejszość białoruska w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 190-211
Author(s):  
Wojciech Śleszyński
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
World War ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania

From international history to one’s own history – Belorusian minority in PolandAfter World War II the Belarusians who did not leave Poland could gain upward mobility only if they avoided displaying their national and cultural distinctiveness. Belarusians made a political choice which coincided with a vision of history and thus accepted a historical narrative spread by communist circles. The narrative constructed by the Belarusian minority was consistent with the officially proclaimed state ideological narrative. It contained mostly the history of the Communist Party of Western Belarus and described a difficult situation of Belarus in the Second Polish Republic and during World War II (especially the Great Patriotic War).The Belarusian community made first attempts to rebuild the current vision of the world in 1980–1981. Students tried to create an alternative historical narrative that contradicted the communist one. However, it was a gradual collapse of the communist system that became an impetus for more active development of the Belarusian minority in Poland, and consequently, the creation of its own national vision of history. The Belarusian heritage has been based on the Belarusian People's Republic and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and not, as it was in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus or after 1994, on the Republic of Belarus and the victory in the Great Patriotic War.  Od internacjonalnej do własnej historii – mniejszość białoruska w PolscePozostała w Polsce po II wojnie światowej społeczność białoruska uzyskała możliwość awansu społecznego pod warunkiem nieeksponowania swojej narodowej i kulturowej odrębności. Białorusini, dokonując wyboru politycznego, pokrywającego się z wyborem wizji historii, akceptowali obraz dziejów prezentowany przez środowiska komunistyczne. Konstruowany przez mniejszość białoruską przekaz historyczny zgodny był z oficjalnie głoszonym państwowym przekazem ideologicznym. Dominowały treści o historii Komunistycznej Partii Zachodniej Białorusi, o trudnej sytuacji białoruskiej w II RP i w latach II wojny światowej, ale z naciskiem położonym jedynie na okres Wielkiej Wojny Ojczyźnianej.Pierwsze próby przebudowy dotychczasowej wizji świata przez społeczność białoruską zostały podjęte w latach 1980–1981. Zwłaszcza środowiska studenckie próbowały stworzyć alternatywę dla dotychczasowego skomunizowanego, białoruskiego przekazu historycznego. Jednak dopiero stopniowy upadek systemu komunistycznego stał się impulsem do coraz bardziej aktywnego rozwoju mniejszości białoruskiej w Polsce, a co za tym idzie także kreowania własnej, narodowej wizji dziejów. Fundamentem, na którym budowana była pamięć o dziedzictwie, stało się odwoływanie się do Białoruskiej Republiki Ludowej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, a nie, jak to miało miejsce w Białoruskiej Socjalistycznej Republice Sowieckiej czy po 1994 r. w Republice Białoruś, zwycięstwa w Wielkiej Wojnie Ojczyźnianej.

scholarly journals Dubrovnik archive in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

2015 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Bojan Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
National Significance ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia

The fundamental issue in the first years after the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was related to the future organization of Dubrovnik Archive, considering that the invaluable materials still lay in the Rector?s Palace, which assumed a completely new role and a special place in the newly formed Kingdom. Namely, following the end of World War I and the foundation of the new state, the Rector?s Palace in Dubrovnik, as a cultural property of national significance, was proclaimed a cultural-historical monument, on the one hand, and also a residence of the king, on the other. Therefore, it came under the jurisdiction of the Court of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Court of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), i.e. of the Royal Office. The jurisdiction over the Archive itself, specifically over the materials kept in it, was in the hands of the Ministry of Education. In 1921, Antonije Vucetic was named the first administrator of Dubrovnik Archive. Vucetic immediately and unequivocally advanced the thesis that Dubrovnik Archive, despite not being of the rank of the Archives in Zagreb and Belgrade, still is ?the most celebrated in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes?. Above all else, he emphasized the historical significance of this Archive, containing materials important for the history of the Republic of Dubrovnik, but also for the Serbian and Croatian histories from the 11th to the 19th centuries. In the year 1930, a new administrator was appointed to Dubrovnik Archive. It was Branimir Truhelka. He realized that in the case of the most important matters related to the Archive, in the case of all the Archive?s needs, they should turn, if possible, directly to the Court of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, i.e. to the Minister of the Court. The year 1931 marks the beginning of Truhelka?s systematic efforts to obtain the most that could be obtained for Dubrovnik Archive, to explain its significance to the authorities on the Court, and - without insisting on moving the Archive from the Rector?s Palace, being aware of the lack of support for this - to do everything to provide the safe keeping of valuable materials and to secure research in the Archive. Until the beginning of World War II and the occupation of Yugoslavia, Dubrovnik Archive prospered and an increasing number of researchers came to work in it. Thus, Dubrovnik Archive proved itself to be an unavoidable source for studying the past of both the Republic of Dubrovnik and the Serbian people.

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