Das Zeitkriterium in der Gattungstheorie und die frühmoderne Lyrikdiskussion

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-92
Author(s):  
Korbinian Lindel
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Criterion

Abstract In genre theory, epic, dramatic and lyric poetry are often defined in terms of the past, present or future. This association of genres and time tenses is, howewer, far from being self-evident: The idea is widely unknown before 1800. Following recent studies on time and genre, my article traces this ›time criterion‹ back from Emil Staiger to its origins in the mid-18th century and into the German and French Enlightenment’s discourses on poetry.

EPITAFIES OF THE RELATIVES OF HADJI IBRAHIM AL-URADI AS A SOURCE ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIST AND ON THE HISTORY OF GIDATL

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Look ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.

Human Factors in Classification and Certification

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Card ◽  
Clifford C. Baker ◽  
Kevin P. McSweeney ◽  
Denise B. McCafferty
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Maritime Safety ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Element ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Construction

Since the 18th century, Classification Societies have served the public interest by promoting the security of life, property, and the natural environment. This has been accomplished primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design, construction, and maintenance of marine facilities, however, new insights gained over the past decade have motivated maritime safety organizations to better address the contribution of the human element to maritime casualties and accidents.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTION OF JEWISH MINORITY TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BACAU

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina-Iolanda Filipoaia ◽  
Mihai Deju
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Functional Dynamics ◽  
The City

During more than six centuries of existence, Bacău benefited both from the favourable socio-economic and political context, and from the interrelationships with the other communities, from the harmonious combination of these two elements resulting both the growth and development of the locality and the position in the local and regional hierarchy. The main beneficiaries of the progress made were of course the inhabitants, the city representing a living environment for them, as well as the essential factor in the functional dynamics and in the urban landscape. Giving meaning to the past, we must recognize that each community that contributed to the development of Bacău has its own history, Bacău becoming the trustee of the communities ‘history entirety, which in perfect communion with Romanians defined the complex identity of the locality. The Jewish community is no exception, whose collaboration with Romanians for over two centuries has contributed to increasing the economic level of development of the locality since the second half of the 18th century.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)/SARS-CoV-2: Hopefully, the Human-Virus Battle Ends Soon on a Positive Note

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Venkata Ramana Kandi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Smallpox Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Novel ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Spanish Flu

The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are not uncommon to humans. We have been seeing this, repeated many a time in the past, that the new/novel microbial species emerge and pose a potential threat to the whole of mankind. Among those infectious diseases which threatened mankind, the Smallpox virus appears to have had the greatest impact. Smallpox virus was suspected to be present on the earth since 10,000 B.C., but its presence and the effect on humans was established only in the late 18th century to the early 20th century when people suffered from its consequences. Most people (>75%) infected with smallpox died, leaving a sense of doom among humans. Later, or probably during the same time, there was the emergence of an infectious disease called “plague”, which swept across many countries and caused a lot of mortality. This disease was also called the black death, due to the nature of lesions caused and the thousands of people who were dying in very less time. We have also seen the emergence of a novel influenza virus, the Spanish flu (1918) which caused a severe pandemic. Interestingly, all these infectious diseases caused pandemics involving several countries, and causing increased mortality, especially in the European continent. In this editorial I discuss the significance of the most recent pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), also called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

The First Quarantine: How the Plague Became a Political Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Composite Object ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Form

The great plague of 1665-1666 is one of the starting points for the birth of biopolitics in its modern form. The quarantine measures introduced by the government have been considered effective from the medical point of view since the middle of the 18th century. However, many of those contemporary with the plague were convinced that the state was only worsening matters for London’s inhabitants. The author examines why the plague elicited such an ambivalent response in England and how the disease stopped being a composite object and turned into a “comfortable, domesticated” concept. The article investigates why the moral assessment of those measures has become so different over the past hundred years and shows how the quarantine in London influenced the “hygienic revolution.” Apart from its historical interest, this case is a suitable topic for the use of STS methodology because it illustrates the impossibility providing a complete description of the quarantine process and subsequent medical treatment in terms of a conflict between different actors. In order to understand why these measures have subsequently been perceived in this fashion, the author applies the concept of Lovecraftian horror, which offers a way to describe the situation of “collisions” with the plague. By describing how biopolitics released the moral tension built up by the co-existence of different interpretations of the causes of the epidemic, the author reconstructs the retrospective creation of the myth about the success of the quarantine. He contrasts the logic of “multiplicity” with the unifying descriptions and shows the kind of problems a “blurred” ontology can bring on during a crisis in everyday life. This leads to a discussion of the difficulty of holding onto unstable objects that have the potential for liberation from the logic of paternalistic care.

Science and World Cities: Thinking Urban Knowledge and Science at Large (16th-18th century)

Itinerario ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Romano ◽  
Stéphane Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Networks ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge

Through its focus on the question of circulation, world history attained a central position amongst the historical configurations in the last decade. Indicative of our fundamentally changing world, the past thereby reveals itself to have been shaped by commercial, human and intellectual flows of global dimension. The history of science has been particularly receptive to such methodological developments, especially with regard to works influenced by a markedly social approach to science and knowledge, which has focused for some time on the analysis of intellectual networks. From the French provincial Enlightenment to Athansius Kircher's circles—including the relationships of patronage of mathematicians and court philosophers—social, intellectual and epistemological configurations have been designed, allowing us to consider different scales in the circulation of knowledge.

scholarly journals Congenital Aplasia of the Common Carotid Artery: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vasović ◽  
M. Trandafilović ◽  
S. Vlajković
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Congenital Aplasia ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Common

In an attempt to describe the morphofunctional consequences of uni- and bilateral aplasia of the common carotid artery (CCA), which is usually a vascular source of the external carotid (ECA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries, we investigated online databases of anatomical and clinical papers published from the 18th century to the present day. We found 87 recorded cases of uni- and bilateral CCA aplasia in subjects from the first hours to the eighth decade of life, which had been discovered in 14 (known) countries. Four crucial parameters were described: the embryology of the carotid arteries, morphophysiology of the carotid arteries, CCA aplasia, and unilateral versus bilateral CCA aplasia, including history, general data, diagnosing, vascular sources, caliber, course of the separated ECA and ICA, associated vascular variants, and pathological disorders. To complete the knowledge of the morphofunctional consequences of the absence of some artery of the carotid system, and risking the possibility of repeating some words, as “carotid artery”, or “carotid aplasia” and the headings from our previous article about bilateral ICA absence, this review is the first in the literature that recorded all cases of the CCA aplasia published and/or cited for the past 233 years. Main characteristic of the CCA absence is its association with 21 different diseases, among which the aneurysms were in 13.69% of cases, and 17.80% of cases were without pathology.

Popular Literacy and the Roots of the New Writing

1986 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Willinsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Writing Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Literacy Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Literacy ◽  
20Th Century United States

The place of writing in the curriculum has recently increased in importance under a series of new approaches based on a processing model of how writers write. An overlooked aspect of these new programs in the schools is the degree to which they parallel aspects of an earlier, popular literacy. In a brief recounting of incidents in the history of literacy with a focus on Renaissance Europe, 17th- and 18th-century England, and the 20th-century United States, three historical elements are brought to light which now play a strong part in the new programs. In these programs literacy (a) is sociable, (b) has its roots in nonstandardized language, and (c) places a premium on performance and publication. Insofar as the new writing takes up these aspects of popular literacy, there is reason to feel that it will work to some degree in meeting the current literacy crisis. However, the traditions of popular literacy have both political and social ramifications which warrant our attention. Popular literacy in the past has been entangled in the sensational and subversive and has not always been well received. This history raises questions as to what can be expected and what is desired of this new thrust in writing. The advocates of the new writing programs need to confront the potential of this increased voice, this latest form of popular literacy, which they have begun to encourage.

scholarly journals Climatic changes in the Urals over the past millennium – an analysis of geothermal and meteorological data

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Demezhko ◽  
I. V. Golovanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mean Temperature

Abstract. This investigation is based on a study of two paleoclimatic curves obtained in the Urals (51–59° N, 58–61° E): i) a ground surface temperature history (GSTH) reconstruction since 800 A.D. and ii) meteorological data for the last 170 years. Temperature anomalies measured in 49 boreholes were used for the GSTH reconstruction. It is shown that a traditional averaging of the histories leads to the lowest estimates of amplitude of past temperature fluctuations. The interval estimates method, accounting separately for the rock's thermal diffusivity variations and the influence of a number of non-climatic causes, was used to obtain the average GSTH. Joint analysis of GSTH and meteorological data bring us to the following conclusions. First, ground surface temperatures in the Medieval maximum during 1100–1200 were 0.4 K higher than the 20th century mean temperature (1900–1960). The Little Ice Age cooling was culminated in 1720 when surface mean temperature was 1.6 K below the 20th century mean temperature. Secondly, contemporary warming began approximately one century prior to the first instrumental measurements in the Urals. The rate of warming was +0.25 K/100 years in the 18th century, +1.15 K/100 years in the 19th and +0.75 K/100 years in the first 80 years of the 20th century. Finally, the mean rate of warming increased in the final decades of 20th century. An analysis of linear regression coefficients in running intervals of 21 and 31 years, shows that there were periods of warming with almost the same rates in the past, including the 19th century.

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