Zur Grundlegung einer Theorie sozialer Prozesse / Towards a Theory of Social Processes

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Elias
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Planning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Self Image

AbstractA theory of social processes has to diagnose and explain those long-term and unplanned, but yet structured and directional trends in the development of social and personality structures that constitute the infrastructure of what is commonly called „history”. The reception of such a theoretical approach is hampered by the self-image of contemporary sociology as a discipline primarily concerned with the present time and devoted to research on short-term changes and causal relationships within given social systems. This self-image results from a problematic division of intellectual labour between history and sociology, but also from sociology’s increasing involvement in social practice, i.e. bureaucratically controlled social planning. While contributing to such planning, sociologists ignore the long-term, unplanned developments which produce the conditions for the present-day practice of planning and in which all planned social development is entangled. Complementary processes of functional differentiation, of social integration, and of civilization are strands of this complex long-term development. Its dynamics requires further exploration.

scholarly journals Power and Persuasion: Processes by Which Perceived Power Can Influence Evaluative Judgments

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Briñol ◽  
Richard E. Petty ◽  
Geoffrey R. O. Durso ◽  
Derek D. Rucker
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evaluative Judgments ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Perceived Power

The present review focuses on how power—as a perception regarding the self, the source of the message, or the message itself—affects persuasion. Contemporary findings suggest that perceived power can increase or decrease persuasion depending on the circumstances and thus might result in both short-term and long-term consequences for behavior. Given that perceptions of power can produce different, and even opposite, effects on persuasion, it might seem that any relationship is possible and thus prediction is elusive or impossible. In contrast, the present review provides a unified perspective to understand and organize the psychological literature on the relationship between perceived power and persuasion. To accomplish this objective, present review identifies distinct mechanisms by which perceptions of power can influence persuasion and discusses when these mechanisms are likely to operate. In doing so, this article provides a structured approach for studying power and persuasion via antecedents, consequences, underlying psychological processes, and moderators. Finally, the article also discusses how power can affect evaluative judgments more broadly.

scholarly journals Real-world comparison of the last generation balloon-expandable and self-expanding valves in patients undergoing TAVI

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kalogeras ◽  
M Zuhair ◽  
T Kabir ◽  
R Jabbour ◽  
M Dalby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
The Self ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve

Abstract Background/Introduction The balloon expandable (BE) Edwards Sapien-S3/Ultra, and the self-expanding (SE) Medtronic Evolut-Pro represent the main volume of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures conducted worldwide. Purpose The present study represents the largest real-world comparison of periprocedural and short-term outcome between the aforementioned last generation devices. Methods Consecutive patients who had undergone TAVI with either the BE (S3/Ultra) or SE (Evolut-Pro/R-34mm if 34mm valve was required) device, in five centers were retrospectively studied. Periprocedural and short-term outcomes were recorded and compared. Results In total, 1341 patients (58.5% male) were treated with contemporary BE and SE valves (574 and 767pts with BE and SE respectively) and followed up for a median of 18.7 (IQR 30) months. Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups apart from severe left ventricle (LV) systolic impairment and extensive aorta calcification, being more prevalent amongst BE and SE groups respectively. Patients treated with the Evolut-Pro/R34mm device had significantly lower peak (16±9mmHg for SE vs 23.9±6mmHg for the BE valves, p=0.001) and mean (8.6±6mmHg SE vs 11.2±5.2mmHg BE, p=0.001) gradients at discharge. Conversely, the BE group demonstrated significantly lower rates of at least moderate residual aortic regurgitation (AR) post-operatively (0.7% vs 5.2% for BE and SE valves respectively, p<0.001). Interestingly, the rate of new permanent pacemaker (PPM) required after the implantation in initially pacemaker-free patients, was higher for the S3/Ultra cohort compared to the self-expanding valve group (14.4% vs 12.3% respectively, p=0.001). No statistical difference was recorded between valve groups regarding cerebrovascular events (3.4% vs. 2.7% for SE and BE respectively, p=0.466), major vascular complications (4.2% vs. 3.0% for SE and BE respectively, p=0.251) and death to hospital discharge (1.6% vs. 2.9% for SE and BE respectively, p=0.117). One-year Kaplan-Meier estimated survival was similar between the two groups (88.7% for BE vs. 91.4% for SE valves, plog-rank=0.093). When adjusting for age, extensive calcification of the aorta and baseline LV function all caused mortality hazard ratios were similar between patients treated with BE vs SE valves (HR 1.39; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.98, p=0.07). Conclusions Real life comparison of the last generation balloon expandable and self-expanding devices demonstrates superiority of the former in terms of residual PVL, at the expense of higher transvalvular gradients and higher need of new PPM implantation. The latter however may represent differences in center practices with regards to thresholds for permanent pacing. Long-term follow-up and future larger trials are required to establish any potential long-term difference in clinical outcomes and prognosis. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

The Self

Brain-Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 252-276
Author(s):  
Paul Thagard
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multiple Levels

The self is a complex of mechanisms at multiple levels that include the molecular and the social. Semantic pointers are crucial to the self with respect to various phenomena, including how one represents oneself to oneself and to others, as well as in how one evaluates oneself. Also explained are operations that the self does to itself in efforts to achieve short-term goals such as self-control and long-term goals such as self-fulfillment. Semantic pointer explanations of images, concepts, and other mental representations are important for understanding how selves accomplish their goals. Representations of the self via semantic pointers can recursively be bound into semantic pointers for beliefs, desires, and intentions. Discussion of the social mechanisms relevant to the self begins to connect neural and mental mechanisms with discussions of social sciences and professions.

Sincerity, authenticity and profilicity: Notes on the problem, a vocabulary and a history of identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Georg Moeller ◽  
Paul J. D’Ambrosio
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Self ◽  
Niklas Luhmann ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

This essay attempts to provide a preliminary outline of a theory of identity. The first section addresses what the sociologist Niklas Luhmann has called ‘the problem of identity’, or, in other words, the mind–society (rather than the mind–body) problem: In how far can the internal (psychological) self and the external (social) persona be integrated into a unit? The second section of the essay briefly defines a basic vocabulary of a theory of identity. ‘Identity’ is understood as the existentially necessary formation of a coherence between the ‘self’ (the ‘I’ as it is experienced in thoughts and feelings), its body and its social ‘persona’ (the individual person with its social attributes). Three different major paradigms of identity formation are distinguished from one another: a sincere identity is constructed through a firm commitment of the self to its social roles; an authentic identity is constructed through the creation of a social persona on the basis of one’s unique and original self; a ‘profilic’ identity, as we call it, is shaped by successfully presenting a personal profile under conditions of second-order observation as they prevail, for instance, in the social media, but also in other contemporary social systems. In the third section of the essay, we present a sketch of the historical sequence of these three paradigms of identity. Although these paradigms are not mutually exclusive and can coexist, it seems that sincerity flourished in pre-modern society, while authenticity came to prominence along with the functional differentiation of modern society and is now, along with the increased significance of second-order observation, gradually overshadowed by the influence of profilicity.

scholarly journals Moral disciplining: the cognitive and evolutionary foundations of puritanical morality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Fitouchi ◽  
Jean-Baptiste André ◽  
Nicolas Baumard
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Moral Virtues ◽  
Cultural Variations

Why do many human societies condemn apparently harmless and pleasurable behaviors, such as lust, gluttony, drinking, drugs, gambling, or even music and dance? Why do they erect temperance, hedonic restraint, sobriety, decency and piety as cardinal moral virtues? While existing accounts consider this puritanical morality as an exception to the cooperative function of moral intuitions, we propose that it stems, like other moral concerns, from moral intuitions targeting cooperative challenges. Specifically, we argue that it emerges in response to a key feature of cooperation, namely that the latter is (ultimately) a long-term strategy, requiring (proximately) the self-control of appetites for immediate gratification. Puritanical moralizations condemn and praise behaviors which, although not intrinsically cooperative or uncooperative, are perceived as affecting people’s propensity to cooperate, by modifying their ability to resist short-term impulses conflicting with cooperative motivations. Drinking, drugs, unruly feasts, dances, and immodest clothing are condemned as stimulating people’s short-term impulses, thus facilitating uncooperative behaviors (e.g. adultery, violence, economic free-riding). Immoderate indulgence in harmless bodily pleasures (e.g. lust, masturbation, gluttony) is perceived as addictively reinforcing short-term impulses, thus making harder the self-control of future temptations to cheat. Moralizations of ascetic temperance, daily self-discipline, and pious ritual observance are perceived as nurturing the self-restraint consubstantial to a cooperative character, able to resist selfish temptations when the latter arise. We review psychological, historical, and ethnographic evidence supporting this account, and discuss its implications regarding the cross-cultural variations and cultural evolution of puritanical norms.

Collusion in clinical supervision: literature review and case study in self-reflection

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek L. Milne ◽  
Caroline Leck ◽  
Nasim Z. Choudhri
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interpersonal Dynamics ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

AbstractInterpersonal dynamics are a recurring impediment to effective clinical supervision and can lead to phenomena like collusion between the supervisor and supervisee. Collusion involves both supervisor and supervisee engaging in safety behaviours that serve to conveniently avoid and escape from difficult topics and challenging methods. Whilst minimizing the short-term threat to supervisor and supervisee, collusion will tend to undermine the effectiveness of supervision and limit significantly its long-term value to patients. In order to consider how best to address collusion, we review the cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and related literature on collusion, focusing on how it has been formulated and managed. We then provide a case study featuring a supervisor who was colluding with the supervisee's avoidance behaviours (i.e. filling supervision sessions with superficial reflections on his casework) by not challenging these reflections or moving to another learning mode (e.g. experimenting). We develop a CBT formulation of this pattern of supervision as part of the self-reflection process, led by a consultant. Self-reflection appeared to be a useful tool for improving the supervisor's understanding of this dysfunctional process, and strengthened the supervisor's confidence in utilizing relevant skills in the future.

An Improved Extension Method of EMD Based on SVRM

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 2697-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Yan Wang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Xiao Long Wang ◽  
Mei Jun Zhang ◽  
Yu Hao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Prediction ◽  
The Self ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Original Signal ◽  
End Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Extension Method ◽  
Long Term Prediction

The Support Vector Regression Machines (SVRM) is considered to be an effective method for time series prediction, while it is not suitable for long-term prediction. In order to improve the SVRM application in eliminating the end effect of EMD, we apply the SVRM to achieve an accurate short-term extension in the end of the original signal before EMD, and then extend two extreme with the Self-adaptive Triangular Waveform Matching extension method (STWM) in the every sifting process of EMD. The results show that the new extension method can effectively contain end effect of EMD.

scholarly journals Procedural world nonlinear dynamics

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Dynamics ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The World ◽  
Present World

In this article, the author attempts to uncover and then critically analyze the nonlinear world dynamics of the leading trend of our time. Close attention is paid to the place and role of social processes that contribute to the growth of nonlinearity and unpredictability of modern world dynamics. The meaning of the synergetic concept is clarified when considering the dynamics of the present world. Shows the variability of modern social relations. The essence of the self-determinability of the world is presented. The hierarchization of modern social systems is determined.

scholarly journals Development and application of a short- /long-term composited drought index in the upper Huaihe River basin, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
M. Yu ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
G. Lu ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
P. Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
The Self ◽  
Drought Monitoring ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Huaihe River Basin ◽  
Huaihe River ◽  
Short Term

Abstract. Accurate and reliable drought monitoring is of primary importance for drought mitigation and reduction of social-ecological vulnerability. The aim of the paper was to propose a short-term/long-term composited drought index (CDI) which could be widely used for drought monitoring and early warning in China. In the study, the upper Huaihe River basin above the Xixian gauge station, which has been hit by severe droughts frequently in recent decades, was selected as the case study site. The short-term CDI was developed by the Principle Component Analysis of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc-PDSI), the 1- and 3-month Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Z Index (ZIND), the Soil Moisture Index (SMI) with the long-term CDI being formulated by use of the self-calibrating Palmer Hydrology Drought Index (sc-PHDI), the 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month SPEI, the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), the SMI. The sc-PDSI, the PHDI, the ZIND, the SPEI on a monthly time scale were calculated based on the monthly air temperature and precipitation, and the monthly SMI and SSI were computed based on the simulated soil moisture and runoff by the distributed Xinanjiang model. The thresholds of the short-term/long-term CDI were determined according to frequency statistics of different drought indices. Finally, the feasibility of the two CDIs was investigated against the scPDSI, the SPEI and the historical drought records. The results revealed that the short-term/long-term CDI could capture the onset, severity, persistence of drought events very well with the former being better at identifying the dynamic evolution of drought condition while the latter better at judging the changing trend of drought over a long time period.

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